Background
Methods
Sampling design
Data collection
Measures
Analysis
Results
Description of the seven subscale scores in the respondents
SPAS subscales |
N
| Test of normality | Median (Interquartile range) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Shapiro-Wilka
|
P
| |||
bSubscale 1: preventability | 983 | 0.990 | <0.001 | 50.00 (29.17) |
bSubscale 2: self-control | 983 | 0.985 | <0.001 | 50.00 (30.00) |
bSubscale 3: stigmatizing | 983 | 0.940 | <0.001 | 22.50 (30.00) |
bSubscale 4: understanding and empathy | 983 | 0.980 | <0.001 | 64.29 (25.00) |
bSubscale 5: controlling others | 983 | 0.991 | <0.001 | 50.00 (29.17) |
bSubscale 6: social importance | 983 | 0.927 | <0.001 | 20.00 (25.00) |
bSubscale 7: dissimilarity | 983 | 0.962 | <0.001 | 45.00 (40.00) |
Relationship between demographic, socioeconomic characteristics and SPAS subscales scores
Variables |
N
|
aSubscale 1: preventability |
aSubscale 2: self-control |
aSubscale 3: stigmatizing |
aSubscale 4: understanding and empathy |
aSubscale 5: controlling others |
aSubscale 6: social importance |
aSubscale 7: dissimilarity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | ||||||||
r
| 983 | −0.155**
| −0.151**
| −0.327**
| 0.074*
| −0.162**
| −0.206**
| −0.246**
|
Years of education | ||||||||
r
| 983 | 0.158 **
| 0.156 **
| 0.197 **
| −0.010 | 0.089**
| 0.055 | 0.084**
|
Median (Interquartile range) | ||||||||
Gender | ||||||||
Female | 611 | 50.00 (29.17) | 50.00 (30.00) | 22.50 (30.00)*
| 64.29 (25.00) | 50.00 (29.17) | 20.00 (30.00) | 45.00 (40.00) |
Male | 372 | 50.00 (29.17) | 50.00 (35.00) | 27.50 (32.50) | 64.29 (28.57) | 50.00 (29.17) | 20.00 (30.00) | 40.00 (40.00) |
Ethnicity | ||||||||
Han | 897 | 50.00 (33.33) | 50.00 (30.00) | 22.50 (30.00) | 67.86 (28.57)*
| 50.00 (29.17) | 20.00 (25.00) | 45.00 (40.00) |
Other | 86 | 58.33 (26.04) | 50.00 (40.00) | 27.50 (35.63) | 60.71 (25.00) | 50.00 (30.21) | 20.00 (21.25) | 45.00(45.00) |
Religious belief | ||||||||
Yes | 147 | 50.00 (33.33) | 50.00 (30.00) | 25.00 (30.00) | 64.29 (25.00) | 52.08 (29.17) | 20.00 (25.00) | 40.00 (40.00) |
No | 836 | 50.00 (25.00) | 22.50 (40.00) | 20.00 (32.50) | 67.86 (28.57) | 50.00 (29.17) | 20.00 (30.00) | 50.00 (45.00) |
Marital statusb
| ||||||||
Unmarried | 128 | 58.33 (32.29) **
| 60.00 (28.75) **
| 40.00 (20.00) **
| 60.71 (21.43)*
| 62.50 (29.17)**
| 25.00 (23.75)**
| 55.00 (33.75)**
|
Married | 731 | 50.00 (29.17) | 50.00 (30.00) | 22.50 (27.50) | 64.29 (25.00) | 50.00 (29.17) | 20.00 (30.00) | 40.00 (40.00) |
Divorced | 28 | 41.67 (32.29) | 47.50 (52.50) | 20.00 (43.75) | 57.14 (39.29) | 41.67 (28.13) | 15.00 (33.75) | 30.00 (52.50) |
Widowed | 96 | 50.00 (28.13) | 45.00 (33.75) | 16.25 (21.88) | 67.86 (34.82) | 50.00 (36.46) | 10.00 (25.00) | 35.00 (45.00) |
Insurance | ||||||||
Yes | 590 | 50.00 (33.33)*
