Introduction
Methods
Eligibility Criteria
Parameters | Inclusion criteria |
---|---|
Population | Adults with severe obesity |
Intervention | Bariatric surgery (purely gastric restrictive and gastric bypass with intestinal transposition) |
Comparator | Pre-surgery versus post-surgery |
Outcomes | Body composition, weight loss, physical capacity and performance, physical activity level, cardiorespiratory fitness, energy expenditure, metabolic parameters, substrate use, autonomic nervous system modulation |
Study design | Retrospective, randomized control trial, and prospective studies |
Literature Search Strategy
Study Selection
Results
Study Selection and Description
Author (year) | Study design | Operation | Baseline BMI (SD) | Population | Evaluation period | Main outcomes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean age, years (SD) | Gender | ||||||
Alam et al. [22] | Prospective cohort study | BPD (N = 5) LAGB (N = 6) | 53.0 (7.3) BDP 44.2 (3.2) LGB | 48 (8) | 8 F and 3 M | Pre-surgery and 1, 6, and 12 months post-surgery | Body weight Autonomic nervous system modulation Metabolic parameters |
Alba et al. [23] | Prospective cohort study | RYGB | 44 (8) | 45 (12) | 37 F and 10 M | Pre-surgery and 6 and 12 months post-surgery | Body composition Physical capacity and performance Physical activity level |
Benedetti et al. [14] | Prospective study | BPD | Not specified | 36.1 (1.62) | 9 F and 5 M | Pre-surgery and 30 months post-surgery | Body weight Body composition Energy expenditure Metabolic parameters |
Bobbioni-Harsch et al. [24] | Prospective cohort study | RYGB | 44.6 (1.1) | 39.5 (2) | 12 F | Pre-surgery and 3 and 12 months post-surgery | Body weight Body composition Metabolic parameters Autonomic nervous system modulation |
Bond et al. [25] | Prospective cohort study | LAGB (N = 65%) RYGB (N = 35%) | 50.1 (9.1) | 46.2 (9.8) | 17 F and 3 M | Pre-surgery and 6 months post-surgery | Physical activity level |
Braga et al. [26] | Prospective cohort study | VBG (N = 5) RYGB (N = 14) Medical treatment (N = 20) | 41.5 (5.0) | 38.5 (10.6) | 14 F and 6 M | Pre-surgery and 3 months post-surgery | Body weight Body composition Metabolic parameters Autonomic nervous system modulation |
Browning et al. [27] | Prospective cohort study | GBS | 42.9 (4.1) | 21–55 | 9 F | Pre-surgery and 3 months post-surgery | Body weight Body composition Cardiorespiratory fitness |
Campos et al. [9] | Prospective cohort study | Not specified | 47.42 (5.72) | 40 (7) | 24 F | Pre-surgery and 6 months post-surgery | Body weight Body composition Physical capacity and performance Cardiorespiratory fitness Physical activity level |
Carrasco et al. [16] | Prospective cohort study | RYGB | 44.4 (4.8) | 37.3 (11.1) | 27 F and 4 M | Pre-surgery and 6 months post-surgery | Body weight Body composition Metabolic parameter Energy expenditure Substrate use Physical activity level |
Colles et al. [17] | Prospective cohort | LAGB | 44.3 (6.8) | 45.2 (11.5) | 103 F and 26 M | Pre-surgery and 4 and 12 months post-surgery | Body weight Body composition Physical activity level |
Daniel et al. [28] | Prospective cohort study | LSG | 44.04 (5.84) | 47.0 (9.0) | 14 F and 10 M | Pre-surgery and 5.9 (2.3) months and 15.5 (7.2) months post-surgery | Body weight Cardiorespiratory fitness |
Das et al. [29] | Prospective cohort study | GBS | 50.1 (9.3) | 39.0 (9.6) | 24 F and 6 M | Pre-surgery and 14 months post-surgery | Body weight Body composition Energy expenditure Physical activity level |
