Background
Methods
Setting
Participants
Data collection
Variables
Back belief questionnaire
Additional baseline variables
Study sample
Statistical methods
Results
Participants
Variable | Study sample at baseline (n = 2293) | Excluded (n = 77) |
---|---|---|
Age in years, mean (SD) | 44 (14) | 55 (15) |
Age range in years | 18–87 | 20–80 |
Females | 41% | 52% |
Episodes of LBP before current one, | ||
None | 17% | 19% |
1 episode | 14% | 6% |
2–3 episodes | 24% | 25% |
More than 3 episodes | 45% | 50% |
Missing (n) | 680 | 45 |
Time since start of current episode of LBP, | ||
1–14 days | 60% | 55% |
2–4 weeks | 11% | 18% |
1–12 months | 18% | 17% |
More than a year | 10% | 11% |
Missing (n) | 14 | 4 |
Days with LBP during the previous year | ||
More than 30 days | 37% | 49% |
Missing (n) | 0 | 40 |
Back pain (VAS 0–10), mean (SD) | 6.7 (2.1) | 6.9 |
Back pain divided in quantiles | ||
0–5 | 26% | |
6–7 | 34% | |
8 | 23% | |
9–10 | 17% | |
Disability (RMDQ 0–23), mean (SD) | 12.7 (5.5) | – |
RMDQ score divided into quantiles | ||
0–9 | 29% | |
10–14 | 28% | |
15–17 | 20% | |
18–23 | 23% |
Outcome data (Back beliefs)
3 months | 12 months | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ITEM | Baseline n = 2293 | Total (n) = 1230 | LBP, n = 866 | no pain, n = 364 | Total (n) = 429 | LBP, n = 268 | no pain, n = 161 | |||||||
mean | agree % | mean | agree % | mean | agree % | mean | agree % | mean | Agree % | mean | agree % | mean | agree % | |
BBQ 1 There is no real treatment for back trouble | 4.3 | 6 | 4.3 | 8 | 4.1 | 9 | 4.5 | 5 | 4.2 | 9 | 4.0 | 10 | 4.5 | 7 |
BBQ 2 Back trouble will eventually stop you from working | 3.8 | 19 | 3.8 | 17 | 3.8 | 16 | 3.9 | 18 | 3.5 | 26 | 3,5 | 25. | 3.5 | 14 |
BBQ 3 Back trouble means periods of pain for the rest of one’s life | 3.7 | 17 | 3.8 | 16 | 3.6 | 18 | 4.1 | 10 | 3.6 | 20 | 3.3 | 28. | 4.2 | 6 |
BBQ4 Doctors cannot do anything for back troublea | 3.8 | 17 | 3.7 | 17 | 3.6 | 19 | 4.0 | 12 | 3.6 | 20 | 3.4 | 25 | 3.9 | 12 |
BBQ5 A bad back should be exercisedab | 4.5 | 4 | 4.4 | 8 | 4.4 | 6 | 4.5 | 7 | 4.5 | 5 | 4.5 | 6 | 4.6 | 4 |
BBQ 6 Back trouble makes everything in life worse | 3,1 | 32 | 3.3 | 26 | 3,3 | 24 | 3.2 | 32 | 3.1 | 31 | 3.1 | 31 | 3.1 | 32 |
BBQ 7 Surgery is the most effective way to treat back troublea | 4.4 | 3 | 4.3 | 4 | 4.3 | 8 | 4.3 | 4 | 4.2 | 5 | 4.2 | 6 | 4.3 | 3 |
BBQ 8 Back trouble may mean you will end up in a wheelchair | 3.7 | 17 | 3.6 | 20 | 3,6 | 18 | 3.4 | 26 | 3.4 | 21 | 3.5 | 19 | 3.3 | 24 |
BBQ 9 Alternative treatments are the answer to back troublea | 3.7 | 18 | 3.3 | 16 | 3.3 | 16 | 3.3 | 15 | 3.3 | 17 | 3.3 | 16 | 3.2 | 17 |
BBQ 10 Back trouble means long periods of time off work | 3,7 | 12 | 3.9 | 8 | 3.9 | 7 | 3.7 | 12 | 3.9 | 10 | 3.9 | 9 | 3.8 | 12 |
BBQ 11 Medication is the only way of relieving back troublea | 4.3 | 5 | 4.2 | 6. | 4.2 | 6 | 4.4 | 4 | 4.2 | 6 | 4.2 | 6 | 4.2 | 6 |
BBQ 12 Once you have had back trouble there is always a weakness | 3.7 | 17 | 3.6 | 18 | 3.5 | 20 | 3.9 | 13 | 3.5 | 21 | 3.4 | 24 | 3.7 | 17 |
BBQ 13 back trouble must be rested | 3.3 | 23 | 3.4 | 20 | 3.4 | 20 | 3.5 | 20 | 3.4 | 19 | 3.4 | 20 | 3.6 | 18 |
BBQ 14 Later in life back trouble gets progressively worse | 2.9 | 34 | 3.2 | 26 | 3.1 | 30 | 3.4 | 18 | 3.0 | 31 | 2.9 | 38 | 3.3 | 21 |
