Background
Methods
Patients
Procedure
Evaluation
Statistics
Results
Recruitment and participant flow
Medication
Sex male/female (n) | 10/3 |
---|---|
Age (year) | 64 ± 6 |
Diabetes duration (year) | 8 ± 5 |
Diabetic values at OGTT yes/no (n) | 12/1 |
Lipid lowering drug (= statin) yes/no (n) | 8/5 |
Drugs per day | 4.3 ± 2.3 |
Anti-hypertensive drugs per day | 1.5 ± 1.5 |
Beta-blocker yes/no (n) | 4/9 |
Thiazide yes/no (n) | 4/9 |
ACE-inhibitor yes/no (n) | 5/8 |
Angiotensin-II receptor blocker yes/no (n) | 4/9 |
Calcium channel blocker yes/no (n) | 3/10 |
Anti-diabetic drugs per day | 1.2 ± 0.9 |
Metformin yes/no (n) | 9/4 |
Sulfonylurea yes/no (n) | 3/10 |
Thiazolidinedione yes/no (n) | 3/10 |
Metformin per day (mg) | 1031 ± 864 |
HbA1C (%, Mono-S) | 6.6 ± 0.6 |
Cholesterol (mmol/l) | 4.4 ± 1.1 |
LDL (mmol/l) | 2.9 ± 0.9 |
HDL (mmol/l) | 1.28 ± 0.22 |
TG (mmol/l) | 1.5 ± 0.7 |
CRP (mg/l) | 2.4 ± 1.8 |
SBP (mmHg) | 150 ± 21 |
DBP (mmHg) | 83 ± 10 |
Height (cm) | 171 ± 5 |
Weight (kg) | 87 ± 17 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 30 ± 7 |
Waist (cm) | 103 ± 14 |
fP-glucose (mmol/l) | 7.8 ± 1.2 |
fP-insulin (pmol/l) | 98 ± 44 |
AUC glucose0–120 (mmol/l·min) | 1607 ± 218 |
AUC glucose0–120 (mmol/l·min)1 | 667 ± 186 |
AUC insulin0–120 (nmol/l·min) | 30 ± 12 |
AUC insulin0–120 (nmol/l·min)1 | 18 ± 8 |
ISI0,120 (mg·l2/mmol·mU·min) | 40 ± 9 |
HOMA2 %B | 65 ± 34 |
HOMA2 %S | 59 ± 27 |
HOMA2 IR | 2.0 ± 0.8 |
Paleolithic diet first (7 of 13) | Diabetes diet first (6 of 13) | P* | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | Individual mean for both diets | Baseline | Individual mean for both diets | Baseline | Carryover effect | |
Sex male/female (n) | 6/1 | 4/2 | 0.6 | |||
Age (year) | 66 ± 6 | 63 ± 6 | 0.3 | |||
Diabetes duration (year) | 6 ± 4 | 11 ± 6 | 0.13 | |||
Diabetic values at OGTT yes/no (n) | 6/1 | 6/0 | 1.0 | |||
Lipid lowering drug (= statin) yes/no (n) | 4/3 | 4/2 | 1.0 | |||
Drugs per day | 4.9 ± 2.7 | 3.7 ± 1.8 | 0.4 | |||
Anti-hypertensive drugs per day | 1.9 ± 1.7 | 1.2 ± 1.2 | 0.4 | |||
Beta-blocker yes/no (n) | 3/7 | 1/6 | 1.0 | |||
Thiazide yes/no (n) | 3/7 | 1/6 | 1.0 | |||