Dereppe et al. [30] | Prospective cohort study | LSG (N = 18) RYGB (N = 24) | 44 (4) | 42 (13) | 42 F | Pre-surgery and 12 months post-surgery | Body weight Body composition Metabolic parameters Cardiorespiratory fitness |
De Souza et al. [31] | Prospective cohort study | RYGB | 49.4 (5.4) | 40.4 (8.4) | 61 F and 4 M | Pre-surgery and 6 and 12 months post-surgery | Body weight Physical capacity and performance Cardiorespiratory fitness |
De Souza et al. [32] | Prospective cohort study | RYGB | 51.1 (9.2) | 40.9 (9.2) | 44 F and 7 M | Pre-surgery and 7 and 12 months post-surgery | Body weight Physical capacity and performance |
Galtier et al. [33] | Prospective cohort study | LAGB | 44.37 (7.0) | 39.17 (10.4) | 73 F | Pre-surgery and 13.37 (6.0) months post-surgery (group A [6–12 months, n = 39]; group B [12–18 months, n = 21]; group C [418 months, n = 13]) | Body weight Body composition Metabolic parameters Energy expenditure Substrate use |
Iannelli et al. [34] | Prospective cohort study | RYGB | 44.6 (5.2) | 39.9 (10) | 115 F | Pre-surgery and 12 months post-surgery | Body weight Body composition Metabolic parameters Energy expenditure |
Kanoupakis et al. [35] | Prospective cohort study | VBG | 49 (8) | 22–43 | 10 F and 6 M | Pre-surgery and 6 months post-surgery | Body weight Cardiorespiratory fitness |
Kokkinos et al. [36] | Prospective cohort study | RYGB LAGB | 48.4 (8.2) | 44.2 (10.8) | 450 F and 128 M | Pre-surgery and 12 months post-surgery | Body weight Body composition Autonomic nervous system modulation Cardiorespiratory fitness |
Li et al. [37] | Prospective cohort study | RYGB (N = 14) LSG (N = 23) | 47.9 (6.0) for the RYGB group 51.6 (7.5) for the SG group | 38.0 (7.8) for the RYGB group 40.3 (9.9) for the SG group | Not specified | Pre-surgery and 3 and 6 months post-surgery | Body weight Body composition Metabolic parameters Cardiorespiratory fitness Autonomic nervous system modulation |
Liu et al. [38] | Retrospective cohort study | LSG | 37.2 (6.1) | 35.3 (11.8) | 52 F and 45 M | Pre-surgery and 6 months post-surgery | Body weight Body composition Energy expenditure Physical activity level |
Lund et al. [39] | Prospective cohort study | GBS | 44.6 (1.2) | 41.2 (2) | 11 F and 2 M | Pre-surgery and 6 months post-surgery | Body weight Body composition Metabolic parameters Cardiorespiratory fitness Physical activity level |
Machado et al. [40] | Prospective cohort study | GBS | 43 (1) | 40 (2) | 22 F and 9 M | Pre-surgery and 4 and 18 months post-surgery | Body weight Body composition Autonomic nervous system modulation |
Maniscalco et al. [41] | Prospective cohort study | LAGB | 43 (37 to 56) | 37 (18 to 66) | 42 F and 29 M | Pre-surgery and 6 months post-surgery | Body weight Body composition Autonomic nervous system modulation Physical capacity and performance |
Maser et al. [42] | Prospective cohort study | RYGB | 51 (11) | 38 (11) | 29 F and 3 M | Pre-surgery and 6 months post-surgery | Body weight Metabolic parameters Autonomic nervous system modulation |
Maser et al. [43] | Prospective cohort study | RYGB | 47.7 (7) | 45 (9) | 22 F and 4 M | Pre-surgery and 6 and 12 months post-surgery | Body weight Metabolic parameters Autonomic nervous system modulation |
McCullough et al. [44] | Prospective cohort study | RYGB | 50.4 (6.0) | 46.0 (10.4) | 82 F and 27 M | 30-day period after discharge | Body weight Cardiorespiratory fitness |
Mirahmadian et al. [45] | Prospective cohort study | RYGB (N = 21) LAGB (N = 5) | 47.7 (7) | 45 (9) | 22 F and 4 M | Pre-surgery and 6 and 12 months post-surgery | Body weight Body composition Energy expenditure |
