Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Medizinische Klinik - Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin 4/2019

05.11.2018 | Notfallmedizin | Innovationen in der Intensivmedizin

Atemwegssicherung in der Intensiv- und Notfallmedizin

Was gibt es Neues?

verfasst von: Dr. J. Grensemann, D.E.S.A., Dr. M. Simon, Prof. Dr. S. Kluge

Erschienen in: Medizinische Klinik - Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin | Ausgabe 4/2019

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Zusammenfassung

Bei akuter respiratorischer Insuffizienz ist die Unterstützung der Oxygenierung und/oder der Ventilation durch Beatmung ein integraler Bestandteil der Intensiv- und Notfallmedizin. Um während der dafür erforderlichen Atemwegssicherung hypoxische Komplikationen zu vermeiden, bedarf es eines effektiven Atemwegsmanagements. Dazu gehören u. a. das Erkennen schwieriger Atemwegsverhältnisse und die ausreichende Präoxygenierung. Während in der Notfallmedizin im Rahmen der kardiopulmonalen Reanimation der Larynxtubus verwendet werden kann, ist die endotracheale Intubation in der Intensivmedizin Standard. Neben der direkten Laryngoskopie (DL) steht die indirekte Laryngoskopie mittels Videolaryngoskopie (VL) zur Verfügung. Im Vergleich zur DL konnten für die VL Vorteile beim Intubationserfolg und beim erwartet schwierigen Atemweg sowie eine Reduktion von Mukosaschäden gezeigt werden, wobei der Vorteil für den Intubationserfolg nur für erfahrene Ärzte nachweisbar ist. Diese sollten auch aufgrund der Komplikationsträchtigkeit der Intubation auf jeden Fall anwesend sein. Bezüglich Mortalität und Inzidenz von Hypoxien gibt es keinen Unterschied zwischen DL und VL. Nach aktuellen Daten sollte kein präklinischer Einsatz der VL erfolgen. Zur Langzeitbeatmung wird häufig eine Tracheotomie durchgeführt. Welche Patienten von einer frühen Tracheotomie profitieren, ist weiterhin unklar. Als Technik wird meistens die bettseitige perkutane Dilatationstracheotomie angewendet, die häufig unter bronchoskopischer Kontrolle durchgeführt wird.
Literatur
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Apfelbaum JL, Hagberg CA, Caplan RA et al (2013) Practice guidelines for management of the difficult airway: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Management of the Difficult Airway. Anesthesiology 118:251–270CrossRef Apfelbaum JL, Hagberg CA, Caplan RA et al (2013) Practice guidelines for management of the difficult airway: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Management of the Difficult Airway. Anesthesiology 118:251–270CrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Aziz MF, Abrons RO, Cattano D et al (2016) First-attempt intubation success of video laryngoscopy in patients with anticipated difficult direct laryngoscopy: a multicenter randomized controlled trial comparing the C‑MAC D‑blade versus the glidescope in a mixed provider and diverse patient population. Anesth Analg 122:740–750CrossRef Aziz MF, Abrons RO, Cattano D et al (2016) First-attempt intubation success of video laryngoscopy in patients with anticipated difficult direct laryngoscopy: a multicenter randomized controlled trial comparing the C‑MAC D‑blade versus the glidescope in a mixed provider and diverse patient population. Anesth Analg 122:740–750CrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Aziz MF, Bayman EO, Van Tienderen MM et al (2016) Predictors of difficult videolaryngoscopy with GlideScope(R) or C‑MAC(R) with D‑blade: secondary analysis from a large comparative videolaryngoscopy trial. Br J Anaesth 117:118–123CrossRef Aziz MF, Bayman EO, Van Tienderen MM et al (2016) Predictors of difficult videolaryngoscopy with GlideScope(R) or C‑MAC(R) with D‑blade: secondary analysis from a large comparative videolaryngoscopy trial. Br J Anaesth 117:118–123CrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Baillard C, Fosse JP, Sebbane M et al (2006) Noninvasive ventilation improves preoxygenation before intubation of hypoxic patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 174:171–177CrossRef Baillard C, Fosse JP, Sebbane M et al (2006) Noninvasive ventilation improves preoxygenation before intubation of hypoxic patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 174:171–177CrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Cook TM, Woodall N, Harper J et al (2011) Major complications of airway management in the UK: results of the Fourth National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists and the Difficult Airway Society. Part 2: intensive care and emergency departments. Br J Anaesth 106:632–642CrossRef Cook TM, Woodall N, Harper J et al (2011) Major complications of airway management in the UK: results of the Fourth National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists and the Difficult Airway Society. Part 2: intensive care and emergency departments. Br J Anaesth 106:632–642CrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat De Jong A, Molinari N, Terzi N et al (2013) Early identification of patients at risk for difficult intubation in the intensive care unit: development and validation of the MACOCHA score in a multicenter cohort study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 187:832–839CrossRef De Jong A, Molinari N, Terzi N et al (2013) Early identification of patients at risk for difficult intubation in the intensive care unit: development and validation of the MACOCHA score in a multicenter cohort study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 187:832–839CrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Dempsey GA, Morton B, Hammell C et al (2016) Long-term outcome following tracheostomy in critical care: a systematic review. Crit Care Med 44:617–628CrossRef Dempsey GA, Morton B, Hammell C et al (2016) Long-term outcome following tracheostomy in critical care: a systematic review. Crit Care Med 44:617–628CrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Dreher M, Kluge S (2014) Airway devices in the intensive care unit. Pneumologie 68:371–377CrossRef Dreher M, Kluge S (2014) Airway devices in the intensive care unit. Pneumologie 68:371–377CrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Eichler L, Simon M, Kluge S (2017) Tracheal laceration after dilatational tracheostomy: a case of succesful conservative management. Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed 112:629–631CrossRef Eichler L, Simon M, Kluge S (2017) Tracheal laceration after dilatational tracheostomy: a case of succesful conservative management. Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed 112:629–631CrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Gobatto AL, Besen BA, Tierno PF et al (2016) Ultrasound-guided percutaneous dilational tracheostomy versus bronchoscopy-guided percutaneous dilational tracheostomy in critically ill patients (TRACHUS): a randomized noninferiority controlled trial. Intensive Care Med 42:342–351CrossRef Gobatto AL, Besen BA, Tierno PF et al (2016) Ultrasound-guided percutaneous dilational tracheostomy versus bronchoscopy-guided percutaneous dilational tracheostomy in critically ill patients (TRACHUS): a randomized noninferiority controlled trial. Intensive Care Med 42:342–351CrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Grensemann J, Eichler L, Hopf S et al (2017) Feasibility of an endotracheal tube-mounted camera for percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 61:660–667CrossRef Grensemann J, Eichler L, Hopf S et al (2017) Feasibility of an endotracheal tube-mounted camera for percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 61:660–667CrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Grensemann J, Eichler L, Kahler S et al (2017) Bronchoscopy versus an endotracheal tube mounted camera for the peri-interventional visualization of percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy—a prospective, randomized trial (VivaPDT). Crit Care 21:330CrossRef Grensemann J, Eichler L, Kahler S et al (2017) Bronchoscopy versus an endotracheal tube mounted camera for the peri-interventional visualization of percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy—a prospective, randomized trial (VivaPDT). Crit Care 21:330CrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Grensemann J, Fuhrmann V, Sydow K et al (2017) Oxygen therapy in acute myocardial infarction. Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed 112:50–52CrossRef Grensemann J, Fuhrmann V, Sydow K et al (2017) Oxygen therapy in acute myocardial infarction. Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed 112:50–52CrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Jaber S, Amraoui J, Lefrant JY et al (2006) Clinical practice and risk factors for immediate complications of endotracheal intubation in the intensive care unit: a prospective, multiple-center study. Crit Care Med 34:2355–2361CrossRef Jaber S, Amraoui J, Lefrant JY et al (2006) Clinical practice and risk factors for immediate complications of endotracheal intubation in the intensive care unit: a prospective, multiple-center study. Crit Care Med 34:2355–2361CrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Jiang J, Ma D, Li B et al (2017) Video laryngoscopy does not improve the intubation outcomes in emergency and critical patients—a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Care 21:288CrossRef Jiang J, Ma D, Li B et al (2017) Video laryngoscopy does not improve the intubation outcomes in emergency and critical patients—a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Care 21:288CrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Mao Z, Gao L, Wang G et al (2016) Subglottic secretion suction for preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia: an updated meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. Crit Care 20:353CrossRef Mao Z, Gao L, Wang G et al (2016) Subglottic secretion suction for preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia: an updated meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. Crit Care 20:353CrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Mcnarry AF, Patel A (2017) The evolution of airway management—new concepts and conflicts with traditional practice. Br J Anaesth 119:i154–i166CrossRef Mcnarry AF, Patel A (2017) The evolution of airway management—new concepts and conflicts with traditional practice. Br J Anaesth 119:i154–i166CrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Meng L, Wang C, Li J et al (2016) Early vs late tracheostomy in critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Respir J 10:684–692CrossRef Meng L, Wang C, Li J et al (2016) Early vs late tracheostomy in critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Respir J 10:684–692CrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Mosier JM, Joshi R, Hypes C et al (2015) The physiologically difficult airway. West J Emerg Med 16:1109–1117CrossRef Mosier JM, Joshi R, Hypes C et al (2015) The physiologically difficult airway. West J Emerg Med 16:1109–1117CrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Muller JU, Semmel T, Stepan R et al (2013) The use of the laryngeal tube disposable by paramedics during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a prospectively observational study (2008–2012). Emerg Med J 30:1012–1016CrossRef Muller JU, Semmel T, Stepan R et al (2013) The use of the laryngeal tube disposable by paramedics during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a