Introduction
There are about 1.3 billion smokers in the world and approximately 80% of them live in the developing countries [1]. Previous studies on the burden of tobacco use in Nigeria had reported a prevalence of current smoking as high as 31.9% in some urban areas and as low as 17.6% in the rural areas [2, 3]. A recent study in Osogbo, Osun state reported that 8.7% of their study participants were current smokers [4]. Various studies in Nigeria and beyond have also suggested a high level of passive smoking in the general population [2‐5]. For example, Desalu et al. in 2011 reported 38.8% of their study population having regular exposure to second hand smoke with 24.4% from public places [3].
In Nigeria most states do not have a law in place to control smoking in public places [6], and in states where a law exists, such as in Osun state there had been no studies, to our knowledge, that assessed public awareness and attitudes to the law, hence the objective of this study was to determine population awareness and attitudes to the law prohibiting cigarette smoking in public places in Osun state, Nigeria.
Anzeige
Methods
Study setting
Osun state was created out of old Oyo state by the Nigerian Federal Government on August 27, 1991. It is located in the heartland of Yoruba people in the South west geo-political zone of Nigeria. It shares the distinctive high urbanization attributes of most parts of Yorubaland. It is bounded in the north by Kwara state, in the east partly by Ekiti state and partly by Ondo state and in the west by Oyo state. According to the 2006 population census, Osun state has a population of 3,416,959. The study site is Osogbo, the capital of Osun state. The population of Osogbo by 2006 census is 288,455. The bill regulating smoking in public places in Osun state was sponsored by the Osun State House of Assembly which was eventually signed into law by the Executive Governor on 14th December, 2009.
Sample
This is a descriptive cross-sectional study. The required sample size of 384 was calculated using an appropriate statistical formula for estimating the minimum sample size in descriptive health studies [n = Z2pq/d2] and estimated prevalence of cigarette smoking taken as 50% since it is not exactly known. The minimum sample size was increased by 10% to take care of incomplete/non response and refusals. A total of 520 consenting respondents were interviewed out of 640 Osogbo residents (response rate 81.3%) approached to participate in this study. Convenience sampling method was used to enroll these participants during the month of March, 2011. Permission to conduct the study was granted by the Osun State Hospital Ethics and Research Committee. Informed consent was taken from the respondents while they were reassured of the confidentiality of the information obtained.
The respondents included 239 males (46%) and 281 females (54%). Their mean age (SD) was 42.2 (12.4) years ranging from 15 to 68 years. Most of the study participants were civil servants (21.4%) and Transporters (24.8%). They were interviewed with a pretested semi-structured questionnaire that included questions on their sociodemographic information, smoking patterns, awareness and attitude to the law prohibiting cigarette smoking in public places in Osun State, source of awareness of this law and their opinion about cigarette smoking. The respondents’ cigarette smoking status was categorized into ‘ever smokers’ and ‘never smokers’. ‘Ever smokers include former and current smokers. ‘Current smokers’ were respondents who smoked at least a cigarette in the one month prior to the study. ‘Former smokers’ were reported as those who had smoked for six months but had not smoked for at least one month prior to the study. Those who ‘Never smoked’ had never smoked a cigarette [4].
Statistical analysis
Data was entered into and analysed with SPSS version 16. Frequencies and proportions were used to summarise categorical variables, while quantitative data were presented as means and standard deviations. Chi-square statistics were used to determine the strength of association of different factors with their cigarette smoking status. p values < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Anzeige
Results
A total of 520 respondents were interviewed: 239 males (47%), 281 females (53%), and age range 15 – 68 years (mean 42.2 ± 12.4 years). Majority of the respondents were civil servants (21.4%), Traders (26.5%) and Transporters (24.8%). Most had secondary school education and above (70%) and married (67.4%). Nineteen percent had ever smoked a cigarette with 8.1% current smokers (Table 1).
