Introduction
Methods
Data sources and searches
Study selection
Data extraction and quality assessment
Results
Study | Type of review | Study design included | Number of included studies | Professionals evaluated | Intervention(s) | Type of disease(s) | Funding |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Behavior change interventions | |||||||
Education (increasing knowledge or understanding) | |||||||
Chhina et al. [32] 2013 | SR | Any study design | 15 | FPs | Academic detailing | NR | No |
Mostofian et al. [29] 2015 | Overview | Reviews | 14 | FPs | Any interventions | NR | No |
Velden et al. [33] 2012 | SR | Any study design | 58 | FPs, others | Any interventions | RTIs | Yes |
Thepwongsa et al. [20] 2014 | SR | RCTs, non-RCTs, ITS | 11 | FPs | CME | NR | Yes |
Thomas et al. [34] 2006 | SR | Any study design | 13 | FPs | CME | NR | Yes |
Ginige et al. [21] 2007 | SR | Any study design | 4 | FPs | CME, video, text | Chlamydia | No |
Brody et al. [35] 2013 | SR | Any study design | 16 | FPs, nurses, SWs, pharmacists | Dementia educational/dissemination intention | Dementia | Yes |
Schichtel et al. [36] 2013 | SR | RCTs, cluster RCTs | 21 | FPs, Nurses, PAs | Education | Cancer | Yes |
Hardy et al. [37] 2011 | SR | Any study design | 0 | FPs | Education | Mental illness | No |
Miller et al. [38] 2010 | SR | Any study design | 16 | FPs | Education | NR | No |
Lineker et al. [39] 2010 | SR | Any study design | 7 | FPs, nurses | Education | Arthritis | No |
Alvarez et al. [40] 2006 | SR | Any study design | 18 | FPs | Education | Pallative care | No |
Howe et al. [41] 2006 | SR | RCTs | 18 | FPs | Education | NR | No |
Kamarudin et al. [42] 2013 | SR | Any study design | 47 | FPs | Education | NR | No |
Thepwongsa et al. [43] 2014 | SR | Any study design | 13 | FPs | Education | T2DM | Yes |
Perry et al. [44] 2011 | SR | Any study design | 5 | FPs | Educational meetings, audit-feedback, reminders, mass media, local opinion leaders | Dementia | Yes |
Vodicka et al. [45] 2013 | SR | Any study design | 17 | FPs, nurses | Educational or behavior change interventions | RTIs, otitis media | Yes |
Guldberg et al. [46] 2009 | SR | RCTs | 10 | FPs | Feedback | T2DM | Yes |
Cheraghi-Sohi et al. [47] 2008 | SR | RCTs | 9 | FPs | Feedback or training or both | NR | No |
Ring et al. [48] 2007 | SR | RCTs | 14 | FPs | Interactive educational seminar, QI learning collaborative for general practice teams | Asthma | Yes |
Rourke et al. [49] 2015 | MA | Any study design | 37 | FPs | Lecture, audit-feedback, computer based learing, multicomponent intervention | Skin lesions | No |
Reinders et al. [50] 2011 | SR | RCTs | 10 | FPs | Patient feedback | NR | Yes |
Gijbels et al. [51] 2010 | SR | Any study design | 61 | Nurses, midwives | Education | NR | Yes |
Zaher et al, [52] 2012 | SR | Any study design | 13 | FPs | Practice-based small group learning programs | NR | No |
Curti et al. [53] 2015 | SR, MA | RCTs, cluster-RCTs, CBA | 12 | FPs | Educational materials, meetings, CME, audit-feedbacks, reminders | Occupational diseases | No |
Goulart et al. [54] 2011 | SR | Any study design | 20 | FPs | Education | Skin cancer | Yes |
Omidvari et al. [55] 2013 | SR | RCTs | 3 | FPs | Guidelines | NR | Yes |