Nault et al. [46] | Randomized controlled trials | BPD | 52.3 (7.6) for BPD-DS and 54.3 (10.9) for C | 37.7 (8.5) for BPD-DS and 44.7 (10.8) for C | 6 F and 4 M for BPD-DS and 7 for C | Pre-surgery and 6 and 12 months post-surgery | Body weight Body composition Metabolic parameters Autonomic nervous system modulation |
Neunhaeuserer et al. [47] | Prospective cohort study | LSG | 45.2 (5.8) | 48.23 (9.01) | 26 | Pre-surgery and 6 months post-surgery | Body weight Cardiorespiratory fitness Physical capacity and performance |
Notarius et al. [48] | Randomized controlled trials | GBS | 46.1 (6.4) | 18–60 | 42 and 21 for C | Pre-surgery and 6 months post-surgery | Body weight Energy expenditure Cardiorespiratory fitness Physical capacity and performance |
Otto et al. [49] | Prospective cohort study | RYGB (N = 16) LSG (N = 9) | 47.40 (6.3) | 36.8 (11.7) for F and 46.7 (9.0) for M | 16 F and 9 M | Pre-surgery and repeated every 6 weeks for 4 months | Body weight Body composition Physical capacity and performance |
Perugini et al. [50] | Prospective cohort study | RYGB | 46 (6) | 45 (9) | 21 F and 7 M | Pre-surgery and 6 months post-surgery | Body weight Autonomic nervous system modulation Metabolic parameters |
Ravelli et al. [51] | Prospective cohort study | RYGB | 44.9 (2.5) | 20 W | 29.4 (5.1) | Pre-surgery and 6 and 12 months post-surgery | Body weight Body composition Energy expenditure |
Remígio et al. [52] | Prospective cohort study | RYGB LSG | 46.2 (4.9) | 20–45 | 24 | Pre-surgery and 4 months post-surgery | Body weight Metabolic parameters Cardiorespiratory fitness |
Sans et al. [53] | Prospective cohort study | RYGB | 43.3 (4.9) | 40.6 (11.2) | 103 F | Pre-surgery and 12 months post-surgery | Body weight Body composition Metabolic parameters Energy expenditure |
Seres et al. [54] | Prospective cohort study | Not specified | 51 (4) | 38 (8) | 20 F and 11 M | Pre-surgery and 12 months post-surgery | Body weight Cardiorespiratory fitness Physical capacity and performance |
Schneider et al. [55] | Randomized controlled trials | RYGB LSG | 43.9 (1.3) | 40.3 (10.9) RYGB versus 41.2 (10.4) LSG | 35 F and 7 M | Pre-surgery and 17 ± 5.6 months post-surgery | Body weight Body composition Energy expenditure Substrate use |
Silva et al. [56] | Prospective cohort study | RYGB (N = 15) LSG (N = 2) | 46 (2) | 30 (1) | 13 F and 4 M | Pre-surgery and 3 months post-surgery | Body weight Body composition Physical capacity and performance |
Tamboli et al. [57] | Prospective cohort study | RYGB | 46.3 (5.5) | 43.8 (9.6) | 25 F and 4 M | Pre-surgery and 6 and 12 months post-surgery | Body weight Body composition Energy expenditure Substrate use |
Tam et al. [58] | Prospective cohort study | RYGB (N = 5) LSG (N = 9) LAGB (N = 7) | 47.2 (1.5) | 46 (2) | 27 W | Pre-surgery and 8 weeks and 12 months post-surgery | Body weight Energy expenditure Physical activity level |
Tettero et al. [59] | Retrospective cohort study | RYGB (N = 4359) LSG (N = 426) | 44.9 (6.2) | 43.1 (10.7) | 3867 F and 918 M | Pre-surgery and 12 months post-surgery | Body weight Cardiorespiratory fitness Physical activity level |
Tompkins et al. [60] | Prospective cohort study | LGB | 45.5 (6.9) | 44 (6.3) | 28 F and 2 M | Pre-surgery and 6 and 12 months post-surgery | Body weight Body composition Physical capacity and performance |
Valezi-Machado et al. [61] | Prospective cohort study | RYGB | 41.8 (4.4) | 35.9 (12.2) | 31 F and 12 M | Pre-surgery and 12 months post-surgery | Body weight Cardiorespiratory fitness |