| 50.00 (35.00) | 27.50 (37.50) **
| 60.71 (30.36)**
| 50.00 (29.17) | 20.00 (30.00) | 45.00 (45.00)**
|
No | 393 | 50.00 (29.17) | 50.00 (30.00) | 20.00 (27.50) | 67.86 (28.57) | 50.00 (29.17) | 20.00 (30.00) | 40.00 (40.00) |
Jobb
| ||||||||
Yes | 538 | 54.17 (29.17) **
| 55.00 (30.00) **
| 27.50 (35.00) **
| 64.29 (25.00)**
| 54.17 (25.00)**
| 25.00 (26.25)**
| 50.00 (41.25)**
|
No | 148 | 43.75 (25.00) | 45.00 (30.00) | 25.00 (29.38) | 60.71 (28.57) | 50.00 (29.17) | 20.00 (25.00) | 45.00 (35.00) |
Retired | 296 | 50.00 (28.13) | 50.00 (35.00) | 17.50 (22.50) | 71.43 (32.14) | 50.00 (33.33) | 15.00 (30.00) | 25.00 (45.00) |
Living alone | ||||||||
Yes | 80 | 50.00 (28.13) | 50.00 (25.00) | 20.00 (38.75) | 67.86 (37.50) | 50.00 (33.33) | 20.00 (33.75) | 40.00 (45.00)*
|
No | 903 | 50.00 (29.17) | 50.00 (30.00) | 22.50 (30.00) | 64.29 (25.00) | 50.00 (29.17) | 20.00 (25.00) | 45.00 (40.00) |
Economic statusb
| ||||||||
Poor | 236 | 45.83 (29.17) | 50.00 (30.00) | 25.00 (32.50) | 60.71 (28.57)*
| 50.00 (29.17) | 20.00 (30.00) | 45.00 (40.00) |
General | 663 | 50.00 (29.17) | 50.00 (35.00) | 22.50 (30.00) | 67.86 (28.57) | 50.00 (29.17) | 20.00 (25.00) | 45.00 (40.00) |
Good | 84 | 45.83 (25.00) | 40.00 (38.75) | 20.00 (31.88) | 62.50 (34.82) | 50.00 (37.50) | 20.00 (28.75) | 35.00 (45.00) |
Region | ||||||||
Urban | 655 | 50.00 (29.17) | 50.00 (35.00) | 22.50 (30.00) | 64.29 (32.14) | 50.00 (29.17) | 20.00 (30.00)**
| 40.00 (40.00)**
|
Rural | 328 | 50.00 (29.17) | 50.00 (30.00) | 25.00 (30.00) | 64.29 (25.00) | 54.17 (29.17) | 25.00 (28.75) | 50.00 (40.00) |
Suicidal ideation | ||||||||
Yes | 57 | 50.00 (35.42) | 50.00 (40.00) | 37.50 (37.50) **
| 57.14 (28.57)**
| 50.00 (27.08) | 30.00 (22.50)**
| 50.00 (40.00) |
No | 917 | 50.00 (29.17) | 50.00 (30.00) | 22.50 (30.00) | 67.86 (28.57) | 50.00 (29.17) | 20.00 (25.00) | 45.00 (40.00) |
Relatives’ suicidal behavior | ||||||||
Yes | 52 | 58.33 (29.17)*
| 50.00 (43.75) | 27.50 (32.50) | 60.71 (31.25) | 50.00 (25.00) | 20.00 (20.00) | 45.00 (52.50) |
No | 922 | 50.00 (33.33) | 50.00 (30.00) | 22.50 (30.00) | 67.86 (25.89) | 50.00 (29.17) | 20.00 (25.00) | 45.00 (40.00) |
Factors associated with the seven subscales of attitudes towards suicide
SPAS subscales |
β
| Standard error | 95 % CI of β
|
P
|
---|---|---|---|---|
Subscale 1: Respondent believes suicide can be prevented | ||||
Constant
| 41.845 | |||
Age (years) | −0.143 | 0.072 | (-0.284,-0.002) | 0.047 |
Years of education | 0.611 | 0.205 | (0.208,1.014) | 0.003 |
Insurance (Reference: no) | 5.284 | 1.484 | (2.371,8.196) | <0.001 |
Relatives’ suicidal behavior (Reference: no) | 6.734 | 2.954 | (0.936,12.532) | 0.023 |
Marital status (Reference: unmarried) | ||||
Married | −5.105 | 2.531 | (-10.073,-0.138) | 0.044 |
Divorced | −6.834 | 4.662 | (-15.982,2.314) | 0.143 |