ACE-inhibitor yes/no (n) | 3/7 | 2/6 | 1.0 | |||
Angiotensin-II receptor blocker yes/no (n) | 2/7 | 2/6 | 1.0 | |||
Calcium channel blocker yes/no (n) | 2/7 | 1/7 | 1.0 | |||
Anti-diabetic drugs per day | 0.9 ± 0.9 | 1.5 ± 0.8 | 0.2 | |||
Metformin yes/no (n) | 4/7 | 5/6 | 1.0 | |||
Sulfonylurea yes/no (n) | 1/7 | 2/6 | 1.0 | |||
Thiazolidinedione yes/no (n) | 1/7 | 2/6 | 1.0 | |||
Metformin per day (mg) | 814 ± 790 | 1283 ± 950 | 0.4 | |||
HbA1C (%, Mono-S) | 6.2 ± 0.2 | 5.4 ± 0.5 | 6.9 ± 0.7 | 6.2 ± 0.7 | 0.06 | 0.04 |
Cholesterol (mmol/l) | 4.2 ± 1.3 | 4.4 ± 1.4 | 4.7 ± 0.9 | 4.3 ± 0.9 | 0.5 | 0.9 |
LDL (mmol/l) | 2.7 ± 1.0 | 2.78 ± 1.25 | 3.0 ± 0.8 | 2.67 ± 0.65 | 0.6 | 0.8 |
HDL (mmol/l) | 1.28 ± 0.25 | 1.36 ± 0.27 | 1.28 ± 0.19 | 1.24 ± 0.26 | 1.0 | 0.4 |
TG (mmol/l) | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 1.7 ± 0.8 | 1.4 ± 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.3 |
CRP (mg/l) | 2.9 ± 2.2 | 2.2 ± 1.6 | 1.9 ± 1.3 | 2.4 ± 1.5 | 0.4 | 0.9 |
SBP (mmHg) | 156 ± 23 | 148 ± 14 | 144 ± 18 | 141 ± 17 | 0.3 | 0.4 |
DBP (mmHg) | 83 ± 11 | 80 ± 8 | 84 ± 9 | 82 ± 7 | 0.8 | 0.6 |
Height (cm) | 172 ± 4 | 170 ± 6 | 0.6 | |||
Weight (kg) | 82 ± 13 | 77 ± 11 | 92 ± 20 | 88 ± 15 | 0.3 | 0.2 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 28 ± 4 | 26 ± 3 | 32 ± 8 | 31 ± 6 | 0.3 | 0.14 |
Waist (cm) | 97 ± 9 | 92 ± 8 | 109 ± 17 | 101 ± 10 | 0.2 | 0.10 |
fP-glucose (mmol/l) | 7.1 ± 0.7 | 6.6 ± 1.1 | 8.6 ± 1.2 | 8.0 ± 1.3 | 0.02 | 0.052 |
fP-insulin (pmol/l) | 118 ± 53 | 64 ± 19 | 75 ± 12 | 73 ± 23 | 0.07 | 0.5 |
AUC glucose0–120 (mmol/l·min) | 1498 ± 227 | 1321 ± 310 | 1734 ± 128 | 1574 ± 289 | 0.046 | 0.2 |
AUC glucose0–120 (mmol/l·min)1 | 642 ± 165 | 534 ± 205 | 698 ± 219 | 613 ± 155 | 0.6 | 0.5 |
AUC insulin0–120 (nmol/l·min) | 35 ± 13 | 29 ± 11 | 24 ± 8 | 24 ± 15 | 0.13 | 0.5 |
AUC insulin0–120 (nmol/l·min)1 | 20 ± 8 | 21 ± 10 | 15 ± 9 | 15 ± 13 | 0.3 | 0.4 |
ISI0,120 (mg·l2/mmol·mU·min) | 44 ± 11 | 55 ± 21 | 36 ± 3 | 52 ± 19 | 0.11 | 0.8 |
HOMA2 %B | 83 ± 36 | 67 ± 23 | 43 ± 11 | 49 ± 15 | 0.03 | 0.14 |
HOMA2 %S | 54 ± 35 | 92 ± 30 | 65 ± 12 | 74 ± 25 | 0.4 | 0.3 |
