Introduction
Conceptual framework
Methods
Protocol and registration
Stage 1: research question
Stage 2: identifying relevant studies
Stage 3: selection of studies
Stage 4: data charting
Stage 5: collating, summarising, and reporting the results
Results
Study characteristics
Author | Country | Publication type | Methodology | Study design | Study participants | Study setting |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aaltonen et al., 2017 [38] | Finland | Conference paper | Qualitative | Qualitative interviews, observations | Older person, care staff, family members | Participants’ homes |
Bajones et al., 2018 [39] | Austria, Greece, Sweden | Journal paper | Multi-method | Field trial | Older people (living alone, fallen in the last 2 years, and impairments in mobility, | Participants’ homes |
Bajones et al., 2019 [40] | Austria, Greece, Sweden | Journal paper | Multi-method | Field trial | Older people (living alone) | Participants’ homes |
Barrett et al., 2019 [41] | Ireland | Journal paper | Quantitative | Single group, pre-post pilot study | People with dementia | Nursing home |
Bemelmens et al., 2016 [42] | Netherlands | Journal paper | Multi-method | Feasibility study | People with dementia, care staff, family members | Care institution for psychogeriatric care |
Blond, 2019 [43] | Denmark, Finland | Journal paper | Qualitative | Ethnographic study | Older adults, care staff, management staff | Elderly care center |
Bradwell et al., 2020 [44] | UK | Conference paper | Qualitative | Longitudinal study | Older people | Supported living facility |
Broadbent et al., 2014 [45] | New Zealand | Conference paper | Quantitative | Repeated measures randomised cross-over trial | Older people | Participants’ homes |
Caleb-Solly et al., 2018 [46] | UK, Netherlands | Journal paper | Quantitative | Usability and user experience evaluation | Older people | Assisted living studio, residential care, and participants’ homes |
Carros et al., 2020 [47] | Germany | Conference paper | Qualitative | Pre and post interviews | Older people, caregivers and manager | Care home |
Chang et al., 2013 [48] | USA | Conference paper | Multi-method | Observations and interview | Older people, care staff | Retirement community (long- and short-term care) |
Chang et al., 2015 [49] | USA | Conference paper | Multi-method | Field study | Older people (majority had dementia), staff, visitors | Nursing home |
Cruz-Sandoval et al., 2018 [50] | Mexico | Conference paper | Quantitative | Observational | Older people with dementia | Geriatric residence |
de Graaf et al., 2015 [51] | UK | Journal paper | Qualitative | Exploratory in-depth study using video recording and interviews | Older people | Participants’ homes |
Demange et al., 2018 [52] | France | Journal paper | Quantitative | Quasi-experimental (pre-post) | Older people with dementia | Hospital |
D’Onofrio et al., 2019 [53] | Italy | Conference paper | Quantitative | Pre-post | Older people with dementia | Hospital |
D’Onofrio et al., 2019 [53] | Italy, Ireland and UK | Journal paper | Quantitative | Pre-post | People with dementia | Community setting, nursing home and hospital |
Fattal et al., 2020 [54] | France | Journal paper | Quantitative | Pre-post | Older people | Hospital |
Fiorini et al., 2020 [55] | Italy | Conference paper | Quantitative | Pre-post | Older people | Participants’ homes |
Gross et al., 2012 [56] | Netherlands Belgium | Conference paper | Qualitative | Field trial | Older people with mild cognitive impairment and their partner | Smart home (Test home) |
Gross et al., 2015 [57] | Germany | Conference paper | Multi-method | Case study | Older people | Participants’ homes |
Gross et al., 2019 [58] | Germany | Conference paper | Multi-method | Case study | Older people | Participants’ homes |
Hebesberger et al., 2017 [59] | Austria | Journal paper | Mixed method | Concurrent multistrand research design | Older people with dementia, care staff and management staff | Hospital |
Hudson et al., 2020 [60] | USA | Journal paper | Qualitative | Descriptive qualitative | Older people | Participants’ homes |