Benthem et al. [56] 2009 | SR | RCTs, CBA or ITS | 27 | FPs | Education | Psychiatric disorders | No |
Enablement (increasing means/reducing barriers to increase capability or opportunity) | |||||||
Adaji et al. [57] 2008 | SR | Any study design | 29 | FPs | Information technology | Diabetes | Yes |
de Lusignan et al. [58] 2014 | SR | Any study design | 143 | FPs | Access to electronic health records | NR | Yes |
Pires et al. [59] 2014 | SR | Any study design | 18 | FPs | Communication skills training for FPs | NR | No |
Holstiege et al. [60] 2015 | SR | RCTs; cluster RCTs | 7 | FPs | CDSSs | NR | No |
Dixon et al. [61] 2013 | SR | Any study design | 10 | FPs, others | Computer-based interventions | NR | Yes |
Robertson et al. [62] 2010 | SR | Any study design | 21 | Pharmacists | CDSSs | NR | Yes |
Curtain et al. [63] 2014 | SR | Any study design | 8 | Pharmacists | CDSSs | Allergic rhinitis, stroke | No |
Souza et al. [64] 2011 | SR | RCTs | 41 | FPs | CDSSs | Dyslipidaemia, cancer, mental illnesses | Yes |
Fathima et al. [65] 2014 | SR | RCTs | 16 | FPs, nurses, pharmacists, PAs | CDSSs | Asthma, COPD | No |
Cleveringa et al. [66] 2013 | SR | RCTs | 20 | FPs | CDSSs, feedback on performance | T2DM | Yes |
Calabretto et al. [67] 2005 | SR | RCTs | 4 | Pharmacists | Elecronic decision support system | NR | Yes |
Boyle et al. [68] 2010 | SR | Any study design | 12 | FPs | Electronic medical records | Tobacco dependence | Yes |
Lainer et al. [69] 2013 | SR | RCTs | 10 | FPs, pharmacists | Information technology | NR | Yes |
Huang et al. [70] 2013 | SR, MA | Any study design | 13 | FPs | Point of care testing | RTIs | No |
Gialamas et al. [71] 2010 | SR | RCTs, quasi-RCTs | 6 | FPs, others | Point of care testing | Diabetes, hyperlipedemia, coagulation disorders | Yes |
Motulsky et al. [72] 2013 | SR | Any study design | 19 | FPs, pharmacists | Second-generation electronic prescriptions | NR | No |
Environmental restructuring (changing the physical or social context)
| |||||||
Damiani et al. [73] 2013 | SR | Any study design | 26 | FPs | Group versus single handed practice, information and communication technology | NR | No |
Riley et al. [74] 2010 | SR | Any study design | 12 | Others | Group visits | Diabetes | No |
Unverzagt et al. [75] 2014 | SR | RCTs | 84 | FPs | Multiple interventions | Cardiovascular | Yes |
Gilbody et al. [76] 2008 | MA | RCTs | 16 | FPs | Screening and case-finding instruments | Depression | Yes |
Legare et al. [77] 2010 | SR | Any study design | 39 | FPs, nurses, pharmacists, SWs, midwives | Shared decision-making | NR | Yes |
Smith et al. [78] 2007 | SR, MA | RCTs, CBA, ITS | 20 | FPs | Shared-care interventions | Chronic diseases | No |
Mitchell et al. [79] 2008 | SR | Any study design | 18 | FPs | Multidisciplinary primary care team | Stroke | Yes |
Page et al. [80] 2005 | SR | RCTs, non-RCTs, CBA | 6 | FPs, Nurses | Any interventions in nurese-led care | Coronary heart disease | No |
Kuethe et al. [81] 2013 | SR | RCTs | 5 | FPs, nurses, PAs | Nurse-led care | Asthma | No |
Carey et al. [82] 2007 | SR | RCTs | 22 | Nurses | Nurse-led care | Diabetes | Yes |
Desborough et al. [83] 2012 | SR | Any study design | 13 | FPs, Nurses | Nurse-led care | NR | Yes |
Urquhart et al. [84] 2009 | SR | RCTs, CBA, ITS | 9 | Nurses | Nursing record system | NR | Yes |