HOMA2 IR | 2.4 ± 1.0 | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 1.6 ± 0.3 | 1.5 ± 0.5 | 0.09 | 0.3 |
Baseline data
Outcome variables
Paleolithic diet | P* | Diabetes diet | P** | Delta diets1 | P*** | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HbA1C (%, Mono-S) | 5.5 ± 0.7, 5.1 to 5.9 | 0.0001 | 5.9 ± 0.9, 5.5 to 6.4 | 0.001 | -0.4 | 0.02 |
Cholesterol (mmol/l) | 4.3 ± 1.2, 3.6 to 4.9 | 0.6 | 4.5 ± 1.2, 3.8 to 5.1 | 0.7 | -0.2 | 0.3 |
LDL (mmol/l) | 2.7 ± 1.0, 2.1 to 3.2 | 0.3 | 2.8 ± 1.1, 2.2 to 3.4 | 0.6 | -0.1 | 0.5 |
HDL (mmol/l) | 1.34 ± 0.30, 1.18 to 1.51 | 0.2 | 1.26 ± 0.23, 1.14 to 1.39 | 0.7 | 0.08 | 0.03 |
TG (mmol/l) | 1.0 ± 0.5, 0.8 to 1.3 | 0.003 | 1.5 ± 0.7, 1.1 to 1.8 | 0.7 | -0.4 | 0.003 |
CRP (mg/l) | 2.0 ± 1.6, 1.1 to 2.9 | 0.2 | 2.6 ± 2.3, 1.4 to 3.8 | 0.8 | -0.6 | 0.4 |
SBP (mmHg) | 140 ± 12, 134 to 147 | 0.048 | 149 ± 22, 137 to 161 | 0.7 | -8 | 0.13 |
DBP (mmHg) | 79 ± 6, 76 to 82 | 0.06 | 83 ± 9, 78 to 88 | 0.7 | -4 | 0.03 |
Weight (kg) | 81 ± 13, 74 to 88 | 0.005 | 84 ± 15, 76 to 92 | 0.052 | -3 | 0.01 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 28 ± 5, 25 to 30 | 0.01 | 29 ± 6, 26 to 32 | 0.03 | -1 | 0.04 |
Waist (cm) | 94 ± 9, 89 to 99 | 0.01 | 98 ± 11, 92 to 104 | 0.02 | -4 | 0.02 |
fP-glucose (mmol/l) | 7.0 ± 1.4, 6.2 to 7.8 | 0.01 | 7.5 ± 1.4, 6.7 to 8.2 | 0.2 | -0.5 | 0.08 |
fP-insulin (pmol/l) | 69 ± 30, 53 to 85 | 0.02 | 67 ± 20, 57 to 78 | 0.06 | 2 | 0.8 |
AUC glucose0–120 (mmol/l·min) | 1398 ± 314, 1227 to 1568 | 0.01 | 1478 ± 358, 1283 to 1672 | 0.09 | -80 | 0.2 |
AUC glucose0–120 (mmol/l·min)2 | 558 ± 196, 452 to 665 | 0.09 | 582 ± 213, 467 to 698 | 0.2 | -24 | 0.7 |
AUC insulin0–120 (nmol/l·min) | 26 ± 14, 19 to 34 | 0.10 | 27 ± 13, 20 to 34 | 0.4 | 0 | 0.9 |
AUC insulin0–120 (nmol/l·min)2 | 18 ± 13, 11 to 25 | 0.9 | 19 ± 11, 12 to 25 | 0.8 | -1 | 0.7 |
ISI0,120 (mg·l2/mmol·mU·min) | 56 ± 22, 44 to 68 | 0.02 | 50 ± 20, 40 to 61 | 0.052 | 6 | 0.2 |
HOMA2 %B | 63 ± 27, 48 to 77 | 0.6 | 55 ± 19, 44 to 66 | 0.2 | 8 | 0.2 |
HOMA2 %S | 89 ± 45, 64 to 113 | 0.02 | 79 ± 23, 66 to 91 | 0.04 | 10 | 0.4 |
HOMA2 IR | 1.4 ± 0.6, 1.1 to 1.7 | 0.01 | 1.4 ± 0.4, 1.1 to 1.6 | 0.052 | 0 | 0.9 |