Huisman and Kort, 2019 [61] | Netherlands | Journal paper | Mixed method | Evaluation study | Older adults, care staff and board members | Geriatric care facilities |
Kelly et al., 2020 [62] | USA | Journal paper | Quantitative | Feasibility study | Older people with dementia | Hospital (acute care) |
Khosla et al., 2017 [63] | Australia | Journal paper | Quantitative | Cross-sectional | Older people with dementia | Residential aged care facilities |
Khosla et al., 2019 (Australia) [64] | Australia | Journal paper | Mixed method | Observational | People with dementia, family members | Participants’ homes |
Klamer et al., 2010 [65] | UK | Conference paper | Qualitative | Case study | Older people | Participants’ homes |
Kolstad et al., 2020 [66] | Japan | Journal paper | Qualitative | Semi structured interviews | Older people, nursing staff and site managers | Two nursing homes and one elderly day care centre |
Kouroupetroglou et al., 2017 [67] | Italy, Ireland | Conference paper | Quantitative | Questionnaire | People with dementia | Hospital and nursing home |
Melkas et al., 2020 [68] | Finland | Journal paper | Qualitative | Field study | Older people, care staff | 2 care homes and a geriatric rehabilitation hospital |
Moyle et al., 2013 [69] | Australia | Conference paper | Qualitative | Case study | Older people with dementia | Nursing home |
Moyle et al., 2014 [70] | Australia | Journal paper | Mixed method | Semi structured interviews and observational data | Older people with dementia, care staff, family members | Long term care facilities |
Moyle et al., 2016 [71] | Australia | Journal paper | Qualitative | Case study | Older people with dementia | Nursing home |
Moyle et al., 2019 [72] | Australia | Journal paper | Qualitative | Descriptive qualitative | Family members of older people who live in residential care | Residential care facilities |
Moyle et al., 2019 [73] | Australia | Journal paper | Qualitative | Descriptive qualitative | Older people with dementia | Long term care facility |
Moyle et al., 2019 [74] | Australia | Journal paper | Qualitative | Descriptive qualitative | People with dementia, family members | Long term care facility |
Niemala et al., 2017 [75] | Finland | Conference paper | Qualitative | Pre-post interviews, user observations, logged use of robot, videotaping | Older people | Long term residential home |
Niemala et al., 2019 [76] | Finland | Journal paper | Multi-method | Field trial | Older people, care staff, family members | Residential care facilities |
Orejana et al., 2015 [77] | New Zealand | Conference paper | Multi-method | Case study | Older people | Participants’ homes |
Peri et al., 2016 [78] | New Zealand | Journal paper | Quantitative | Controlled non-randomised comparison study (Observational) | Older people, care staff, visitors | Retirement complex (Residential care ward) |
Piasek and Wieczororwska-Tobis, 2018 [79] | Poland | Journal paper | Quantitative | Pre-post | Older people with mild cognitive impairment, family members | Laboratory setting and participants’ homes |
Pike et al., 2020 [80] | UK | Journal paper | Qualitative | Multiple case study | Older people with dementia, family members | Participants’ homes |
Portugal et al., 2019 [81] | Netherlands | Journal paper | Multi-method | Observation and post- questionnaire | Older people, care staff, visitors | Care center |
Pu et al., 2020 [82] | Australia | Journal paper | Qualitative | Descriptive qualitative | Older people with dementia | Residential aged care facility |
Randall et al., 2019 [83] | USA | Journal paper | Multi-method | Pre-post focus groups, survey | Older people | Participants’ homes |
Sabelli et al., 2011 [84] | Japan | Conference paper | Qualitative | Ethnographic study | Older people, care staff | Elderly care center |
Schroeter et al., 2013 [85] | Netherlands Belgium | Journal paper | Multi-method | Semi-structured interviews, observation, diary, questionnaire | Older people with mild cognitive impairment and their partner | Smart home (Test home) |
