Background
Methods
Mice
Parasite and infection
Animal body temperature and weight
Behavioural studies
Forelimb grip strength
Tail flick analgesia
Flow cytometry
Confocal microscopy
Statistics
Results
IL-10−/− animals infected with P. chabaudi exhibit deficits in behavioural tests prior to death
Day 10 | IL-10−/− vs. C57BL/6J | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C57BL/6J | <120 h | <96 h | <72 h | <48 h | <24 h | ||||||
n = 16 | n = 4 | p | n = 6 | P | n = 5 | p | n = 5 | p | n = 8 | p | |
Weight | 17.8 (1.6) | 18.2 (2.7) | NS | 17.4 (1.9) | NS | 16.8 (3.1) | NS | 16.4 (2.3) | NS | 14.7 (1.9) | <0.001* |
Reflex/sensory function | |||||||||||
Visual placing | 4 (4/4) | 3.5 (3/4) | NS | 3 (3/4) |
0.015* | 3 (3/4) |
0.039* | 3 (3/3.5) |
0.005* | 3 (3/4) |
0.006* |
Pinna reflex | 1 (1/1) | 1 (1/1) | NS | 1 (1/1) | NS | 1 (1/1) | NS | 1 (1/1) | NS | 1 (1/1) | NS |
Corneal reflex | 1 (1/1) | 1 (1/1) | NS | 1 (1/1) | NS | 1 (1/1) | NS | 1 (1/1) | NS | 1 (1/1) | NS |
Toe pinch | 4 (4/4) | 4 (4/4) | NS | 4 (4/4) | NS | 4 (4/4) | NS | 4 (4/4) | NS | 4 (4/4) | NS |
Righting reflex | 3 (3/3) | 3 (3/3) | NS | 3 (3/3) | NS | 3 (3/3) | NS | 3 (2.5/3) | NS | 3 (1/3) |
0.018* |
Cont. right. reflex | 1 (1/1) | 1 (1/1) | NS | 1 (1/1) | NS | 1 (1/1) | NS | 1 (1/1) | NS | 1 (1/1) | NS |
Neuropsychiatric state | |||||||||||
Spont. activity | 2 (2/2) | 2 (2/2) | NS | 2 (2/2) | NS | 2 (1/2) |
0.012* | 1 (1/2) |
0.001* | 1 (1/1.5) | <0.001* |
Transfer arousal | 5 (5/5) | 5 (4.25/5) | NS | 5 (4/5) | NS | 5 (4.5/5) | NS | 3 (2.5/5) |
0.017* | 2 (2/4.5) | <0.001* |
Touch escape | 2 (2/2) | 2 (2/2) | NS | 2 (2/2) | NS | 2 (1.5/2) | NS | 2 (2/2) | NS | 2 (1/2) |
0.005* |
Posit. passivity | 4 (4/4) | 4 (4/4) | NS | 4 (4/4) | NS | 4 (4/4) | NS | 4 (4/4) | NS | 4 (4/4) | NS |
Provoked biting | 0 (0/0) | 0 (0/0) | NS | 0 (0/0) | NS | 0 (0/0) | NS | 0 (0/0.5) | NS | 1 (0/1) |
0.001* |
Fear | 1 (1/1) | 1 (1/1) | NS | 1 (1/1) | NS | 1 (1/1) | NS | 0 (0/1) |
0.001* | 0 (0/1) | <0.001* |
Irritability | 1 (1/1) | 1 (1/1) | NS | 1 (1/1) | NS | 1 (1/1) | NS | 1 (1/1) | NS | 1 (0.5/1) | NS |
Aggression | 1 (1/1) | 1 (1/1) | NS | 1 (1/1) | NS | 1 (1/1) | NS | 1 (1/1) | NS | 1 (1/1) | NS |
Vocalization | 1 (1/1) | 1 (1/1) | NS | 1 (1/1) | NS | 1 (1/1) | NS | 1 (0/1) | NS | 0 (0/0.5) |
0.002* |
Motor behavior | |||||||||||
Body position | 4 (3/4) | 4 (4/4) | NS | 4 (4/4) | NS | 3 (3/3.5) | NS | 3 (3/3.5) | NS | 3 (3/3.5) |
0.043* |
Tremor | 2 (2/2) | 2 (2/2) | NS | 2 (2/2) | NS | 2 (2/2) | NS | 2 (1/2) |