prospectively observational study (2008–2012). Emerg Med J 30:1012–1016CrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Nolan JP, Kelly FE (2011) Airway challenges in critical care. Anaesthesia 66(Suppl 2):81–92CrossRef Nolan JP, Kelly FE (2011) Airway challenges in critical care. Anaesthesia 66(Suppl 2):81–92CrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Piepho T, Cavus E, Noppens R et al (2015) Atemwegsmanagement S1 Leitlinie. AWMF-Register Nr.: 001/028CrossRef Piepho T, Cavus E, Noppens R et al (2015) Atemwegsmanagement S1 Leitlinie. AWMF-Register Nr.: 001/028CrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Pieters BMA, Maas EHA, Knape JTA et al (2017) Videolaryngoscopy vs. direct laryngoscopy use by experienced anaesthetists in patients with known difficult airways: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Anaesthesia 72:1532–1541CrossRef Pieters BMA, Maas EHA, Knape JTA et al (2017) Videolaryngoscopy vs. direct laryngoscopy use by experienced anaesthetists in patients with known difficult airways: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Anaesthesia 72:1532–1541CrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Rajajee V, Fletcher JJ, Rochlen LR et al (2011) Real-time ultrasound-guided percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy: a feasibility study. Crit Care 15:R67CrossRef Rajajee V, Fletcher JJ, Rochlen LR et al (2011) Real-time ultrasound-guided percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy: a feasibility study. Crit Care 15:R67CrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Sakles JC, Chiu S, Mosier J et al (2013) The importance of first pass success when performing orotracheal intubation in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med 20:71–78CrossRef Sakles JC, Chiu S, Mosier J et al (2013) The importance of first pass success when performing orotracheal intubation in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med 20:71–78CrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Sakles JC, Corn GJ, Hollinger P et al (2017) The impact of a soiled airway on intubation success in the emergency department when using the glidescope or the direct laryngoscope. Acad Emerg Med 24:628–636CrossRef Sakles JC, Corn GJ, Hollinger P et al (2017) The impact of a soiled airway on intubation success in the emergency department when using the glidescope or the direct laryngoscope. Acad Emerg Med 24:628–636CrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Saritas A, Kurnaz MM (2017) Comparison of bronchoscopy-guided and real-time ultrasound-guided percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy: safety, complications, and effectiveness in critically ill patients. J Intensive Care Med 1:885066617705641 Saritas A, Kurnaz MM (2017) Comparison of bronchoscopy-guided and real-time ultrasound-guided percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy: safety, complications, and effectiveness in critically ill patients. J Intensive Care Med 1:885066617705641
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Shiga T, Wajima Z, Inoue T et al (2005) Predicting difficult intubation in apparently normal patients: a meta-analysis of bedside screening test performance. Anesthesiology 103:429–437CrossRef Shiga T, Wajima Z, Inoue T et al (2005) Predicting difficult intubation in apparently normal patients: a meta-analysis of bedside screening test performance. Anesthesiology 103:429–437CrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Simon M, Wachs C, Braune S et al (2016) High-flow nasal cannula versus bag-valve-mask for preoxygenation before Intubation in subjects with hypoxemic respiratory failure. Respir Care 61:1160–1167CrossRef Simon M, Wachs C, Braune S et al (2016) High-flow nasal cannula versus bag-valve-mask for preoxygenation before Intubation in subjects with hypoxemic respiratory failure. Respir Care 61:1160–1167CrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Soar J, Nolan JP, Bottiger BW et al (2015) European Resuscitation Council guidelines for resuscitation 2015: section 3. Adult advanced life support. Resuscitation 95:100–147CrossRef Soar J, Nolan JP, Bottiger BW et al (2015) European Resuscitation Council guidelines for resuscitation 2015: section 3. Adult advanced life support. Resuscitation 95:100–147CrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Vargas M, Servillo G, Tessitore G et al (2014) Double lumen endotracheal tube for percutaneous tracheostomy. Respir Care 59:1652–1659CrossRef Vargas M, Servillo G, Tessitore G et al (2014) Double lumen endotracheal tube for percutaneous tracheostomy. Respir Care 59:1652–1659CrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Vargas M, Sutherasan Y, Antonelli M et al (2015) Tracheostomy procedures in the intensive care unit: an international survey. Crit Care 19:291CrossRef Vargas M, Sutherasan Y, Antonelli M et al (2015) Tracheostomy procedures in the intensive care unit: an international survey. Crit Care 19:291CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Atemwegssicherung in der Intensiv- und Notfallmedizin
Was gibt es Neues?
verfasst von
Dr. J. Grensemann, D.E.S.A.
Dr. M. Simon
Prof. Dr. S. Kluge
Publikationsdatum
05.11.2018
Verlag
Springer Medizin
Erschienen in
Medizinische Klinik - Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin / Ausgabe 4/2019
Print ISSN: 2193-6218
Elektronische ISSN: 2193-6226
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00063-018-0498-7

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 4/2019

Medizinische Klinik - Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin 4/2019 Zur Ausgabe

Update AINS

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.