Diabetic values at OGTT yes/no (n) | 8/5 | 0.13 | 9/4 | 0.3 | -1/1 | 1.0 |
Baseline | 3 months | 6 months | P* | |
---|---|---|---|---|
HbA1C (%, Mono-S) | 6.6 ± 0.6 | 5.9 ± 0.9 | 5.6 ± 0.6 | 0.10 |
Cholesterol (mmol/l) | 4.4 ± 1.1 | 4.4 ± 1.1 | 4.3 ± 1.3 | 0.6 |
LDL (mmol/l) | 2.9 ± 0.9 | 2.8 ± 1.0 | 2.7 ± 1.0 | 0.5 |
HDL (mmol/l) | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 0.9 |
TG (mmol/l) | 1.5 ± 0.7 | 1.3 ± 0.7 | 1.2 ± 0.5 | 0.5 |
CRP (mg/l) | 2.4 ± 1.8 | 2.8 ± 2.5 | 1.8 ± 1.0 | 0.14 |
SBP (mmHg) | 150 ± 21 | 144 ± 16 | 145 ± 21 | 0.9 |
DBP (mmHg) | 83 ± 8 | 80 ± 8 | 82 ± 8 | 0.4 |
Weight (kg) | 87 ± 17 | 83 ± 15 | 82 ± 12 | 0.4 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 30 ± 7 | 29 ± 6 | 28 ± 4 | 0.4 |
Waist (cm) | 103 ± 14 | 96.8 ± 12 | 95 ± 9 | 0.5 |
fP-glucose (mmol/l) | 7.8 ± 1.2 | 7.1 ± 1.6 | 7.3 ± 1.3 | 0.5 |
fP-insulin (pmol/l) | 98 ± 44 | 74 ± 28 | 63 ± 21 | 0.2 |
AUC glucose (mmol/l·min) | 1607 ± 218 | 1438 ± 350 | 1437 ± 329 | 1.0 |
AUC glucose (mmol/l·min)1 | 667 ± 186 | 583 ± 189 | 558 ± 219 | 0.6 |
AUC insulin (nmol/l·min) | 30 ± 12 | 29 ± 12 | 23 ± 14 | 0.01 |
AUC insulin (nmol/l·min)1 | 18 ± 8 | 21 ± 11 | 16 ± 13 | 0.01 |
ISI0,120 (mg·l2/mmol·mU·min) | 40 ± 9 | 50 ± 16 | 56 ± 25 | 0.2 |
HOMA2 %B | 65 ± 34 | 65 ± 27 | 53 ± 18 | 0.04 |
HOMA2 %S | 59 ± 27 | 80 ± 42 | 87 ± 28 | 0.6 |
HOMA2 IR | 2.0 ± 0.8 | 1.5 ± 0.6 | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 0.2 |
Diabetic values at OGTT yes/no (n) | 12/1 | 8/5 | 9/4 | 1.0 |
Reported food intake
Paleolithic | Diabetes | P* | |
---|---|---|---|
Total weight (g) | 1445 ± 367 | 1456 ± 312 | 0.9 |
Total energy (MJ) | 6.6 ± 1.2 | 7.9 ± 1.6 | 0.005 |
(kcal) | 1581 ± 295 | 1878 ± 379 | 0.005 |
Energy density (kJ/g) | 4.7 ± 0.7 | 5.6 ± 1.1 | 0.02 |
Protein (g) | 94 ± 18 | 90 ± 14 | 0.5 |
(E%) | 24 ± 3 | 20 ± 4 | 0.0001 |
Carbohydrate (g) | 125 ± 43 | 196 ± 61 | 0.00001 |
(E%) | 32 ± 7 | 42 ± 7 | 0.0001 |
Fat (g) | 68 ± 11 | 72 ± 20 | 0.6 |
(E%) | 39 ± 5 | 34 ± 6 | 0.04 |
Alcohol (g) | 6.3 ± 8.9 | 3.6 ± 5.6 | 0.2 |
(E%) | 3 ± 4 | 1 ± 2 | 0.08 |
Fiber (g) | 21 ± 8 | 26 ± 8 | 0.02 |