Van Gemert et al. [62] | Prospective cohort study | VBG | 48.1 (7.0) | 28 (7) | 7 W and 1 M | Pre-surgery and 3, 6, and 12 months post-surgery | Body weight Energy expenditure Substrate use |
Vargas et al. [63] | Prospective cohort study | RYGB | 50.45 (8.5) | 38 (10) | 61 W and 6 M | Pre-surgery and 3 months post-surgery | Body weight Physical capacity and performance |
Wilms et al. [64] | Prospective cohort study | RYGB (N = 16) LSG (N = 2) | 46.3 (6.8) | 42.5 (10.6) | 11 F and 7 M | Pre-surgery and 12 months post-surgery | Body weight Cardiorespiratory fitness Physical capacity and performance |
Wu et al. [65] | Prospective cohort study | LSG | 45.4 (6.8) | 34 | 9 F and 9 M | Pre-surgery and 7, 30, 90, and 180 days post-surgery | Body weight Autonomic nervous system modulation Metabolic parameters |
Zavorsky et al. [66] | Prospective cohort study | GBS | 47.3 (6.2) | 39 (8) | 11 F and 4 M | Pre-surgery and 2 months post-surgery | Body weight Body composition Cardiorespiratory fitness |
Post-operative Body Composition Changes and Weight Loss
Author (year) | Methods | Results | Post-surgery evaluation period (month) | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 17 | 18 | ≥ 24 | |||
Alam et al. [22] | RR and QT time series | ↓BW (kg) | • | • | • | ||||||||||
↓BMI (kg/m2) | |||||||||||||||
↓HR (bpm) (at 6th) | |||||||||||||||
↑QTVI (1st and 12th) | |||||||||||||||
↓SampEn (QT) (at 1st) | |||||||||||||||
↓DFAα (NN) (1st) ↓DFAα (QT) (1st) | |||||||||||||||
↓RR (6th) | |||||||||||||||
↓RMSSD (ms) (at 6th) | |||||||||||||||
↓SDNN (ms) (at 6th) | |||||||||||||||
↓HbA1c (%) (at 12th) ↓Rest systolic blood pressure (mmHg) (at 6th and 12th) | |||||||||||||||
↓ Rest diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) (at 12th) | |||||||||||||||
Alba et al. [23] | Gait speed and time to rise from a chair five times + 400-m walk test + Handgrip strength + International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) | ↓FFM (kg) ↑Gait speed ↑Time for five chair stands ↓Absolute grip strength (at 6th and 12th) ↑Relative strength (at 6th and 12th) ↔ Self-reported physical activity | • | • | |||||||||||
Benedetti et al. [14] | Respiration chamber | ↓FM (kg) ↓FFM (kg) ↓REE ((kcal/24 h)) ↑Fasting npRQ ↓Fasting glucose (mmol/dl) ↓Fasting insulin (mU/ml) ↓Fasting FFA (mM) | • | ||||||||||||
Bobbioni-Harsch et al. [24] | Body impedance analyzer + A 120-min euglycemic, hyperinsulinemic clamp + Plasma levels of glucose and free fatty acids (FFA) were enzymatically determined + Heart rate variability (HRV): electrocardiograph continuously recorded for a 24-h period | ↓BMI (kg/m2) ↓FM (kg) ↓FFM (kg) ↑Glucose uptake (mg/kg LBM/min) ↔ FFA (mEq) ↓Plasma insulin (ng/ml) ↑SDNN (ms) ↑RMS (ms) ↑% pNN 50 | • | • | |||||||||||
Bond et al. [25] | RT3 accelerometers + Paffenbarger Physical Activity Questionnaire (PPAQ) | 55% comply with the recommendation (subjective assessment) versus 5% comply with the recommendation (objective assessment) | • | ||||||||||||
Braga et al. [26] | Digital scale and a tape measure + HOMA-IR and glucose were quantified by the glucose oxidase colorimetric method + Endothelial reactivity and HRV analysis were performed by peripheral arterial tonometry (PAT) | ↓FM (kg) ↓FFM (kg) ↓AC (cm) ↔ HOMA-IR (%) ↓Fasting glucose (mg/dl) ↓Fasting insulin (IU/l) ↔ LnRHI ↔ AI ↔ AI@75 ↓HR (bpm) ↑HRV-time domain ↓HRV-frequency domain (↑LF/HF) ↔ Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) ↔ Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | • | ||||||||||||
