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Erschienen in: Der Schmerz 5/2012

01.09.2012 | Schwerpunkt

Behandlung von Übelkeit und Erbrechen mit Prokinetika und Neuroleptika bei Palliativpatienten

Ein Review

verfasst von: Dr. G. Benze, B. Alt-Epping, A. Geyer, F. Nauck

Erschienen in: Der Schmerz | Ausgabe 5/2012

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Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Welche Evidenz gibt es für die Behandlung von Übelkeit und Erbrechen in der Palliativmedizin? Es existieren diverse Empfehlungen. Die meisten Studien beziehen sich auf Krebspatienten, die eine Chemotherapie oder Strahlentherapie erhalten. Auch gibt es viele Arbeiten, die sich mit postoperativer Übelkeit beschäftigen. Es existieren nur wenige Studien und einzelne Reviews zum Thema Übelkeit und Erbrechen unabhängig von Chemotherapie, Strahlentherapie und Operation. Krankheitsbilder mit palliativem Behandlungsansatz, wie „acquired immune deficiency syndrome“ (AIDS), chronisch obstruktive Lungenerkrankung (COPD), fortgeschrittene Herzinsuffizienz, amyotrophe Lateralsklerose (ALS) und multiple Sklerose (MS) veranlassten kaum bis gar nicht zu systematischen Studien bezüglich der oben genannten Symptome.

Ziele

Mit diesem Review wurde anhand einer systematischen Literaturrecherche die Evidenz für Prokinetika und Neuroleptika in der Behandlung von Übelkeit und Erbrechen bei Palliativpatienten mit fortgeschrittener Krebserkrankung, die keine krebsspezifische Therapie erhielten, sowie bei Patienten mit anderen schwerwiegenden fortgeschrittenen und weiter fortschreitenden Erkrankungen, wie AIDS, COPD, Herzinsuffizienz, ALS und MS untersucht.

Methoden

In zwei verschiedenen elektronischen Datenbanken (PubMed und Embase) und über ergänzende Handsuche wurden klinische Studien ermittelt, die die Wirksamkeit von Prokinetika und Neuroleptika bei Übelkeit und Erbrechen bei Palliativpatienten untersuchten. Bezüglich des Studientyps wurden keine Einschränkungen gemacht. Ausgeschlossen wurden Studien mit Patienten, die unter Chemo- oder Strahlentherapie standen oder an postoperativer Übelkeit litten, Studien mit Kindern und solche, die weder in Englisch noch in Deutsch publiziert worden waren.

Ergebnisse

Insgesamt fanden sich 30 Artikel, die die Einschlusskriterien erfüllten. Alle Studien betrafen Krebspatienten. Trotz intensiver Recherche konnten keine Studien zu diesem Thema bezüglich AIDS, COPD, Herzinsuffizienz, ALS und MS gefunden werden. Die positive Wirkung von Metoclopramid in der Behandlung von Übelkeit bei fortgeschrittener Krebserkrankung wird in vielen Studien propagiert, die Evidenz hierfür ist jedoch allenfalls moderat. Für Neuroleptika bestehen bei Krebspatienten unterschiedlich starke Hinweise auf eine positive Wirkung. Insbesondere Levosulpirid und Levomepromazin scheinen in dieser Hinsicht ein gutes antiemetisches Potenzial zu besitzen, wobei auch hier die Evidenz nicht gut ist.

Schlussfolgerungen

Bei Palliativpatienten mit Übelkeit und Erbrechen, die an einer Krebserkrankung leiden und keine tumorspezifische Therapie erhalten, kann Metoclopramid eingesetzt werden. Neuroleptika wie Levosulpirid und Levomepromazin sind eine mögliche Alternative, wobei das Nebenwirkungsprofil der Neuroleptika im Vergleich zu Metoclopramid beachtet werden muss. Die Evidenzlage ist insgesamt für Prokinetika und Neuroleptika moderat bis schlecht. Zu Palliativpatienten ohne Krebserkrankung gibt es bisher zu diesem Thema keine Studien. Es werden mehr qualitativ gute Studien benötigt, um eine evidenzbasierte antiemetische Therapie bei Palliativpatienten durchführen zu können.
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Metadaten
Titel
Behandlung von Übelkeit und Erbrechen mit Prokinetika und Neuroleptika bei Palliativpatienten
Ein Review
verfasst von
Dr. G. Benze
B. Alt-Epping
A. Geyer
F. Nauck
Publikationsdatum
01.09.2012
Verlag
Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in
Der Schmerz / Ausgabe 5/2012
Print ISSN: 0932-433X
Elektronische ISSN: 1432-2129
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00482-012-1216-7

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