Widowed | −1.981 | 3.751 | (-9.342,5.380) | 0.598 |
Job (Reference: no) | ||||
Yes | 6.383 | 1.958 | (2.541,10.225) | 0.001 |
Retired | 4.101 | 2.551 | (-0.904,9.107) | 0.108 |
R
2
| 0.076 | |||
Subscale 2: Respondent believes individuals are able to control their own suicidal tendencies | ||||
Constant
| 48.764 | |||
Age (years) | −0.190 | 0.065 | (-0.318,-0.062) | 0.004 |
Years of education | 0.569 | 0.229 | (0.119,1.019) | 0.013 |
Job (Reference: no) | ||||
Yes | 5.812 | 2.190 | (1.515,10.109) | 0.008 |
Retired | 6.789 | 2.756 | (1.381,12.197) | 0.014 |
R
2
| 0.036 | |||
Subscale 3: Respondent holds stigmatizing attitudes about suicide | ||||
Constant
| 55.946 | |||
Age (years) | −0.269 | 0.053 | (-0.373,-0.165) | <0.001 |
Years of education | 0.634 | 0.191 | (0.259,1.008) | 0.024 |
Suicidal ideation (Reference: yes) | −8.717 | 2.739 | (-14.092,-3.342) | 0.549 |
Marital status (Reference: unmarried) | ||||
Married | −5.374 | 2.372 | (-10.082,-0.719) | 0.221 |
Divorced | −2.604 | 4.341 | (-11.123,5.915) | 0.001 |
Widowed | −4.386 | 3.581 | (-11.414,2.642) | 0.002 |
R
2
| 0.121 | |||
Subscale 4: Respondent is understanding of and feels empathy for persons with suicidal behavior | ||||
Constant
| 43.016 | |||
Age (years) | −0.028 | 0.052 | (-0.130,0.075) | 0.595 |
Insurance (Reference: no) | 3.574 | 1.440 | (0.747,6.401) | 0.013 |
Suicidal ideation (Reference: yes) | 7.438 | 2.803 | (1.936,12.940) | 0.008 |
Job (Reference: no) | ||||
Yes | 2.817 | 1.897 | (-0.907,6.540) | 0.138 |
Retired | 5.860 | 2.384 | (1.181,10.538) | 0.014 |
R
2
| 0.029 | |||
Subscale 5: Respondent believes suicidal behavior is an effective method of controlling others | ||||
Constant
| 61.229 | |||
Age (years) | −0.239 | 0.068 | (-0.372,-0.106) | <0.001 |
Marital status (Reference: unmarried) | ||||
Married | −1.527 | 2.532 | (-6.496,3.442) | 0.547 |
Divorced | −9.662 | 4.667 | (-18.821,-0.503) | 0.039 |
Widowed | −0.983 | 3.736 | (-8.314,6.348) | 0.793 |
Job (Reference: no) | ||||
Yes | 4.060 | 1.946 | (0.241,7.880) | 0.037 |
Retired | 5.380 | 2.459 | (0.556,10.205) | 0.029 |
R
2
| 0.043 | |||
Subscale 6: Respondent believes that suicide is an important social problem | ||||
Constant
| 30.147 | |||
Age (years) | −0.209 | 0.038 | (-0.283,-0.134) | <0.001 |
Suicidal ideation (Reference: yes) | 3.039 | 1.340 | (0.409,5.669) | 0.024 |
R
2
| 0.038 | |||
Subscale 7: Respondent believes that suicides and suicide attempts are essentially different | ||||
Constant
| 55.256 | |||
Age (years) | −0.298 | 0.070 | (-0.436,-0.160) | <0.001 |
Rural (Reference: urban) | 5.378 | 1.853 | (1.742,9.015) | 0.004 |
Marital status (Reference: unmarried) | ||||
Married | −6.326 | 3.242 | (-12.688,0.036) | 0.051 |
Divorced | −13.864 | 5.848 | (-25.339,-2.388) | 0.018 |
Widowed | −8.433 | 4.800 | (-17.852,0.986) | 0.079 |
R
2
| 0.073 |