Martelly et al. [85] 2014 | SR, MA | RCTs | 24 | FPs, Nurses | Nurse-led care | NR | No |
Laurant et al. [86] 2005 | SR | RCTs, CBA, ITS | 16 | FPs, Nurses | Nurse-led care | NR | Yes |
Courtenay et al. [87] 2008 | SR | Any study design | 21 | Nurses | Nurse-led care | Pain | Yes |
Dennis et al. [88] 2009 | SR | Any study design | 46 | FPs, nurses, pharmacists | Task shifting | Chronic diseases | Yes |
Health, [89] 2013 | SR | RCTs, SRs | 6 | FPs, nurses | Task shifting | Chronic diseases | Yes |
Proia et al. [90] 2014 | SR | Any study design | 80 | FPs, nurses, pharmacists | Team based care | Blood pressure | No |
Schadewaldt et al. [91] 2011 | SR | RCTs | 7 | Nurses | Multiple interventions | Coronary artery disease | No |
Incentivization (creating expectation of reward) | |||||||
Scott et al, [92] 2011 | SR | RCTs, CBA, ITS | 7 | FPs | Financial incentives | NR | Yes |
McDonald et al. [93] 2008 | SR | Any study design | 23 | FPs | Funding initiatives or incentives | NR | Yes |
Langdown et al. [94] 2014 | SR | Any study design | 11 | FPs | P4P | Asthma, coronary heart disease, diabetes | No |
Eijkenaar et al. [30] 2013 | Overview | SRs | 22 | FPs | P4P | NR | No |
Houle et al. [95] 2012 | SR | Any study design | 30 | FPs | P4P | Chronic diseases | No |
Gillam et al. [96] 2012 | SR | Any study design | 94 | FPs | P4P | Chronic diseases | No |
Vahidi et al. [97] 2013 | SR | Any study design | 11 | FPs | Payment mechanisms to FPs | NR | Yes |
Modeling (providing an example for people to aspire to or imitate) | |||||||
Flodgren et al. [98] 2011 | SR | RCTs | 18 | FPs | Local opinion leaders | NR | Yes |
Harkness et al. [99] 2009 | SR, MA | RCTs, CBA, ITS | 42 | FPs, others | Mental health workers involvement | Mental health | Yes |
Multiple interventions | |||||||
Zou et al. [115] 2012 | SR | Any study design | 8 | FPs | Any interventions | STDs | Yes |
Dwamena et al. [116] 2012 | SR | RCTs, CBA, CCTs, ITS | 43 | FPs, nurses | Any interventions | General medical problems | Yes |
Castelino et al. [117] 2009 | SR | RCTs | 12 | Pharmacists | Interventions for prescribing | NR | No |
Mansell et al. [118] 2011 | SR | Any study design | 22 | FPs | Multiple interventions | Cancer | Yes |
Guy et al. [119] 2011 | SR | Any study design | 16 | FPs | Multiple interventions | Chlamydia screening | Yes |
Laliberte et al. [120] 2011 | SR, MA | Any study design | 13 | FPs, pharmacists | Multiple interventions | Osteoporosis | No |
Jacobson et al. [121] 2011 | SR | Any study design | 15 | FPs, nurses | Multiple interventions | Childhood obesity | No |
Dennis et al. [122] 2008 | SR | Any study design | 164 | FPs, nurses | Any interventions | NR | Yes |
Grindrod et al. [31] 2006 | Overview | SRs | 34 | Pharmacists | Any interventions | NR | No |
Arnold et al. [123] 2005 | SR | RCTs, quasi-RCT, CBA, ITS | 39 | FPs | Any interventions | NR | Yes |
SR | SRs, studies | 23 | FPs | Any interventions | NR | Yes | |
McMillan et al. [125] 2013 | SR | RCTs | 30 | FPs, nurses, others | Any interventions | NR | Yes |
Loganathan et al. [126] 2011 | SR | Any study design | 16 | FPs, nurses, Others | Any interventions | NR | Yes |
Kaur et al. [127] 2009 | SR | Any study design | 24 | FPs, pharmacists, others | Any interventions | NR | No |