(E%) | 2.5 ± 0.7 | 2.7 ± 0.7 | 0.4 |
Glycemic Load (g) | 63 ± 23 | 111 ± 41 | 0.00002 |
Glycemic Index | 50 ± 5 | 55 ± 6 | 0.01 |
Monosaccharides (g) | 46 ± 21 | 33 ± 16 | 0.03 |
Disaccharides(g) | 31 ± 14 | 39 ± 15 | 0.10 |
Sucrose (g) | 29 ± 13 | 30 ± 12 | 0.8 |
Saturated fatty acid (g) | 19 ± 5 | 27 ± 9 | 0.002 |
Monounsaturated fatty acid(g) | 30 ± 6 | 26 ± 7 | 0.13 |
Polyunsaturated fatty acid (g) | 14 ± 4 | 12 ± 4 | 0.2 |
Fatty acid C4:0-C10:0 (g) | 0.3 ± 0.4 | 2.1 ± 1.3 | 0.0001 |
Fatty acid C12:0 (g) | 0.3 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.8 | 0.002 |
Fatty acid C14:0 (g) | 1.3 ± 0.5 | 2.8 ± 1.3 | 0.0002 |
Fatty acid C16:0 (g) | 12 ± 3 | 14 ± 4 | 0.02 |
Fatty acid C16:1 (g) | 2.0 ± 0.5 | 1.5 ± 0.6 | 0.03 |
Fatty acid C18:0 (g) | 4.5 ± 1.5 | 5.9 ± 1.9 | 0.053 |
Fatty acid C18:1, oleic acid (g) | 26 ± 6 | 24 ± 7 | 0.3 |
Fatty acid C18:2, n-6, Linoleic acid (g) | 9 ± 4 | 8 ± 3 | 0.6 |
Fatty acid C18:3, n-3, ALA (g) | 1.5 ± 0.7 | 1.6 ± 0.8 | 0.6 |
Fatty acid C20:0 (g) | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.2 |
Fatty acid C20:4, n-6 (g) | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.01 |
Fatty acid C20:5, n-3, EPA (g) | 0.6 ± 0.3 | 0.3 ± 0.3 | 0.052 |
Fatty acid C22:5, n-3 (g) | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.3 |
Fatty acid C22:6, n-3, DHA (g) | 1.3 ± 0.7 | 0.7 ± 0.7 | 0.06 |
Cholesterol (mg) | 577 ± 107 | 365 ± 88 | 0.0003 |
Vitamin A, Retinolequivalents (μg) | 896 ± 534 | 1139 ± 450 | 0.2 |
Vitamin A, Retinol (μg) | 385 ± 333 | 673 ± 353 | 0.051 |
Vitamin A, Caroten (μg) | 5038 ± 3414 | 4811 ± 5633 | 0.9 |
Vitamin D (μg) | 9 ± 4 | 9 ± 7 | 0.9 |
Vitamin E (mg) | 13 ± 4 | 11 ± 3 | 0.07 |
Vitamin E, Alpha-tocopherol (mg) | 13 ± 4 | 11 ± 3 | 0.07 |
Vitamin B-1, Thiamin (mg) | 1.5 ± 0.5 | 1.6 ± 0.5 | 0.8 |
Vitamin B-2, Riboflavin (mg) | 1.6 ± 0.3 | 1.6 ± 0.2 | 0.5 |
Vitamin B-6 (mg) | 3.2 ± 0.7 | 2.4 ± 0.6 | 0.003 |
Vitamin B-12 (μg) | 8.6 ± 4.0 | 6.7 ± 2.4 | 0.2 |
Vitamin B, Folate (μg) | 340 ± 172 | 300 ± 79 | 0.4 |
Vitamin C, Ascorbic acid (mg) | 219 ± 136 | 119 ± 60 | 0.03 |
Niacinequivalents (mg) | 45 ± 11 | 39 ± 8 | 0.08 |
Niacin (mg) | 27 ± 8 | 22 ± 6 | 0.03 |
