Background
Methods
Study area and setting
Province | Category a | Area (10,000 km2) e | Population (million) f | Proportion of rural population (%)f | Per capital annual net income of rural households (RMB) g, b | Proportion of minority population (%) f, c | Cumulative cases of HIV/AIDS (in thousands of cases) h, d |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gansu | Province | 42.58 | 25.99 | 64.1 | 3909.37(B) | 9.43%(c) | 1–5(1) |
Guangxi | A.R. | 23.76 | 47.96 | 60.0 | 5232.33(B) | 37.18%(b) | 50–100(3) |
Guizhou | Province | 17.61 | 35.30 | 66.2 | 4145.35(A) | 36.11%(b) | 10–50(2) |
Inner Mongolia | A.R. | 118.3 | 25.11 | 44.5 | 6641.56(C) | 20.46%(b) | 1–5(1) |
Ningxia | A.R. | 6.64 | 6.68 | 52.0 | 5409.95(B) | 35.42%(b) | less than 1(1) |
Qinghai | Province | 72.23 | 5.88 | 55.3 | 4608.46(A) | 46.98%(b) | 1–5(1) |
Shaanxi | Province | 20.58 | 37.93 | 54.3 | 5027.87(B) | 0.51%(c) | 5–10(2) |
Sichuan | Province | 48.6 | 82.04 | 59.8 | 6128.55(C) | 6.1%(c) | 50–100(3) |
Tibet | A.R. | 120.22 | 3.24 | 77.3 | 4904.28(A) | 91.83%(a) | less than 1(1) |
Xinjiang | A.R. | 166 | 23.60 | 57.2 | 5442.15(B) | 59.9%(b) | 10–50(2) |
Yunnan | Province | 39.4 | 47.42 | 65.3 | 4721.99(A) | 33.37%(b) | 100 and above (3) |
Questionnaire design
Sampling strategy
Quality control
Statistical analysis
Results
Sociodemographic features
Variables | N | Proportion of population (%) | Rate of awareness (%) | χ2 | p value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Patient type | |||||
Inpatient | 4345 | 46.9 | 80.8 | 0.079 | 0.778 |
Outpatient | 4929 | 53.1 | 81.0 | ||
Social-demographic variables | |||||
Gender | |||||
Male | 3965 | 42.8 | 80.4 | 1.137 | 0.286 |
Female | 5309 | 57.2 | 81.3 | ||
Age | |||||
16–40 | 4962 | 53.5 | 88.7 | 482.118*** | < 0.001 |
41–60 | 2925 | 31.5 | 75.1 | ||
above 60 | 1387 | 15.0 | 65.1 | ||
Education | |||||
Illiteracy | 1304 | 14.1 | 60.0 | 853.465*** | < 0.001 |
Primary | 2233 | 24.1 | 70.5 | ||
Secondary | 4523 | 48.8 | 88.0 | ||
Tertiary | 1214 | 13.1 | 96.1 | ||
Occupation | |||||
Farmer | 4284 | 46.2 | 74.0 | 340.533*** | < 0.001 |
Migrant worker | 1379 | 14.9 | 87.9 | ||
Salary employee | 1121 | 12.1 | 91.8 | ||
Student | 324 | 3.5 | 94.8 | ||
Others | 1338 | 14.4 | 86.3 | ||
Unemployed individuals | 828 | 8.9 | 75.6 | ||
Personal monthly income | |||||
No income | 2621 | 28.3 | 74.1 | 186.448*** | < 0.001 |
Less than 2000 yuan | 4127 | 44.5 | 80.3 | ||
2000–4000 yuan | 1981 | 21.4 | 88.9 | ||
4000 yuan and above | 545 | 5.9 | 89.2 | ||
Region | |||||
Cumulative cases of HIV/AIDS | |||||
Less than 5000 | 3458 | 37.3 | 77.1 | 59.513*** | < 0.001 |
5000–50,000 | 2064 | 22.3 | 81.0 | ||
50,000 and above | 3752 | 40.5 | 84.3 | ||
Per capita annual net income of rural households | |||||
