KS, PJG and NJW designed the study. SA, EAA, QB, DB, AB, SB, UDA, NPD, MD, AAD, AMD, SD, MDE, RMF, MAF, CFal, CFogg, RG, BG, JPG, KH, TTH, YH, EJ, PL, AM, MM, OAM, PN, HN, FN, BO, MAO, SOA, APP, ZP, SP, MR, IS, YS, SS, SAW, NJW, and PAW performed the original studies. KS, JAF, CM, and PD analysed the pooled individual patient data. KS, JAF, NJW, EAA, and PJG wrote the first draft of the manuscript, all other authors critically reviewed the draft. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
We thank the patients and staff who participated in the clinical trials at all sites. WWARN is funded by a Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation grant. The funder did not participate in developing the protocol or writing the paper. This study was supported in part by the Intramural Research Program of the NIAID, NIH. All clinical studies were approved by the respective ethics committees or institutional review boards of each collaborative entity and host country of conduct. All subjects provided informed consent before study participation, and parents or legal guardians provided informed consent on behalf of their children. Disclaimer: The opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Australian Defence Organisation or any extant policy.
The members of the WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN) Parasite Clearance Study Group are the authors of this paper: Salim Abdulla, Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (sabdulla@ihi.or.tz); Elizabeth A Ashley, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK and Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (liz@tropmedres.ac); Quique Bassat, Centro de Investigação em Saude de Manhiça, Manhiça, Mozambique and ISGlobal, Barcelona Center for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (quique.bassat@isglobal.org); Delia Bethell, Department of Immunology and Medicine, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand (deliabethell@btinternet.com); Anders Björkman, Malaria Research, Department of Microbiology, Tumour and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (anders.bjorkman@ki.se); Steffen Borrmann, Kenya Medical Research Institute / Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya and Magdeburg University School of Medicine, Germany (sborrmann@kilifi.kemri-wellcome.org); Umberto D’Alessandro, Unit of Malariology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium and Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara, The Gambia (udalessandro@mrc.gm); Prabin Dahal, WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN), Oxford, UK and Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, UK (prabin.dahal@wwarn.org); Nicholas P Day, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK and Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (nickd@tropmedres.ac); Mahamadou Diakite, Malaria Research and Training Centre, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali (mdiakite@icermali.org); Abdoulaye A Djimde, Malaria Research and Training Centre, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali (adjimde@icermali.org); Arjen M Dondorp, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK and Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (arjen@tropmedres.ac); Socheat Duong, Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (d_socheat@yahoo.com); Michael D Edstein, Australian Army Malaria Institute, Brisbane, Australia (Mike.Edstein@defence.gov.au); Rick M Fairhurst, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States (rfairhurst@niaid.nih.gov); M. Abul Faiz, Malaria Research Group (MRG) & Dev Care Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh (drmafaiz@gmail.com); Catherine Falade, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria (lillyfunke@yahoo.com); Jennifer A Flegg, School of Mathematical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (jennifer.flegg@monash.edu); Carole Fogg, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK (carole.fogg@port.ac.uk); Raquel Gonzalez, Centro de Investigação em Saude de Manhiça, Manhiça, Mozambique and Centre de Recerca en Salut Internacional de Barcelona (CRESIB), Barcelona, Spain (raquel.gonzalez@cresib.cat); Brian Greenwood, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK (brian.greenwood@lshtm.ac.uk); Philippe J Guérin, WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN), Oxford, UK and Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (philippe.guerin@wwarn.org); Jean-Paul Guthmann, Epicentre, Paris, France (jp.guthmann@invs.sante.fr); Kamal Hamed, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, USA (kamal.hamed@novartis.com); Tran Tinh Hien, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit (OUCRU), Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme (MOP), Vietnam and Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (hientt@oucru.org); Ye Htut, Department of Medical Research, Lower Myanmar, Yangon, Myanmar (dr.y.htut@gmail.com); Elizabeth Juma, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya (jumaelizabeth@yahoo.com); Pharath Lim, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States and National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (limp@niaid.nih.gov); Andreas Mårtensson, Malaria Research, Department of Microbiology, Cell and Tumour Biology; Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden and Center for Clinical Research Sörmland, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (andreas.martensson@ki.se); Mayfong Mayxay, Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust-Research Unit (LOMWRU), Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos and Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, UK and Faculty of Postgraduate Studies, University of Health Sciences, Vientiane, Laos (mayfong@tropmedres.ac); Olugbenga A Mokuolu, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria (oamokuolu@yahoo.com); Clarissa Moreira, WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN), Oxford, UK and Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (clarissa.moreira@wwarn.org); Paul Newton, Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust-Research Unit (LOMWRU), Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos and Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (paul@tropmedres.ac); Harald Noedl, Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (harald.noedl@meduniwien.ac.at); Francois Nosten, Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand and Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (francois@tropmedres.ac); Bernhards R Ogutu, Kenya Medical Research Institute/United States Army Medical Research Unit, Kisumu, Kenya (bernhards.ogutu@usamru-k.org); Marie A Onyamboko, Kinshasa School of Public Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo and Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (akatshimarie@yahoo.fr); Seth Owusu-Agyei, Kintampo Health Research Centre, Kintampo, Ghana (seth.owusu-agyei@kintampo-hrc.org); Aung Pyae Phyo, Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (aungpyaephyo@shoklo-unit.com); Zul Premji, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (zulpremji688@gmail.com); Ric N Price, WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN), Oxford, UK, and Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK and Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia (ric.price@wwarn.org); Sasithon Pukrittayakamee, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (yon@tropmedres.ac); Michael Ramharter, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine I, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria and Institut fűr Tropenmedizin, University of Tuebingen, Germany and Centre de
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Médicales de Lambaréné, Gabon (michael.ramharter@meduniwien.ac.at); Issaka Sagara, Malaria Research and Training Center, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odonto-Stomatology, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali (isagara@mrtcbko.org); Youry Se (deceased), Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Seila Suon, National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (suon_seila012@yahoo.com); Kasia Stepniewska, WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN), Oxford, UK and Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (kasia.stepniewska@wwarn.org); Stephen A Ward, Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK (saward@liverpool.ac.uk); Nicholas J White, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK and Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (nickwdt@tropmedres.ac); Peter A Winstanley, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK (P.Winstanley@warwick.ac.uk).