Phosphorus (mg) | 1233 ± 247 | 1437 ± 208 | 0.02 |
Iron (mg) | 12 ± 3 | 12 ± 3 | 1.0 |
Potassium (mg) | 3669 ± 982 | 3181 ± 908 | 0.0497 |
Calcium (mg) | 356 ± 102 | 698 ± 220 | 0.00002 |
Magnesium (mg) | 307 ± 84 | 311 ± 68 | 0.9 |
Sodium (mg) | 2530 ± 924 | 2963 ± 678 | 0.14 |
Selenium (μg) | 81 ± 20 | 55 ± 18 | 0.001 |
Zinc (mg) | 11 ± 3 | 12 ± 2 | 0.3 |
Ash (g) | 17 ± 4 | 19 ± 4 | 0.13 |
Water (g) | 1113 ± 306 | 1049 ± 258 | 0.5 |
Fruits (g) | 451 ± 200 | 251 ± 210 | 0.005 |
Vegetables (g) | 346 ± 179 | 241 ± 176 | 0.0497 |
Potatoes (g) | 49 ± 51 | 106 ± 84 | 0.03 |
Nuts (g) | 29 ± 24 | 12 ± 20 | 0.13 |
Meat (g) | 139 ± 67 | 73 ± 29 | 0.003 |
Meat products (g) | 97 ± 76 | 71 ± 43 | 0.2 |
Fish (g) | 104 ± 55 | 89 ± 56 | 0.5 |
Eggs (g) | 71 ± 27 | 27 ± 24 | 0.001 |
Beans (g) | 4 ± 14 | 24 ± 33 | 0.03 |
Cereals without rice (g) | 11 ± 24 | 172 ± 96 | 0.00004 |
Rice (g) | 7 ± 17 | 6 ± 10 | 0.9 |
Milk/milk products (g) | 16 ± 32 | 183 ± 123 | 0.0002 |
Oil (g) | 0.3 ± 0.7 | 1.4 ± 3.5 | 0.3 |
Sauce (g) | 13 ± 20 | 30 ± 36 | 0.2 |
Bakery (g) | 10 ± 18 | 34 ± 35 | 0.005 |
Jam (g) | 0 ± 0 | 12 ± 22 | 0.07 |
Spirits (g) | 1.0 ± 2.8 | 1.4 ± 4.1 | 0.8 |
Wine (g) | 52 ± 83 | 20 ± 49 | 0.14 |
Beer (g) | 31 ± 103 | 55 ± 80 | 0.4 |
Sweet beverages (g) | 0 ± 0 | 38 ± 64 | 0.051 |
Juice (g) | 12 ± 35 | 10 ± 26 | 0.6 |
Exploratory analyses
Bivariate correlation P* | Pearson correlation r | Linear regression P§ | Adjusted R2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
ΔHbA1C versus outcome variables | ||||
ΔWaist circumference (cm) | 0.03 | 0.6 | 0.03 | 0.31 |
ΔHbA1C versus dietary variables | ||||
ΔPotassium (mg) | 0.03 | 0.6 | 0.03 | 0.32 |
ΔFruits (g) | 0.04 | 0.6 | NS | |
ΔSauce (g) | 0.04 | -0.6 | NS | |
ΔMilk/milk products (g) | 0.05 | 0.6 | NS | |
ΔHDL versus outcome variables | ||||
ΔCholesterol (mmol/l) | 0.03 | 0.6 | 0.03 | 0.32 |
ΔHDL versus dietary variables | ||||
ΔFatty acid C20:5, n-3, EPA (g) | 0.004 | -0.7 | 0.004 | 0.51 |
ΔVitamin C, Ascorbic acid (mg) | 0.02 | -0.6 | NS | |
ΔTG versus outcome variables | ||||
No correlations | ||||
ΔTG versus dietary variables | ||||