Table 1
Sociodemographic characteristics of the respondents
Characteristics | Frequency (n = 520) N (%) | |
|---|---|---|
Age group | ||
19-29 | 34 (6.6) | |
30-39 | 134 (25.8) | |
40-49 | 152 (29.2) | |
50 and above | 200 (38.4) | |
Sex | ||
Male | 239 (46) | |
Female | 281 (54) | |
Marital status | ||
Single | 150 (28.8) | |
Married | 350 (67.4) | |
Divorced | 20 (3.8) | |
Highest education level | ||
None | 64 (12.4) | |
Primary | 92 (17.6) | |
Secondary | 188 (36.2) | |
Tertiary | 176 (33.8) | |
Occupation | ||
Civil servant | 111 (21.4) | |
Traders | 138 (26.5) | |
Artisan | 87 (16.7) | |
Transporters | 129 (24.8) | |
Unemployed | 55 (10.6) | |
Ethnicity | ||
Yoruba | 466 (89.6) | |
Igbo | 23 (4.4) | |
Others | 31 (6.0) | |
Religion | ||
Christianity | 294 (56.5) | |
Islam | 210 (40.4) | |
Traditional religion | 16 (3.1) | |
Smoking pattern | ||
Current smokers | 42 (8.1) | |
Former smokers | 57 (10.9) | |
Never smokers | 421 (81.0) |
Table 2 reported the respondents’ awareness and attitude to the Osun state prohibition of smoking in public places. Only 38% were aware of the law prohibiting tobacco smoking in public places in Osun State while none of the respondents had seen the document. Over 28% of ever smokers compared with 40.4% of never smokers were aware of the law (p = 0.026). Also, 15.2% of ever smokers compared with 65.6% of never smokers believe the law is needed to control cigarette smoking (p = 0.001). Fifty six percent felt cigarette smoking is a problem that required the law whereas 20% felt that the law will curb cigarette smoking eventually. The majority (59.6%) of ever smokers compared with 11.9% of never smokers believe smokers deserve right to smoke (p = 0.001). Although 21% felt cigarette smokers have the right to smoke, such right should not infringe on other people’s right to healthy environment.
Table 2
Respondents’ awareness and attitude towards the Osun state prohibition of smoking in public places
Variable | Cigarette smoking status | Total (n = 520) | *p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Ever (%) | Never (%) | |||
n = 99 | n = 421 | |||
Awareness of the no smoking law | ||||
Yes | 28 (28.3) | 170 (40.4) | 198 (38) | 0.026 |
No | 71 (71.7) | 251 (59.6) | 322 (62) | |
Seen the no smoking law document | ||||
Yes | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
No | 99 (19) | 421 (81) | 520 (100) | |
The law is needed to control smoking | ||||
Yes | 15 (15.2) | 276 (65.6) | 291 (56) | 0.001 |
No | 84 (84.8) | 145 (34.4) | 229 (44) | |
Smoking affects public health | ||||
Yes | 16 (16.2) | 278 (66) | 294 (56.5) | 0.001 |
No | 83 (83.8) | 143 (34) | 226 (43.5) | |
Law will stop cigarette smoking | ||||
Yes | 12 (12) | 92 (22) | 104 (20) | 0.001 |
No | 23 (23) | 211(50) | 234 (45) | |
Don’t know | 64 (65) | 118 (28) | 182 (35) | |
Smokers deserve right to smoke | ||||
Yes | 59 (59.6) | 50 (11.9) | 109 (21) | 0.001 |
No | 40 (41.4) | 371 (88.1) | 411 (79) | |
Table 3 reported the respondents’ opinion towards cigarette smoking. Over 15% of ever smokers compared with 64.1% of never smokers agree that smoking is dangerous to health (p = 0.001). 46.5% of ever smokers compared with 29.9% of never smokers stated that smoking at least one cigarette per day is safe (p = 0.002). Also, 32.3% of ever smokers compared with 21.1% of never smokers agree that smokers should not smoke at home (p = 0.018). The majority (56.5%) agreed that smoking affects family health; 33% felt smoking 1 cigarette sticks or more per day is safe. Only 20.4% agreed there should be smoke free areas in public places whereas 23% felt smokers should not smoke at home.
Table 3
Respondents’ opinion on cigarette smoking
Variable | Cigarette smoking status | Total (%) | *p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Ever (%) | Never (%) | N = 520 | ||
n1 = 99 | n2 = 421 | |||
Smoking is harmful to health | ||||
Agree | 15 (15.2) | 271 (64.1) | 286 (55) | 78.452; 0.001 |
Disagree | 84 (84.8) | 150 (35.9) | 234 (45) | |
Number of cigarette stick safe | ||||
None | 53 (53.5) | 295 (70.1) | 348 (67) | 9.901; 0.002 |
≥1 | 46 (46.5) | 126 (29.9) | 172 (33) | |
Smoke free environment is necessary | ||||
Agree | 26 (26.3) | 80 (19) | 106 (20.4) | 2.603; 0.107 |
Disagree | 73(73.7) | 341 (81) | 414 (79.6) | |
Smokers should not smoke at home | ||||
Agree | 32 (32.3) | 89 (21.1) | 121 (23.2) | 5.614; 0.018 |
Disagree | 67 (67.7) | 332 (78.9) | 399 (76.8) | |
Table 4 reported the respondents sources of awareness of the Osun state prohibition of smoking in public places. The radio (58%), bill boards (45%) and newspapers (44%) were the commonest sources of information about the law in Osun state.