Browning et al. [27] | Treadmill with gas-exchange analysis + Stanford 7-day Physical Activity Recall (PAR) | ↓BMI (kg/m2) ↓BW (kg) ↓FM (kg) ↓FFM (kg) ↓Submaximal HR (bpm) ↔ VO2 (l/min/kg) ↑Time to exhaustion (min) ↔ HRmax (bpm) ↔ Absolute VO2peak (l/min) ↑VO2peak (ml/kg/min) ↔ RERmax ↑VO2peak/pulse (ml/beat/kg) ↔ Post-exercise La (mmol/l) | • | ||||||||||||
Campos et al. [9] | Magnetic bioimpedance device + Lung function: computerized ultrasound spirometer with a flow sensor + Respiratory muscle strength: analog manometer + Functional capacity: incremental shuttle walk test (ISWT) + Baecke questionnaire | ↓BMI (kg/m2) ↓BW (kg) ↓WC (cm) ↔ W/H ↓FM (kg) ↓FFM (kg) ↑SVC (l) ↑FVC (l) ↑FEV1 (l) ↑MIP (cmH2O) ↔ MEP (cmH2O) ↑Distance (m) ↔ PA level | • | ||||||||||||
Carrasco et al. [16] | Digital scale and a scale-mounted stadiometer + isotopic dilution with deuterium oxide (total body water) + Open-circuit indirect calorimetry using a ventilated chamber system + Simple survey to assess PA + HOMA-IR | ↓BMI (kg/m2) ↓BW (kg) ↓WC (cm) ↓FM (kg) ↓FFM (kg) ↓W/HR ↓Fasting glucose (mg/dl) ↓Fasting insulin (μU/ml) ↓HOMA-IR ↓Total cholesterol (mg/dl) ↓LDL cholesterol (mg/dl) ↑HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) ↓Triglycerides (mg/dl) ↓Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) ↓Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) ↓REE ↑Fasting lipid oxidation (%) ↑PA level | • | ||||||||||||
Colles et al. [17] | Medical Outcomes Trust Short Form-36 (SF-36) | ↓BW (kg) ↓BMI (kg/m2) ↑SF-36 PCS score (at 12th) | • | • | |||||||||||
Daniel et al. [28] | Treadmill with gas-exchange analysis | ↓BMI (kg/m2) ↑METs max ↑Exercise time (s) ↑VO2peak (ml/min/kg) ↓VO2peak (ml/min) Tau (τ) altered at 6th and improved at 16th ↔ RERmax ↑HR/VO2 slope (at 6th) ↓HR rest (bpm) (at 6th) ↓Rest systolic blood pressure (mmHg) (at 6th) ↓Rest diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) (at 6th) | • | • | |||||||||||
Das et al. [29] | 15-day doubly labeled water; indirect Calorimetry + Minnesota Leisure Time Physical Activity (LTPA) questionnaire (structured interview) | ↓BMI (kg/m2) ↓BW (kg) ↓FM (kg) ↓FM (%) ↓TEE (MJ/day) ↓REE (MJ/day) ↔ Physical activity level (TEE/REE) ↔ Reported activity (min/day) | • | ||||||||||||
Dereppe et al. [30] | Graded cycle ergometer with gas-exchange analysis | ↓BW (kg) ↓BMI (kg/m2) ↓ Rest systolic blood pressure (mmHg) ↓ Rest diastolic blood pressure ↓Glucose (mg/dl) ↑HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) ↓LDL cholesterol (mg/dl) ↓Triglycerides (mg/dl) ↓VO2peak (ml/min) ↑VO2peak (ml/min/kg) ↓W (W) ↑RERmax | • | ||||||||||||
De Souza et al. [31] | Treadmill with gas-exchange analysis | ↓BW (kg) ↓BMI (kg/m2) ↑Distance covered (m) ↑Exercise duration (min) ↑VO2max (ml/kg/min) | • | • | |||||||||||
De Souza et al. [32] | 6-min walk test | ↓BW (kg) ↓BMI (kg/m2) ↑Distance covered (m) ↓Perceived exhaustion ↓HR ↓Respiratory frequency | • | ||||||||||||
Galtier et al. [33] | Indirect calorimetry with gas-exchange analysis + HOMA-IR + Bioimpedance analysis | ↓BW (kg) ↓BMI (kg/m2) ↓WC (cm) ↓ Rest systolic blood pressure (mmHg) ↓ Rest diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) ↓Fat-free mass (kg) ↓Fat mass (%) ↔ Fasting blood glucose (mmol/l) ↓120-min OGTT blood glucose (mmol/l) ↓Fasting plasma insulin (mIU/l) ↓Peak-OGTT plasma insulin (mIU/l) ↓Total cholesterol (mmol/l) ↓Triglycerides (mmol/l) ↑HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) ↔ LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) ↓HOMA-IR ↓REE/FFM ↑REE/BW ↔ Lipid oxidation | • A | • A, B | • B | ||||||||||