Association between back beliefs and baseline characteristics
Coefficient | P > t | 95% Confidence Interval | Degrees of Freedom | Adjusted R-squared | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 2 | 0.0087 | |||
18–37 | |||||
38–51 | 1.31 | < 0.001 | 0,72; 1.89 | ||
52–87 | 1.10 | < 0.001 | 0.51; 1.70 | ||
Sex (female) | 1.46 | < 0.001 | 0.97; 1.95 | 1 | 0.0143 |
More than 3 episodes of LBP | −1.29 | < 0.001 | − 1.85; − 0.72 | 1 | 0.0116 |
Pain for more than 1 year | −1.26 | 0.002 | −2.06; − 0.46 | 1 | 0.0038 |
More than 30 days of pain | − 1.17 | < 0.001 | − 1.67; − 0.67 | 1 | 0.0087 |
Backpain (VAS) | |||||
Backpain linear relation | −0.34 | < 0.001 | − 0.46; − 0.23 | 1 | 0.0140 |
Quantiles of back pain | < 0.001 | ||||
VAS 0–5 | 3 | 0.0133 | |||
VAS 6–7 | −0.66 | −1.29; 0.03 | |||
VAS 8 | −1.31 | −2.0; −0.62 | |||
VAS 9–10 | − 2.1 | − 2.85; −1.34 | |||
Disability (RMDQ) | |||||
Quantiles of RMDQ | < 0.001 | 3 | 0.0660 | ||
RMDQ score 0–9 | |||||
RMDQ score 10–14 | −0.55 | −1.17; 0.07 | |||
RMDQ score 15–17 | −2.03 | −2.71; − 1.35 | |||
RMDQ score 18–23 | −3.96 | −4.62; −3.31 | |||
Other treatment for current LBP (n = 547) a | −0.95 | 0.002 | −1.54; − 0.36 | 1 | 0.0053 |
General practitioner (n = 308) | −1.59 | < 0.001 | −2.31; −0.88 | 1 | 0.0108 |
Chiropractor (n = 143) | −0.85 | 0.095 | −1.85; 0.15 | 1 | 0.0011 |
Physiotherapist (n = 315 | −1.05 | 0.004 | −1.77; −0.34 | 1 | 0.0044 |
Other (n = 160) | −0.39 | 0.416 | −1.34; 0.55 | 1 | −0.0002 |
Having seen more than 1 other healthcare provider (n = 297) | −1.39 | < 0.001 | −2.12; −0.66 | 1 | 0.0078 |
Treatment for previous LBP (n = 1104 of 1657) b | −0.53 | 0.082 | −1.12; −0.07 | 1 | 0.0012 |
General practitioner (n = 322) | −1.60 | < 0.001 | −2.30; −0.90 | 1 | 0.0113 |
Chiropractor (n = 811) | −0.31 | 0.272 | −0.87; 0.25 | 1 | 0.0001 |
Physiotherapist (n = 570) | −0.89 | 0.003 | −1.47; −0.29 | 1 | 0.0046 |
Other (n = 207) | −1.01 | 0.019 | −1.86; −0.17 | 1 | 0.0027 |
Having seen more than 1 other health care provider (n = 571) | −1.164 | < 0.001 | −1.75; −0.58 | 1 | 0.0085 |
Variable | Baseline study population n = 2293 | 3-month non-responders n = 786 | 3-month study population N = 1230 | 12-month non-responders N = 377 | 12-month study population N = 429 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age in years, mean (SD) | 44(14) | 40(13) | 47(13) | 41(14) | 46(13) |
Age range in years | 18–87 | 18–80 | 18–80 | 18–80 | 18–80 |
Females | 41% | 38% | 43% | 41% | 43% |
Episodes of LBP before current one, | |||||
None | 17% | 19% | 16% | 23% | 20% |
1 episode | 14% | 13% | 14% | 19% | 12% |
2–3 episodes | 24% | 25% | 24% | 20% | 24% |
> 3 episodes | 45% | 43% | 46% | 39% | 45% |
Total (n) | 1613 | 344 | 1067 | 203 | 379 |
Time since start of current episode of LBP, | |||||
1–14 days | 60% | 61% | 61% | 61% | 61% |
2–4 weeks | 11% | 10% | 11% | 9% | 10% |
1–12 months | 18% | 19% | 18% | 19% | 20% |
> a year | 10% | 11% | 10% | 11% | 9% |
Total (n) | 2279 | 778 | 1221 | 375 | 425 |
Days with LBP during the previous year | |||||
Less than or equal to 30 days | 63% | 60% | 65% | 63% | 64% |
> 30 days | 37% | 40% | 35% | 37% | 36% |
Total (n) | 2293 | 350 | 1230 | 210 | 375 |
Back pain (VAS 0–10), mean | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.8 | 6.6 |
Disability (RMDQ 0–23), mean | 12.7 | 11.9 | 12.8 | 12.2 | 12.3 |