ΔVitamin B-1, Thiamin (mg) | 0.03 | 0.6 | 0.03 | 0.29 |
ΔDBP versus outcome variables | ||||
ΔHOMA2 IR | 0.004 | -0.7 | 0.01 | 0.67 |
ΔSBP (mmHg) | 0.03 | 0.6 | 0.03 | |
ΔfP-insulin (pmol/l) | 0.004 | -0.7 | NS | |
ΔHOMA2 %S | 0.01 | 0.7 | NS | |
ΔAUC insulin0–120 (nmol/l·min) | 0.01 | -0.7 | NS | |
ΔDBP versus dietary variables | ||||
ΔDietary cholesterol (mg) | 0.001 | 0.8 | 0.001 | 0.60 |
ΔFatty acid C16:1 (g) | 0.002 | 0.8 | NS | |
ΔFatty acid C22:6, n-3, DHA (g) | 0.01 | 0.7 | NS | |
ΔFatty acid C20:5, n-3, EPA (g) | 0.02 | 0.6 | NS | |
ΔEggs (g) | 0.03 | 0.6 | NS | |
ΔWeight versus outcome variables | ||||
ΔCRP (mg/l) | 0.000005 | 0.9 | 0.001 | 0.85 |
ΔBMI (kg/m2) | 0.00002 | 0.9 | NE | |
ΔWaist circumference (cm) | 0.0001 | 0.9 | NS | |
ΔISI0,120 (mg·l2/mmol·mU·min) | 0.001 | -0.8 | NS | |
ΔWeight versus dietary variables | ||||
ΔEnergy density per meal (kJ/g) | 0.00003 | -0.9 | 0.00003 | 0.79 |
ΔVitamin E (mg) | 0.01 | -0.7 | NS | |
ΔVegetables (g) | 0.01 | 0.7 | NS | |
ΔFatty acid C18:1 (g) | 0.02 | -0.6 | NS | |
ΔBMI versus outcome variables | ||||
ΔWeight (kg) | 0.00002 | 0.9 | NE | |
ΔWaist circumference (cm) | 0.001 | 0.8 | 0.001 | 0.63 |
ΔCRP (mg/l) | 0.001 | 0.8 | NS | |
ΔISI0,120 (mg·l2/mmol·mU·min) | 0.003 | -0.8 | NS | |
ΔBMI versus dietary variables | ||||
ΔEnergy density per meal (kJ/g) | 0.0004 | -0.8 | 0.0004 | 0.67 |
ΔVitamin E (mg) | 0.004 | -0.7 | NS | |
ΔVegetables (g) | 0.01 | 0.7 | NS | |
ΔFatty acid C18:1 (g) | 0.01 | -0.7 | NS | |
ΔFat (g) | 0.02 | -0.6 | NS | |
ΔFatty acid C18:2, n-6, Linoleic acid (g) | 0.047 | -0.6 | NS | |
ΔWaist circumference versus outcome variables | ||||
ΔWeight (kg) | 0.0001 | 0.9 | 0.0001 | 0.74 |
ΔBMI (kg/m2) | 0.001 | 0.8 | NS | |
ΔCRP (mg/l) | 0.001 | 0.8 | NS | |
ΔISI0,120 (mg·l2/mmol·mU·min) | 0.002 | -0.8 | NS | |
ΔHbA1C (%) | 0.03 | 0.6 | NS | |
ΔWaist circumference versus dietary variables | ||||
ΔBakery (g) | 0.01 | -0.7 | 0.006 | 0.92 |
ΔEnergy density per meal (kJ/g) | 0.001 | -0.8 | 0.007 | |
ΔSauce (g) | 0.02 | -0.6 | 0.009 | |
ΔVitamin E (mg) | 0.003 | -0.7 | 0.03 | |
ΔFatty acid C18:1 (g) | 0.01 | -0.7 | NS | |
ΔVitamin E, Alpha-tocopherol (mg) | 0.04 | -0.6 | NS |