Torta et al., 2014 [86] | Austria | Journal paper | Multi-method | Questionnaire and semi-structured interviews | Older people | Test setting (In a Senior centre) |
van Maris et al., 2020 [87] | UK | Journal paper | Multi-method | Questionnaire and interviews | Older people | Retirement villages |
Wu et al., 2014 [88] | France | Journal paper | Multi-method | Questionnaire and semi-structured interviews | Older people (cognitively healthy and those with mild cognitive impairment) | Test setting (In the Gerontechnology living lab in a hospital) |
Zsiga et al., 2018 [89] | Hungary | Journal paper | Quantitative | Field test | Older people | Participants’ homes |
Social robots and intervention characteristics
No. of studies (n) | |
---|---|
Social robots used | |
Pet robots | 18 |
Paro | |
CuDDler | 1 [71] |
Qooboo | 1 [66] |
Joy for all cat | |
Joy for all dog | |
Telepresence robots | 8 |
VGo | 1 [74] |
Giraff | |
Double | |
Socially assistive robots | 33 |
Betty / Matilda | |
Cafero | |
CompanionAble robot | |
Eva | 1 [50] |
Guide | 1 [78] |
Hobbit PT2 | |
iRobiQ | |
Kompai mobile robot | |
MARIO | |
MAX (SCITOS G3) | 1 [57] |
Nao / Zora | |
Pepper | |
Robovie 2 | 1 [84] |
Silbot-2 | 1 [43] |
STRANDS robot | 1 [59] |
SYMPARNTER | 1 [58] |
Tiago | 1 [79] |
Violet’s Nabaztag | |
Study Duration | |
Less than 1 week | |
One to four weeks | |
More than four to 12 weeks | |
More than 12 weeks | |
No clear information | |
Intervention Frequency | |
Full-time (or full day) | |
Weekly intervention (ranging from 1 to 5 times weekly) | |
Others | |
No clear information |
Terms used to describe implementation of social robots
Terms used | No of studies (n) |
---|---|
Proctor’s taxonomy | |
acceptability, acceptance | |
adoption, adopt | |
feasibility | |
sustainability | 1 [63] |
cost | 1 [72] |
penetration | no data |
fidelity | no data |
appropriateness | no data |
Other terms | |
implementation, implement | |
use, usage | |
usefulness, useful | |
integrate, integration | |
usability | |
deploy, deployment | |
utilisation, utilise | |
employ | 1 [40] |
Barriers and facilitators to implementation
CFIR construct | Barrier(s) | Facilitator(s) |
---|---|---|
Domain 1. Innovation Characteristics | ||
1.1 Relative advantage | • Relative cost as compared to other technology [70] | • Mobility aspect [74]. • Proactivity [56] • Economic advantage [59] |
1.2 Adaptability | • Vocalisations [83] • Functions [45] | |
1.3 Complexity | • Compose or program activities [61] | |
1.4 Design quality and packaging | • Unpredictable intentions | |
1.5 Cost | ||
Domain 2: Outer setting | ||
2.1 Patient needs and resources | • Phased introduction and training [46] | |
2.2 External policy/incentives | ||
Domain 3: Inner Setting | ||
3.1 Compatibility | • Confused/frightened residents [59] • Lack of support from co-workers [61] • Interfere with routine • Physical environment [40] | |
3.2 Relative priority | • Workplace tension [68] | |
3.3 Leadership engagement | • Leadership involvement and commitment [61] | |
3.4 Available resources | • Computer incompatibility [74] | • Improved network infrastructure [61] • Time and support for care professionals [61]. |
3.5 Access to knowledge and information | • Access to support in rural areas [77] | • Dedicated helpdesk within care facility [61] |
Domain 4: Characteristics of Individuals | ||
4.1 Knowledge and beliefs | • Evolved attitude after witnessing positive impacts on older adults/people with dementia [42, 44, 47, 49, 56, 66, 68‐70, 72, 74, 75, 80, 81] • Understanding that robots cannot replace their jobs [47] • Alignment to organisation visions [61] | |
4.2 Self-efficacy | • Unequipped to program and compose activities [61] | • Gain experience over time [61] |
Domain 5: Implementation Process | ||
5.1 Planning | • Assign robot with a clearly indicated role [84] | |
5.2 Engaging | ||
5.3 Key stakeholders | • Negative attitudes of care professionals [69] | • Care professionals’ enthusiasm [66] • Active engagement with care professionals [84] |
5.4 External change agents | • Lack of sustainability [47] |