Background
Methods
Participants
The healthy dietary adherence score (HDAS)
Indicators of psychosocial well-being
Covariates
Statistics
Results
Baseline 2007/2008 | Follow-up 2009/2010 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mean ± SD
|
min., max.
|
IQR
|
mean ± SD
|
min., max.
|
IQR
| |
Age (years) | 6.0 (1.8) | 2.0;9.7 | 4.4;7.6 | 8.0 (1.8) | 3.9;11.8 | 6.4;9.5 |
BMI z-score1
| 0.3 (1.2) | −5.4;5.8 | −0.5;1.0 | 0.4 (1.2) | −6.6;4.7 | −0.4;1.2 |
Self-esteem score (KINDL®) | 89.4 (10.4) | 25.0;100.0 | 81.3;100.0 | 87.0 (10.7) | 25.0;100.0 | 81.3;93.8 |
Parent relations score (KINDL®) | 84.8 (10.2) | 43.8;100.0 | 75.0;93.8 | 83.9 (10.5) | 25.0;100.0 | 75.0;93.8 |
Emotional problems score (SDQ) | 1.6 (1.7) | 0.0;10.0 | 0.0;2.0 | 1.6 (1.7) | 0.0;10.0 | 0.0;2.0 |
Peer problems score (SDQ) | 1.3 (1.5) | 0.0;10.0 | 0.0;2.0 | 1.2 (1.5) | 0.0;10.0 | 0.0;2.0 |
HDAS | 22.0 (9.0) | 0.0;49.0 | 16.0;28.0 | 23.0 (9.0) | 0.0;49.0 | 17.0;28.0 |
n
|
%
|
n
|
%
| |||
Sex of the child (male) | 3894 | 51 | 3894 | 51 | ||
Overweight (including obese) | 1385 | 18 | 1727 | 23 | ||
Higher parental education level2
| 4480 | 59 | 4572 | 60 | ||
Higher parental income level3
| 3738 | 52 | 4259 | 60 | ||
Indicators of well-being
| ||||||
Better self-esteem (KINDL®)Δ
| 4086 | 53 | 4702 | 61 | ||
Good parent relations (KINDL®)Δ
| 3914 | 51 | 3824 | 50 | ||
No detectable emotional problems (SDQ)Λ
| 6625 | 86 | 6620 | 86 | ||
No detectable peer problems (SDQ)Λ
| 6194 | 81 | 6349 | 83 | ||
Healthy Dietary Adherence Score
| ||||||
Total HDAS (higher adherence)† | 4017 | 52 | 3970 | 52 | ||
HDAS components (higher adherence)
| ||||||
fruits & vegetables | 4983 | 65 | 4993 | 65 | ||
fish | 5383 | 71 | 5315 | 70 | ||
whole meal | 4011 | 52 | 4217 | 56 | ||
sugar | 1642 | 21 | 1868 | 24 | ||
fat | 4846 | 63 | 4196 | 55 |
Associations between baseline diet and well-being at follow-up
KINDL® | SDQ | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Better self-esteem | Good parent relations | No detectable emotional problems | No detectable peer problems | |||||
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
HDAS (higher adherence) | 1.2** | 1.1–1.3 | 1.1 | 1.0–1.3 | 1.2** | 1.1–1.3 | 1.3*** | 1.1–1.4 |
HDAS components (higher adherence)
| ||||||||
Fruit & Vegetables | 1.2* | 1.0–1.3 | 1.3** | 1.1–1.4 | 1.2* | 1.0–1.3 | 1.2** | 1.0–1.3 |
Fish | 1.2* | 1.0–1.4 | 1.1 | 1.0–1.3 | 1.2** | 1.1–1.4 | 1.2** | 1.1–1.4 |
Whole meal | 1.1 | 0.9–1.3 | 1.0 | 0.9–1.1 | 1.1 | 0.9–1.2 | 1.1* | 1.0–1.3 |
Sugar | 1.1 | 0.9–1.3 | 1.2 | 1.0–1.4 | 0.9 | 0.8–1.1 | 1.0 | 0.9–1.2 |
Fat | 1.0 | 0.9–1.2 | 1.0 | 0.9–1.2 | 1.2** | 1.1–1.3 | 1.1 | 1.0–1.2 |
Associations between baseline well-being and diet at follow-up
HDAS components (higher adherence)
| |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HDAS (higher adherence) | Fruits & Vegetables | Fish | Whole meal | Sugar | Fat | ||||||||
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | ||
KINDL® | Better self-esteem | 1.1* | 1.0–1.3 | 1.1 | 1.0–1.2 | 1.0 | 0.9–1.2 | 1.1 | 1.0–1.3 | 1.2** | 1.1–1.4 | 1.0 | 0.9–1.1 |
Good parent relations | 1.0 | 0.9–1.1 | 1.2* | 1.0–1.3 | 1.0 | 0.9–1.1 | 1.0 | 0.9–1.2 | 1.0 | 0.9–1.2 | 1.1 | 0.9–1.2 | |
SDQ | No detectable emotional problems | 1.1 | 1.0–1.3 | 1.1 | 0.9–1.2 | 1.1 | 1.0–1.3 | 1.0 | 0.9–1.2 | 1.1 | 0.9–1.3 | 1.2* | 1.0–1.4 |
No detectable peer problems | 1.0 | 0.9–1.1 | 1.2** | 1.1–1.4 | 1.1 | 0.9–1.2 | 1.1 | 1.0–1.3 | 1.1 | 0.9–1.3 | 1.0 | 0.9–1.2 |
Sensitivity analysis
Prospective associations across weight groups
KINDL® | SDQ | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Better self-esteem | Good parent relations | No detectable emotional problems | No detectable peer problems | |||||
HDAS†
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI |
Q4 (>28) | 1.2 | 1.0–1.5 | 1.2 | 1.0–1.5 | 1.4 | 1.2–1.6 | 1.3 | 1.1–1.6 |
Q3 (21–27) | 1.2 | 1.0–1.4 | 1.1 | 0.9–1.3 | 1.3 | 1.1–1.5 | 1.3 | 1.1–1.4 |
Q2 (16–20) | 0.9 | 0.8–1.1 | 1.1 | 0.9–1.3 | 1.2 | 1.1–1.4 | 1.0 | 0.9–1.2 |
Q1 (<15) | reference | reference | reference | reference |
KINDL® | SDQ | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Better self-esteem | Good parent relations | No detectable emotional problems | No detectable peer problems | |||||||
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |||
HDAS (higher adherence) | Weight group | I | 1.2 | 1.0–1.4 | 1.1 | 1.0–1.3 | 1.2** | 1.1–1.4 | 1.3*** | 1.1–1.4 |
II | 1.2 | 0.9–1.7 | 1.2 | 0.9–1.5 | 1.2 | 1.0–1.6 | 1.4** | 1.1–1.7 |
HDAS (higher adherence) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Weight group | OR | 95% CI | ||
KINDL® | Better self-esteem | I | 1.1 | 1.0–1.3 |
II | 1.2 | 0.9–1.4 | ||
Good parent relations | I | 1.0 | 0.9–1.2 | |
II | 1.1 | 0.9–1.4 | ||
SDQ | No detectable emotional problems | I | 1.2 | 1.0–1.4 |
II | 1.2 | 0.9–1.6 | ||
No detectable peer problems | I | 0.9 | 0.8–1.0 | |
II | 1.2 | 0.9–1.6 |