Spread of new psychoactive substances (NPS) is a worldwide problem [
1‐
5]. The United Nations Office on Drug and Crime has reported that NPS are being used in 94 countries worldwide and that 348 NPS had been reported by 2013 [
6]. Although the proportion of NPS users in Japan is relatively lower than that in other countries [
7‐
9], the potential effects of NPS on the Japanese society cannot be ignored. In Japan, NPS with psychoactive ingredients are called as “
dappou drugs” or “
kiken drugs.” The term “
dappou drugs” refers to drugs that slip through legal regulations. The term “
kiken drugs” refers to dangerous or life-threatening drugs. Similar to NPS in other countries,
dappou drugs or
kiken drugs are sold under names such as “herbs,” “bath salts,” and “aromatic liquids” but contain some (often more than one) psychoactive ingredients such as synthetic cannabinoids, synthetic cathinones, and/or ketamine derivatives [
10,
11]. They are easily available in shops or through the Internet [
10,
11]. According to a survey conducted at 2 nightclubs, 21.7 % of those who were joining a club event had ever used
dappou drugs in the past [
12].
Dappou drugs or
kiken drugs are usually sold without any information about their psychoactive ingredients. Thus, users do not know what type of and how much psychoactive ingredients they are consuming. Since 2011,
dappou drug or
kiken drug users with medical problems, such as psychosis and disturbance of consciousness have been increasing [
13,
14]. A growing number of
dappou drug or
kiken drug users have been taken to hospital emergency rooms due to acute intoxication [
11,
15], while others have caused traffic accidents or harmed innocent people under the influence of
dappou drugs or
kiken drugs [
16].
We conducted an awareness survey among university students in April 2014 with the aim of determining if Japanese university students have sufficient knowledge and understanding about illegal drugs and dappou drugs or kiken drugs to protect themselves from the potential negative effects of drug use. In this article, we report the results from a section of the questionnaire that focused mainly on dappou drugs or kiken drugs.