Okelo et al. [128] 2013 | SR | Any study design | 73 | FPs, nurses, Pharmacists, others | Any interventions | Asthma | Yes |
Huijg et al. [129] 2014 | SR | Any study design | 59 | FPs, nurses, others | Any interventions | NR | Yes |
Fahey et al. [130] 2005 | SR | RCTs | 72 | FPs, nurses, pharmacists | Educational and organizational strategies | Hypertension | No |
McKinstry et al. [131] 2006 | SR | RCTs, quasi-RCTs, CBA, ITS | 10 | FPs | Informative, educational, multiple interventions | NR | No |
Akbari et al. [132] 2008 | SR | Any study design | 17 | FPs | Multiple interventions | NR | Yes |
Gunten et al. [133] 2007 | SR | Any study design | 43 | FPs, nurses, pharmacists | Pharmacists’ interventions | NR | No |
Beach et al. [134] 2006 | SR | RCTs | 27 | FPs | Provider and organization interventions | NR | No |
Smit et al. [135] 2007 | SR | RCTs | 12 | FPs, nurses, psychologists, others | Psychological and supportive interventions | Depression | No |
Newhouse et al. [136] 2011 | SR | Any study design | 69 | FPs, nurses, others | Advanced practice nurse care | NR | No |
Lau et al. [137] 2012 | SR, MA | Any study design | 77 | FPs, nurses | QI | Vaccination | Yes |
Saxena et al. [138] 2007 | SR | Any study design | 9 | FPs, nurses, others | Case management | Diabetes | No |
Majka et al. [139] 2014 | SR, MA | Any study design | 15 | FPs, nurses, dieticians, others | Care coordination and/or team approach methods; multiple simultaneous strategies | Patients with long term enteral tube feeding | No |
Archer et al. [140] 2012 | SR, MA | RCTs | 79 | FPs, nurses, pharmacists, psychologists | Colloborative care | Anxiety, depression | Yes |
Thota et al. [141] 2012 | SR, MA | RCTs | 69 | FPs | Collaborative care models | Depressive disorders | No |
Christensen et al. [142] 2008 | SR | RCTs, controlled trials | 55 | FPs, nurses, pharmacists, psychologists | Community models of care | NR | Yes |
Phillips et al. [143] 2010 | SR | Any study design | 19 | FPs | Different models using various interventions | NR | Yes |
De Belvis et al. [144] 2009 | SR | RCTs | 13 | FPs, nurses, PAs | Evidence based medicine tools | Diabetes | Yes |
Sandall et al. [145] 2013 | SR, MA | RCTs, cluster RCTs | 13 | FPs, midwives | Mid-wife led continuity model | NR | Yes |
Baishnab et al. [146] 2012 | SR | RCTs | 3 | FPs, Nurses | Organized asthma care | Asthma | Yes |
Jackson et al. [147] 2013 | SR | Any study design | 19 | FPs | PCMH | NR | Yes |
Van Cleave et al. [148] 2012 | SR | Any study design | 23 | FPs | QI initiatives, electronic records | NR | Yes |
Shojania et al. [149] 2006 | SR | RCTs, quasi-RCTs, CBA studies | 58 | FPs | QI strategies | T2DM | Yes |
Tory et al. [150] 2015 | SR | Any study design | 7 | FPs, pharmacists | QI measures | Osteoporosis | No |
Gallagher et al. [151] 2010 | SR | Any study design | 9 | Nurses, pharmacists | QI strategies | Hypertension, chronic kidney disease | Yes |
Ranji et al. [152] 2008 | SR | RCTs, CBA, ITS | 43 | FPs | QI strategies | NR | Yes |
Gask et al. [153] 2011 | SR | RCTs, CBA | 13 | FPs | Reattribution model | Medically unexplained symptoms | No |
Rolfe et al. [154] 2014 | SR | RCTs, quasi-RCTs, CBA | 10 | FPs | Interventions (informative, educational, behavioral, organizational) | NR | No |