Less than 5000 yuan | 3654 | 39.4 | 80.1 | 64.676*** | < 0.001 |
5000–6000 yuan | 3619 | 39.0 | 78.3 | ||
6000 yuan and above | 2001 | 21.6 | 87.0 | ||
Proportion of minority population | |||||
Less than 10% | 3191 | 34.4 | 86.2 | 94.898*** | < 0.001 |
30–80% | 5512 | 59.4 | 78.5 | ||
90% and above | 571 | 6.2 | 74.1 | ||
Access to HIV knowledge | |||||
NCD (in the last 6 months) and medical instructions | |||||
Do not have an NCD | 6889 | 74.3 | 81.1 | 78.709*** | < 0.001 |
Living with an NCD with medical instructions | 1930 | 20.8 | 83.8 | ||
Living with an NCD without medical instructions | 455 | 4.9 | 65.7 | ||
Had a physical examination (in the last year) | |||||
Yes | 3515 | 37.9 | 87.0 | 135.679*** | < 0.001 |
No | 5759 | 62.1 | 77.2 | ||
Participated in health education activities (in last 6 months) | |||||
Yes | 2951 | 31.8 | 88.3 | 154.400*** | < 0.001 |
No | 6323 | 68.2 | 77.4 | ||
Received health knowledge from medical staff | |||||
Yes | 4872 | 52.5 | 88.8 | 419.755*** | < 0.001 |
No | 4402 | 47.5 | 72.1 | ||
Received health knowledge from the mass media | |||||
Yes | 6653 | 71.7 | 87.9 | 740.238*** | < 0.001 |
No | 2621 | 28.3 | 63.2 | ||
Received health knowledge from family members | |||||
Yes | 795 | 8.6 | 76.2 | 12.189*** | < 0.001 |
No | 8479 | 91.4 | 81.3 | ||
Received health knowledge by socializing | |||||
Yes | 1696 | 18.3 | 86.9 | 48.780*** | < 0.001 |
No | 7578 | 81.7 | 79.5 | ||
Overall | 9274 | 100.0 | 80.9 | – | – |
HIV awareness
Factors associated with HIV awareness
Variables | OR | 95% CI | p value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | |||
Social-demographic variables | ||||
Age | ||||
16–40 | 1 | |||
41–60 | 0.533 | 0.462 | 0.615 | < 0.001 |
Above 60 | 0.395 | 0.329 | 0.474 | < 0.001 |
Education | ||||
Illiterate | 1 | |||
Primary | 1.340 | 1.137 | 1.579 | < 0.001 |
Secondary | 2.275 | 1.903 | 2.720 | < 0.001 |
Tertiary | 4.519 | 3.130 | 6.525 | < 0.001 |
Occupation | ||||
Farmer | 1 | |||
Migrant worker | 1.137 | 0.928 | 1.394 | 0.215 |
Salary employee | 1.346 | 1.017 | 1.783 | 0.038 |
Student | 2.469 | 1.455 | 4.188 | 0.001 |
Others | 1.349 | 1.093 | 1.666 | 0.005 |
Unemployed individuals | 1.315 | 1.072 | 1.614 | 0.009 |
Personal monthly income | ||||
No income | 1 | |||
Less than 2000 yuan | 1.449 | 1.254 | 1.764 | < 0.001 |
2000–4000 yuan | 1.636 | 1.323 | 2.021 | < 0.001 |
4000 yuan and above | 1.412 | 1.011 | 1.971 | 0.043 |
Region | ||||
Cumulative cases of HIV/AIDS | ||||
Less than 5000 | 1 | |||
5000–50,000 | 0.722 | 0.608 | 0.856 | < 0.001 |
50,000 and above | 1.024 | 0.882 | 1.188 | 0.760 |
Proportion of minority population | ||||
Less than 10% | 1 | |||
30–80% | 0.864 | 0.751 | 0.995 | 0.042 |
90% and above | 0.453 | 0.347 | 0.591 | < 0.001 |