Iannelli et al. [34] | Bioelectrical impedance analysis + Wall-mounted stadiometer and a digital electronic scale + Indirect calorimetry with gas-exchange analysis | ↓BW (kg) ↓BMI (kg/m2) ↓WC (cm) ↓FFM (kg) ↓FM (%) ↓REE (kcal/24 h) ↓Glucose levels (mmol/l) ↓HOMA-IR ↓HbA1c (%) ↑HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) ↓LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) ↓Triglycerides (mmol/l) | • | ||||||||||||
Kanoupakis et al. [35] | Treadmill with gas-exchange analysis + M-mode, 2-dimensional, and Doppler echocardiography | ↔ Rest HR (bpm) ↔ Rest systolic blood pressure (mmHg) Anaerobic threshold ↔ HR (bpm) ↔ Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) ↓VO2 (ml/min) ↑VO2 (ml/kg/min) ↔ O2 pulse (ml/beat) Maximal exercise ↔ HR (beats/min) ↔ Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) ↑Time (s) ↓VO2 (ml/min) ↑VO2 (ml/kg/min) ↔ O2 pulse (ml/beat) ↑Ventilation (l/min) ↑VCO2 production (ml/min) ↑METs ↓IVS (mm) ↓PW (mm) ↑E/A ↓IVRT (ms) | • | ||||||||||||
Kokkinos et al. [36] | Heart rate variability (HRV) (frequency domain) + Echocardiography | ↓BMI (kg/m2) (at 3th and 6th) ↓Waist (cm) (at 3th and 6th) ↓Hip (cm) (at 3th and 6th) ↑LF (ms2) (for SG) ↑HF (ms2) (for SG and GB) ↔ LF/HF ratio ↑Total power (ms2) (for SG and GB) ↓Epicardial fat (mm) (at 6th) (for SG and GB) ↓LV Tei index (at 6th month) (for SG and GB) ↓LA diameter (mm) (at 6th) (for SG and GB) ↑EF (%) (at 6th) (for SG and GB) ↑LV mass index (g) (at 6th) (for SG and GB) | • | • | |||||||||||
Li et al. [37] | Glucose oxidase method + High-performance liquid chromatography + Automatic analyzer + Electronic scale and fixed wall stadiometer + Segmental bioelectrical impedance analysis + Gas-exchange analysis | ↓BW (kg) ↓BMI (kg/m2) ↓WC (cm) ↓FFM (kg) ↓FM (kg) ↓Rest systolic blood pressure (mmHg) ↔ Rest diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) ↓Total cholesterol (mmol/l) ↓Triglycerides (mmol/l) ↑HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) ↓LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) ↓Blood glucose levels ↓HbA1c (%) ↓RQ ↓REE (kcal) ↓REE/BW ↔ REE/FFM | • | ||||||||||||
Liu et al. [38] | Bioelectrical impedance analysis + Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry + Treadmill with gas-exchange analysis + Accelerometer | ↓BW (kg) ↓BMI (kg/m2) ↓WC (cm) ↓Fat mass (kg) ↓REE (kcal/day) ↓REE/FFM ↔ Physical activity level | • | ||||||||||||
Lund et al. [39] | Stationary ergometer bike with gas-exchange analysis + Physical function was assessed by the SF-36 questionnaire + CAMB questionnaire | ↓BW (kg) ↓BMI (kg/m2) ↓FFM (kg) ↓FM (%) ↓Fasting insulin (pmol/l) ↓Fasting glucose (mmol/l) ↓HbA1c (mmol/mol) ↓Fasting total cholesterol (mmol/l) ↓Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) ↔ Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) ↓VO2 (ml/min) ↑VO2 (ml/kg/min) ↔ VO2 (ml/kgFFM/min) ↔ Exercise (h/week) ↔ Physical activity level | • | • | • | ||||||||||
Machado et al. [40] | Electronic anthropometric scale + Heart rate variability (HRV) (time domain) | ↓BMI (kg/m2) ↓WC (cm) ↑NN (ms) ↑SDNN (ms) ↑PNN50 (%) ↑RMSSD (ms) | • | ||||||||||||
Maniscalco et al. [41] | Lung volumes and flow rates were determined using automated equipment + 6-min walk test + Oximeter | ↑FVC (% pred) ↑FEV1 (% pred) ↔ FVC/FEV1 ↑TLC (% pred) ↑FRC (% pred) ↑RV (% pred) ↑6-mWT distance (m) ↑HR after 6-mWT (b/min) ↑Baseline SaO2 (%) ↔ SaO2 after 6-mWT (%) ↓Dyspnea score after 6-mWT | • | ||||||||||||