Table 4
Sources of awareness of the Osun state prohibition of smoking in public places
*Sources of awareness | Frequency (n = 198) N (%) |
|---|---|
Radio | 115 (58) |
Bill board/poster/leaflet | 89 (45) |
Newspapers | 87 (44) |
Health workers | 73 (37) |
Television | 69 (35) |
Friends | 45 (23) |
School | 26 (13) |
Internet | 8 (4) |
No response | 6 (3) |
Discussion
This population based study assessed the awareness and attitude of the respondents to the Osun state prohibition of smoking in public places. It reported low awareness among respondents with the radio as the main source of awareness. It should however been noted that the radio remains the commonest source of general awareness among this population making it a very important route of communication with the populace. Hence policy makers need to make use of such medium to inform, educate and communicate to the general public about this law.
Studies had showed that smoking is the most important avoidable cause of premature morbidity and mortality in the world [1, 5]. This study reported about one-fifth of respondents were ever smokers. Several studies in Nigeria had reported similar finding [6].
Over three fifth of the respondents were not aware of the law prohibiting smoking in public places while none of the study participant had read the actual document. This situation can make it difficult for the legislation in public places to be effective therefore, it is essential that there is more sensitization of the general public or else the chances of failure remain high. It is therefore important to disseminate information about the law in order to eliminate smoking in public places. Its proper implementation and enforcement will further reduce tobacco induced diseases in this study environment [5, 7].
While the majority felt that the law prohibiting cigarette smoking in public places in Osun State is necessary, fewer smokers saw the necessity of this law in protecting both their and public health. In fact, some smokers felt that the law cannot stop smoking in public places and that smokers deserve the right to smoke wherever they like at anytime. These views expressed by the smoking population contradict the general opinion of non smokers. This further showed the need to enhance awareness and support enforcement of the law. Previous studies had reported that few states in the country have adopted the law, therefore its successful implementation lies on both the government and the citizens; the power to implement and enforce the law lies with the government while the will power to embrace and obey the law lies with the citizens [5].
Anzeige
Some of the smokers in our study believed that cigarette smoking is not dangerous to their health. This view needs consideration as it implies that these smokers are either unknowingly or carelessly endangering their life but that of their close family members, co-workers and neighbours. Also, only a few smokers felt a smoke free environment is necessary. This calls for urgent attention in order to reduce the effects of tobacco exposure among this population. There is urgent need for more public education in Osun state and beyond on the danger of cigarette use in both the smoking and non smoking population.
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study performed to assess the awareness and attitude of Osogbo residents to the Osun state prohibition of smoking in public places law. We were also unable to identify other studies done to assess such law in operation in other states in Nigeria. A limitation is the use of the convenience sampling technique to select the study population, which limits its generalizability to the population of the State or Nigeria in general. This was done to ensure a proportionate increase in the smoking population among the selected respondents.
In conclusion, the present level of awareness of the law prohibiting cigarette smoking in public places in Osun state was poor. It is recommended that strategies to increase the present level of public awareness on dangers of cigarette smoking and enforcement of the law of prohibition of smoking in public places should be put in place. These strategies will include awareness creation activities in public places, bill boards, jingles on the radio and other mass media venues.
Acknowledgement
The authors thank the entire staff of Department of Preventive Medicine, State Specialist Hospital, Osogbo for their support and cooperation during the study period.
Anzeige
Short report
There is poor awareness and attitude to the law banning cigarette smoking in public places in Osun state, Nigeria. Also, the perception of risk posed to the public and family health by cigarette smoking was poor. Sensitization of the general public and enforcement of the law is essential.
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
Competing interest
The authors disclose no potential conflicts of interest.
Authors’ contributions
AEG and OSA made substantial contributions to conception and design of the study while all the authors were involved in data collection, analysis and interpretation. All authors were involved in writing the manuscript and approved the final copy.