Access to health knowledge | ||||
NCD (in the last 6 months) and medical instructions | ||||
Do not have an NCD | 1 | |||
Living with an NCD with medical instructions | 1.218 | 1.023 | 1.451 | 0.027 |
Living with an NCD without medical instructions | 0.689 | 0.542 | 0.875 | 0.002 |
Had a physical examination (in the last year) | ||||
Yes | 1.310 | 1.125 | 1.525 | < 0.001 |
No | 1 | |||
Participated in health education activities (in last 6 months) | ||||
Yes | 1.413 | 1.204 | 1.658 | < 0.001 |
No | 1 | |||
Received HIV knowledge from medical staff | ||||
Yes | 2.557 | 2.244 | 2.914 | < 0.001 |
No | 1 | |||
Received HIV knowledge from the mass media | ||||
Yes | 3.812 | 2.800 | 3.618 | < 0.001 |
No | 1 | |||
Received HIV knowledge from family members | ||||
Yes | 0.816 | 0.669 | 0.996 | 0.046 |
No | 1 | |||
Received HIV knowledge by socializing | ||||
Yes | 1.524 | 1.282 | 1.812 | < 0.001 |
No | 1 |
Relationship between access to health knowledge and awareness of HIV transmission routes
Access to health knowledge | N | Blood (%) | χ2 | p value | Mother-to-Child (%) | χ2 | p value | Sex (%) | χ2 | p value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NCD (in the last 6 months) and medical instructions | ||||||||||
Do not have an NCD | 6889 | 69.0 | 65.931*** | < 0.001 | 57.2 | 57.474*** | < 0.001 | 69.3 | 96.467*** | < 0.001 |
Living with an NCD with medical instructions | 1930 | 69.7 | 54.3 | 70.4 | ||||||
Living with an NCD without medical instructions | 455 | 51.0 | 39.3 | 47.7 | ||||||
Had a physical examination (in the last year) | ||||||||||
Yes | 3515 | 74.0 | 87.052*** | < 0.001 | 58.9 | 23.497*** | < 0.001 | 75.4 | 126.968*** | < 0.001 |
No | 5759 | 64.7 | 53.8 | 64.2 | ||||||
Participated in health education activities (in last 6 months) | ||||||||||
Yes | 2951 | 76.1 | 125.255*** | < 0.001 | 61.4 | 56.120*** | < 0.001 | 76.1 | 117.298*** | < 0.001 |
No | 6323 | 64.5 | 53.1 | 64.9 | ||||||
Received health knowledge from medical staff | ||||||||||
Yes | 4872 | 78.9 | 535.575*** | < 0.001 | 65.0 | 356.523*** | < 0.001 | 79.4 | 570.262*** | < 0.001 |
No | 4402 | 56.5 | 45.5 | 56.3 | ||||||
Received health knowledge from mass media | ||||||||||
Yes | 6653 | 76.0 | 656.038*** | < 0.001 | 64.9 | 802.594*** | < 0.001 | 77.3 | 846.813*** | < 0.001 |
No | 2621 | 48.5 | 32.5 | 46.1 | ||||||
Received health knowledge from family members | ||||||||||
Yes | 795 | 64.5 | 5.475*** | 0.019 | 53.5 | 1.845 | 0.174 | 63.6 | 9.326** | 0.002 |
No | 8479 | 68.6 | 56.0 | 68.9 | ||||||
Received health knowledge by socializing | ||||||||||
Yes | 1696 | 75.9 | 56.197*** | < 0.001 | 64.0 | 57.762*** | < 0.001 | 77.5 | 79.168*** | < 0.001 |
No | 7578 | 66.5 | 53.9 | 66.4 | ||||||
Overall | 9274 | 67.8 | – | – | 55.4 | – | – | 68.1 | – | – |