Maser et al. [42] | Measures of HRV (e.g., power spectral analysis, RR variation during deep breathing) + HOMA-IR | ↓BW (kg) ↓HOMA-IR ↓LF ↓HF ↓LF/HF ↑Respiration frequency area | • | ||||||||||||
Maser et al. [43] | RR (interval between R waves of electrocardiographic QRS complexes) + Stadiometer + Finger stick blood glucose readings + Hemoglobin A1c was measured by high-performance ion-exchange liquid chromatography | ↓BMI (kg/m2) ↓Fingerstick glucose (mg/dl) ↓HbA1c (%) ↓Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) ↔ Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) ↑MCR ↓E/I ratio ↑Valsalva ratio | • | • | |||||||||||
McCullough et al. [44] | Bruce treadmill protocols with gas-exchange analysis | ↓BMI (kg/m2) ↔ Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) ↔ Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) ↑Exercise duration (min) ↑Maximal HR (beats/min) ↔ Perceived exertion (Borg, 6–20) ↓VO2 peak (l/min) ↑VO2 peak (ml/kg/min) ↑V-AT (ml/kg/min) ↔ VE/VCO2 slope | • | ||||||||||||
Mirahmadian et al. [45] | Indirect calorimeter with gas-exchange analysis | ↓Body weight (kg) ↓BMI (kg/m2) ↓Fat-free mass (kg and %) ↓Fat mass (kg and %) ↓REE (kcal/day) ↑REE/FM (kcal/kg) | • | ||||||||||||
Nault et al. [46] | Heart rate variability (HRV) (time domain and frequency domain) + Echocardiogram + Biochemical analysis + HOMA-IR | ↓Body weight (kg) ↓BMI (kg/m2) ↓Total cholesterol (mmol/l) ↓Triglycerides (mmol/l) ↑HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) ↓LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) ↓Glucose (mmol/l) ↓Insulin (pmol/l) ↓HOMA-IR ↓HR (beats/min) ↑SDNN (24 h) ↑rMSSD (24 h) ↑pNN50 (24 h) ↑Ln LF (ms2) (24 h) ↑Ln HF (ms2) (24 h) ↓LF/HF (24 h) | • | • | |||||||||||
Neunhaeuserer et al. [47] | Treadmill with gas-exchange analysis + One-repetition maximum (1-RM) | ↑Exercise time (s) ↓VO2peak (l/min) ↑VO2peak (ml/kg/min) ↑VO2/HRmax (ml/bpm) ↓OUES (ml/logl) ↔ RERmax ↑Leg extension (kg) ↔ Handgrip right (kg) ↔ Handgrip left (kg) | • | ||||||||||||
Notarius et al. [48] | Treadmill with gas-exchange analysis | ↓TEE ↑Exercise capacity ↓VO2peak (ml/kg/min) | • | ||||||||||||
Otto et al. [49] | Bioelectrical impedance + Handgrip strength | ↓BMI (kg/m2) ↓Fat-free mass (kg) ↓Fat mass (%) ↓Fat mass (kg) ↔ Handgrip strength (kg) dominant hand ↔ Handgrip strength (kg) no dominant hand | • | • | |||||||||||
Perugini et al. [50] | Heart rate variability (HRV) + HOMA-IR | ↓BW (kg) ↓BMI (kg/m2) HRV (improved) ↓HOMA-IR | • | ||||||||||||
Ravelli et al. [51] | Doubly labeled water + Triaxial accelerometer | ↓BW (kg) ↓FM (%) ↓TEE | • | • | |||||||||||
Remígio et al. [52] | Treadmill with gas-exchange analysis | ↓BW (kg) ↓BMI (kg/m2) ↓Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) ↓Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) ↓Resting HR (bpm) ↓Total cholesterol (mmol/l) ↓LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) ↓Triglycerides (mmol/l) ↔ Glucose (mg/dl) ↔ VO2peak (l/min) ↑VO2peak (ml/min/kg) ↓50%VO2 RP (s) | • | ||||||||||||
Sans et al. [53] | Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) + Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) + Gas-exchange analysis | ↓BW (kg) ↓BMI (kg/m2) ↓WC (cm) ↓HC (cm) ↔ W/H ↓ Brachial circumference (cm) ↓Triceps skinfold thickness (cm) ↓Glucose level (mmol/l) ↓Insulin level (mmol/l) ↓HOMA-IR ↓HbA1c (%) ↑HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) ↓LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) ↓Triglyceride (mmol/l) ↓REE (kcal/day) ↑REE/BW ↓REE/FFM | • | ||||||||||||
