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Erschienen in: Der Radiologe 6/2014

01.06.2014 | Leitthema

Bildgebung bei „smoldering“ (asymptomatischem) multiplem Myelom

Vergangenheit, Gegenwart und Zukunft

verfasst von: M. Bhutani, O. Landgren, M.D., Ph.D.

Erschienen in: Die Radiologie | Ausgabe 6/2014

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Zusammenfassung

Klinisches Problem

Aktuelle klinische Studien sprechen für eine Therapie des „smoldering multiple myeloma” (SMM) mit hohem Progressionsrisiko schon bei der Diagnosestellung und nicht erst zum Zeitpunkt der Progression in ein symptomatisches multiples Myelom (MM). Die Früherkennung einer Knochen- und/oder Knochenmarkbeteiligung durch entsprechende sensitive Bildgebungsverfahren kann zur Ermittlung von SMM-Patienten mit hohem Risiko für eine Progression beitragen.

Radiologische Standardverfahren

Nach aktuellen Konsensusleitlinien (2011) ist die Röntgenuntersuchung des Skeletts ein Grundpfeiler der Beurteilung einer Knochenbeteiligung bei Diagnosestellung und in Verlaufskontrollen wegen eines SMM. Jedoch hat die Röntgenuntersuchung des Skeletts eine geringe Sensitivität für Knochenläsionen und liefert keine Informationen zu Knochenmarkveränderungen.

Innovative Verfahren

Moderne bildgebende Verfahren wie die Fluordeoxyglukose-Positronenemissionstomographie-Computertomographie (FDG-PET-CT) und die Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) liefern zusammen mit innovativen Funktionsuntersuchungen eine bessere Einschätzung allgemeiner Veränderungen im Knochenmark- und im Knochenkompartiment. Mit diesen Verfahren kann die beginnende Progression vom SMM zum MM quantitativ objektiviert werden.

Leistungsfähigkeit

Obwohl moderne Bildgebungsverfahren häufig zum Staging und zur Risikoabschätzung bei multiplem Myelom eingesetzt werden, sind sie nur in begrenztem Maß bei SMM untersucht worden. Die spärlichen Daten zum SMM zeigen, dass 2 oder mehr in der MRT entdeckte umschriebene Knochenmarkveränderungen Indikatoren für eine rasche Progression in ein symptomatisches Stadium sind. Ob die FDG-PET-CT in asymptomatischen Stadien ähnliche Aussagen erlaubt, ist nach aktueller Datenlage noch unklar.

Ergebnisse

Moderne Bildgebungsverfahren sind der Skelettradiographie in Bezug auf Spezifität und Sensitivität überlegen und sollten dieser bei Hochrisikopatienten mit asymptomatischem Myelom vorgezogen werden. In Zukunft sollte in jedem Fall eine Ganzkörperbildgebung erfolgen, die Läsionen des Knochenmarks und des mineralisierten Knochens sensitiv nachweist und mit so wenig ionisierender Strahlung und Kontrastmittel wie möglich auskommt.

Praktische Empfehlungen

Neuere Bildgebungsverfahren müssen in prospektiven klinischen Studien zur Untersuchung des Übergangs vom SMM zum MM validiert werden; Ziel sollte dabei sein, angemessene Therapieentscheidungen zu ermöglichen. Außerdem sind Bemühungen zur Kostensenkung und größeren Verfügbarkeit von Ganzkörper-MRT und/oder FD-PET-CT erforderlich, um deren flächendeckende Einführung als zuerst eingesetzte diagnostische Verfahren zu erleichtern. Für zukünftige klinische Studien zur Therapie früher Stadien sind systematische Fehler wie „lead-time bias“ und „length-time bias“ zu berücksichtigen, die einen Nutzen einer sensitiven Diagnostik und einer frühen Therapie vortäuschen können.
Die englische Volltextversion dieses Beitrags ist über SpringerLink (unter „Supplemental“) verfügbar.
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Metadaten
Titel
Bildgebung bei „smoldering“ (asymptomatischem) multiplem Myelom
Vergangenheit, Gegenwart und Zukunft
verfasst von
M. Bhutani
O. Landgren, M.D., Ph.D.
Publikationsdatum
01.06.2014
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
Die Radiologie / Ausgabe 6/2014
Print ISSN: 2731-7048
Elektronische ISSN: 2731-7056
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00117-014-2694-7

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