Persuasion (using communication to induce positive or negative feelings or stimulate action) | |||||||
Jenkins et al. [100] 2015 | SR | Any study design | 7 | FPs | Audit-feedback, reminders, clinical decision support on imaging | Lower back pain | No |
Holt et al. [101] 2012 | SR, MA | CCTs | 42 | FPs | Reminders | NR | No |
Siddiqui et al. [102] 2011 | SR | RCTs | 5 | FPs | Reminders | Colorectal cancer screening | No |
Lu et al. [103] 2008 | SR | RCTs | 164 | FPs, pharmacists | Any interventions | Asthma, depression, Helicobacter pylori infection | Yes |
Training (imparting skills) | |||||||
Moore et al. [104] 2013 | SR, MA | RCTs, CBA | 15 | FPs, nurses, others | Communication skills training | Cancer | Yes |
Eggenberger et al. [105] 2013 | SR | RCTs, CCTs, CBA | 12 | FPs, nurses, SWs, psychologists, others | Communication skills training, education | Dementia | Yes |
Horvat et al. [106] 2014 | SR | RCTs, cluster RCTs, CCTs | 5 | FPs, nurses, PAs, psychologists, others | Cultural competence training | NR | No |
Lie et al. [107] 2011 | SR | Any study design | 7 | FPs, nurses, PAs | Cultural competency training | Blood pressure, diabetes | Yes |
Henderson et al. [108] 2011 | SR | RCTs, controlled studies | 24 | FPs | Cultural competency training | Chronic diseases | Yes |
Soderlund et al. [109] 2011 | SR | Any study design | 10 | FPs, nurses, PAs, SWs, psychologists, others | Motivational interviewing training | NR | Yes |
Rashid et al. [110] 2010 | SR | Any study design | 8 | Nurses | Nurse training | NR | No |
Mesquita et al. [111] 2010 | SR | Any study design | 15 | Pharmacists | Simulated patient methods | NR | Yes |
Xu et al. [112] 2012 | SR | Any study design | 30 | Pharmacists | Simulated-patient methods | Headache, abdominal pain | No |
Sikorski et al. [113] 2012 | SR, MA | RCTs | 11 | FPs | Training | Depression | Yes |
Paskins et al. [114] 2014 | SR | Any study design | 28 | FPs | Video stimulated recall | NR | Yes |
Policy | |||||||
Service provision (delivering a service) | |||||||
OHTA [160] 2012 | Report | SRs, MA, RCTs | 7 | FPs | Specialized community-based care | T2DM | Yes |
Wilson et al. [156] 2006 | SR | SRs, RCTs, CCTs, CBA | 4 | FPs | Any interventions altering consultation time | NR | Yes |
McNaughton et al. [157] 2009 | SR | RCTs | 9 | FPs | Brief non-pharmacological interventions | Depression | No |
Wilson et al. [158] 2006 | SR | RCTs, CCTs | 7 | FPs | Consultation time | NR | Yes |
Bhanbhro et al. [159] 2011 | SR | Any study design | 17 | FPs, nurses, pharmacists | Non-medical prescribing | NR | No |
Communications (using print, electronic, telephonic or broadcast media) | |||||||
Jiwa et al. [161] 2014 | SR | Any study design | 18 | FPs, others | Communications | NA | Yes |
Cant et al. [162] 2011 | SR | Any study design | 20 | FPs, dieticians | Dietitians’ correspondence practices | NR | No |
Sawmynaden et al. [163] 2012 | SR, MA | RCTs, quasi-RCTs, CBA, ITS | 6 | FPs | Email communication | NR | Yes |
Guidelines (creating documents that recommend or mandate practice) | |||||||
Ramsaroop et al. [164] 2007 | SR | Any study design | 18 | FPs | Advance Directive | NR | Yes |
Clarke et al. [165] 2010 | SR | Any study design | 24 | FPs | Guidelines | NR | Yes |