Seres et al. [54] | Treadmill with gas-exchange analysis | ↑Exercise duration (min) ↑HRmax (bpm) ↑RERmax ↔ VO2peak (l/min) ↑VO2peak (ml/kg/min) ↔ VO2peak/FFM (ml/kg/min) ↔ VO2peak/pulse (ml/beat) ↔ Minute ventilation (l/min) | • | ||||||||||||
Schneider et al. [55] | Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry + Indirect calorimetry | ↓BW (kg) ↓BMI (kg/m2) ↓FFM (kg) ↓FM (%) ↓REE ↑REE/BW ↓Fat oxidation ↔ CHO oxidation | • | ||||||||||||
Silva et al. [56] | Handgrip dynamometer + Venous occlusion plethysmography + 6-min walk test | ↓BW (kg) ↓BMI (kg/m2) ↓HR (bpm) ↔ Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) ↔ Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) ↓FVR (units) ↔ 30% handgrip force (Kgf) ↑6-mWT distance (m) ↓Apnea-hypopnea index | • | ||||||||||||
Tamboli et al. [57] | Digital scale + A whole-room indirect calorimeter | ↓BW (kg) ↓BMI (kg/m2) ↓WC (cm) ↓W/H (at 6th month) ↓TEE (kcal/day) (at 6th month) ↓Total RQ (at 6th month) ↓Sleep RQ (at 12th month) ↓CHO oxidation (g/kg/day) (at 12th month) ↑Fat oxidation (g/kg/day) (at 12th month) | • | • | |||||||||||
Tam et al. [58] | Metabolic chamber indirect calorimetry | ↓24hrEE ↓SleepEE ↓REE ↓Spontaneous physical activity | • | • | |||||||||||
Tettero et al. [59] | Baecke questionnaire + Astrand test | ↓BW (kg) ↑VO2max (ml/min/KgFFM) ↑ Leisure physical activity ↑ Sport activity | • | ||||||||||||
Tompkins et al. [60] | Physical ability using SF-36 + 6-mWT + Borg RPE scale | ↓BW (kg) ↓BMI (kg/m2) ↑6-mWT distance (m) ↑Physical functioning ↓Rating of perceived exertion during 6-mWT | • | • | |||||||||||
Valezi-Machado et al. [61] | Treadmill with gas-exchange analysis + Transthoracic echocardiogram | ↑Distance covered (m) ↑METs ↑VO2peak (ml/kg/min) ↑EF ↓Septum | • | ||||||||||||
Van Gemert et al. [62] | Doubly labeled water method + Respiration chamber | ↓TEE ↓Sleep MR ↔ Physical activity index =[TEE/SMR] ↓CHO oxidation | • | • | |||||||||||
Vargas et al. [63] | 6-min walking test + Functional Independence Measure (FIM) + Timed Up-and-Go | ↓HR (bpm) ↓Respiratory rate (pm) ↓Systolic arterial pressure (mmHg) ↓Diastolic arterial pressure (mmHg) ↓Borg scale ↑FIM score | • | ||||||||||||
Wilms et al. [64] | Bicycle ergospirometry | ↔ Peak workload (W) ↑Peak workload/BW (W kg−1) ↔ Test duration (s) ↔ HRmax (bpm) ↔ RERmax ↔ VO2peak (l/min) ↔ VO2peak (ml/kg/min) ↔ VO2peak/pulse (ml/beat) ↔ Ventilatory equivalent (VE/VO2) | • | ||||||||||||
Wu et al. [65] | Heart rate variability (HRV) + Insulin resistance + HbA1c | RMSSD improved LF/HF ratio improved ↑Total power ↓HOMA-IR ↓HbA1c | • | • | • | ||||||||||
Zavorsky et al. [66] | Bioelectrical impedance device + Ergocycle with gas-exchange analysis | ↓BW (kg) ↓BMI (kg/m2) ↓WC (cm) ↓HC (cm) ↓W/H ↓FFM (kg) ↓FM (kg) ↓FM (%) Rest ↔ VO2 (ml/kg/min) ↓VO2 (l/min) ↓VE (l/min) BTPS ↔ Breathing frequency (breaths/min) ↓Tidal volume (l/breath) ↓VErest/MVV ↓RER ↓HR (bpm) At peak exercise ↑VO2 (ml/kg/min) ↔ VO2 (l/min) ↔ VE (l/min) BTPS ↔ Breathing frequency (breaths/min) ↑Tidal volume (l/breath) ↔ VEpeak/MVV ↔ RER ↔ HR (beats/min) ↔ Total time of the VO2peak test | • |
Main analyzed parameters | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Body weight | Body mass index | Resting energy expenditure | Total energy expenditure | Heart rate variability | Aerobic capacity | Physical capacity | Plasma insulin | |
Type of bariatric surgery | ||||||||
↓ [14] | - | - | - | |||||
- | ↑ [36] | ↑ [41] | ↑ [41] | |||||
↓ [26] | ↓ [26] | - | ↓ [62] | ↑ [26] | ↑ [35] | - | ||
↑ [40] | ↓ [39] | |||||||
- | ↑ [65] | - |