0.012* | 2 (1/2) |
0.005* |
Locom. activity | 6.2 (4.9) | 8.8 (5.4) | NS | 14.3 (8.2) |
0.009* | 8.6 (4.8) | NS | 4.2 (2.8) | NS | 3.7 (1.9) | NS |
Pelvic elevation | 2 (2/2) | 2 (2/2) | NS | 2 (2/2) | NS | 2 (2/2) | NS | 2 (2/2) | NS | 2 (1.5/2) | NS |
Gait | 3 (3/3) | 3 (3/3) | NS | 3 (3/3) | NS | 3 (3/3) | NS | 3 (2/3) |
0.012* | 3 (1.5/3) |
0.005* |
Tail elevation | 1 (1/1) | 1 (1/1) | NS | 1 (1/1) | NS | 1 (1/1) | NS | 1 (1/1) | NS | 1 (0/1) |
0.018* |
Trunk curl | 1 (1/1) | 1 (1/1) | NS | 1 (1/1) | NS | 1 (1/1) | NS | 1 (1/1) | NS | 1 (1/1) | NS |
Limb grasping | 1 (1/1) | 1 (1/1) | NS | 1 (1/1) | NS | 1 (1/1) | NS | 1 (1/1) | NS | 1 (1/1) | NS |
Wire maneuver | 4 (4/4) | 4 (4/4) | NS | 4 (4/4) | NS | 4 (4/4) | NS | 4 (4/4) | NS | 4 (2/4) |
0.018* |
Negative geotaxis | 4 (4/4) | 4 (4/4) | NS | 4 (4/4) | NS | 4 (4/4) | NS | 4 (4/4) | NS | 4 (0/4) |
0.018* |
Autonomous function | |||||||||||
Resp. rate | 3 (2/3) | 2 (2/2) |
0.034* | 2 (2/2) |
0.012* | 3 (2/3) | NS | 2 (2/3) | NS | 2 (2/3) | NS |
Feces | 1.3 (1.6) | 2.0 (0.8) | NS | 1.0 (1.5) | NS | 0.2 (0.4) | NS | 0.4 (0.5) | NS | 0.4 (1.0) | NS |
Urine | 0 (0/0) | 0 (0/0) | NS | 0 (0/0) | NS | 0 (0/0) | NS | 0 (0/0) | NS | 0 (0/0) | NS |
Palpebral closure | 2 (2/2) | 2 (2/2) | NS | 2 (2/2) | NS | 2 (1.5/2) | NS | 2 (1/2) |
0.012* | 2 (1/2) |
0.005* |
Piloerection | 0 (0/0.75) | 1 (1/1) |
0.009* | 1 (1/1) |
0.002* | 1 (0/1) | NS | 0 (0/1) | NS | 0 (0/1) | NS |
Skin color | 1 (1/1) | 1 (1/1) | NS | 1 (1/1) | NS | 1 (1/1) | NS | 1 (1/1) | NS | 1 (0/1) | NS |
Heart rate | 2 (1.25/2) | 1 (1/1) |
0.009* | 1 (1/1) |
0.002* | 1 (1/2) | NS | 1 (1/1.5) |
0.035* | 1 (1/1) |
0.002* |
Lacrimation | 1 (1/1) | 1 (1/1) | NS | 1 (1/1) | NS | 1 (0.5/1) | NS | 1 (0/1) |
0.012* | 1 (0/1) |
0.005* |
Salivation | 1 (0/2) | 0 (0/0.75) | NS | 0.5 (0/1) | NS | 1 (0/2) | NS | 1 (0/2) | NS | 2 (2/2) |
0.015* |
Temperature | 36.4 (0.9) | 38.5 (0.2) |
0.019* | 38.7 (0.3) |
0.011* | 37.9 (0.3) |
0.031* | 35.5 (3.1) | NS | 33.4 (2.9) |
0.021* |
Muscle tone and strength | |||||||||||
Grip strength | 3 (3/3) | 3 (3/3) | NS | 3 (3/3) | NS | 3 (3/3) | NS | 3 (2.5/3) | NS | 2 (1.5/3) | <0.001* |
Body tone | 1 (1/1) | 1 (1/1) | NS | 1 (1/1) | NS | 1 (1/1) | NS | 1 (1/1) | NS | 1 (0.5/1) | NS |
Limb tone | 2 (2/2) | 2 (2/2.75) | NS | 2 (2/3) | NS | 2 (2/3) | NS | 2 (2/3) | NS | 2 (2/2) | NS |
Abdominal tone | 1 (1/1) | 1 (1/1) | NS | 1 (1/1) | NS | 1 (1/1) | NS | 1 (1/1) | NS | 1 (1/1) | NS |