Background
Methods
Chemicals and reagents
Cultures and cell line
Collection and identification of plant
Extract preparation
Percent extract recovery
Quantitative phytochemical screening
Total phenolic content (TPC)
Total flavonoid content (TFC)
Quantitative analysis via HPLC-DAD
Antioxidant assays
Percentage radical scavenging activity
Total antioxidant capacity
Total reducing power
Antimicrobial activity
Antibacterial assay
Antifungal assay
Broth micro-dilution method
Alpha amylase inhibition assay
Hemolytic activity
Protein kinase inhibition assay
Anticancer activity
Antileishmanial assay
Statistical analysis
Results
Effect of solvent on extract yield
E. Sol | N | C | EA | A | E | M | W | NEA | EN | MEC | MEEA | MEA | AW | MD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% E. Rec. | 1.7± 1.08 | 6.8± 2.03 | 1.9± 1.01 | 4.9± 1.48 | 2.9± 1.71 | 7.7± 0.90 | 6.1± 0.95 | 5.6± 0.43 | 3.7± 1.03 | 5.3± 0.78 | 10± 1.03 | 3.3± 1.09 | 4.96± 0.73 | 11± 0.49 |
Quantitative phytochemical screening
Total phenolic and flavonoid content
Quantitative analysis via HPLC-DAD
Standard | GA | Rut | CA | Cat | Api | Myr | Quer | Kaem |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
λ (nm) | 257 | 257 | 325 | 279 | 325 | 368 | 368 | 368 |
μgmg− 1 | ND | 0.3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Antioxidant assays
DPPH free radical scavenging activity
Total antioxidant capacity by Phosphomolybdenum method
Total reducing power
Antimicrobial activity
Antibacterial activity
Extracts Codes | Diameter of growth zone inhibition Zone (mm ± SD at 100 μg/disc; MIC: μg/ml) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gram negative bacteria | Gram positive bacteria | |||||||||
K. pneumoniae
| MIC |
M. luteus
| MIC |
E.coli
| MIC |
B. subtilis
| MIC |
S.aureus
| MIC | |
N | 7.9 ± 0.45 | > 100*** | 7 ± 0.97 | > 100*** | 8.6 ± 1.20 | > 100*** | 7.1 ± 0.62 | > 100*** | – | – |
C | 7.7 ± 0.9 | > 100*** | 8 ± 0.43 | > 100*** | 8.3 ± 0.9 | > 100*** | 7.4 ± 1.04 | > 100*** | – | – |
EA | 7.2 ± 0.61 | > 100*** | 9 ± 0.57 | > 100*** | 7.5 ± 0.78 | > 100*** | 7 ± 0.36 | > 100*** | – | – |
A | – | – | – | – | 7.5 ± 0.54 | > 100*** | – | – | – | – |
E | 7.1 ± 0.54 | > 100*** | 8 ± 0.68 | > 100*** | 7.1 ± 0.69 | > 100*** | – | – | – | – |
M | 7.0 ± 0.82 | > 100*** | – | – | 8.5 ± 1.2 | > 100*** | – | – | – | – |
W | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
NEA | 8.5 ± 0.29 | > 100*** | 7 ± 0.43 | > 100*** | 7.1 ± 0.25 | > 100*** | – | – | – | – |
EN | 7.3 ± 0.84 | > 100*** | 8 ± 0.53 | > 100*** | 7.3 ± 0.19 | > 100*** | – | – | – | – |
MEC | 8.1 ± 0.32 | > 100*** | – | – | 7.1 ± 0.23 | > 100*** | – | – | – | – |
MEEA | – | – | – | – | – | – | 9 ± 0.74 | 100*** | – | – |
MEA | 8.3 ± 0.63 | > 100*** | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
AW | – | – | – | – | – | – | 11 ± 0.65 | 100*** | – | – |
MD | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
PC | 12 ± 1.12 | 1.56 | 23 ± 1.04 | 0.78 | 28 ± 1.09 | 0.39 | 21 ± 0.9 | 3.12 | 14 ± 0.7 | 6.25 |
Antifungal activity
Extracts/ Samples | Diameter of growth inhibition zone (mm) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F. solani
| MIC μg/ml |
A. fumigatus
| MIC μg/ml | Mucor spp. | MIC μg/ml |
A. flavus
| MIC μg/ml |
A. niger
| MIC μg/ml | |
N | – | – | – | – | 7 ± 0.43 | 100*** | 7 ± 0.44 | 100*** | 7 ± 0.39 | 100*** |
C | – | – | 8 ± 0.51 | 100*** | – | – | – | – | – | – |
EA | – | – | 12 ± 0.31 | 100*** | – | – | – | – | 7 ± 0.25 | 100*** |
A | – | – | – | – | – | – | 7 ± 0.29 | 100*** | – | – |
E | 8 ± 0.46 | 100*** | 9 ± 0.67 | 100*** | – | – | – | – | – | – |
M | 8 ± 0.52 | 100*** | – | – | 7 ± 0.39 | 100*** | – | – | – | – |
W | – | – | 10 ± 1.09 | 100*** | – | – | – | – | 7 ± 0.37 | 100*** |
NEA | 10 ± 0.76 | 100*** | 14 ± 1.94 | 50*** | 8 ± 0.46 | 100*** | – | – | – | – |
EN | – | – | – | – | – | – | 8 ± 0.53 | 100*** | 8 ± 0.53 | 100*** |
MEC | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
MEEA | 8 ± 0.49 | 100*** | – | – | 7 ± 0.87 | 100*** | – | – | – | – |
MEA | – | – | 7 ± 0.47 | 100*** | – | – | 7 ± 0.37 | 100*** | – | – |
AW | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
MD | – | – | 8 ± 0.81 | 100*** | – | – | 9 ± 0.71 | 100*** | 7 ± 0.42 | 100*** |
PC | 30 ± 1.54 | 1.56 | 32 ± 1.15 | 3.12 | 28 ± 0.87 | 6.25 | 30 ± 1.46 | 1.56 | 34 ± 2.04 | 0.78 |
Alpha amylase inhibition activity
Protein kinase inhibition potential
Extract/ Samples | Hep G2 Cytotoxicity | Protein kinase inhibition | Antileishmanial capability | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
inhibition% | IC50 (μg/ml) | Diameter of zone of inhibition (mm) | Mortality % | LC50 μg/ml | ||
Clear zone | Bald zone | |||||
N | – | – | – | 7 ± 0.37*** | 71 ± 0.49 | 12.8*** |
C | 10 ± 1.5 | 204*** | – | 8 ± 0.81*** | – | – |
EA | 18 ± 1.01 | 101*** | – | 9 ± 0.49*** | – | – |
A | 3 ± 0.9 | 773*** | – | 7 ± 0.97*** | – | – |
E | 7 ± 0.89 | 312*** | – | 8 ± 0.43*** | – | – |
M | 21 ± 0.37 | 096*** | – | 9 ± 0.57*** | – | – |
W | – | – | – | – | 71 ± 0.93 | 16.8*** |
NEA | – | – | – | 8 ± 0.68*** | 72 ± 0.76 | 11.5** |
EN | 16 ± 1.34 | 168*** | 8 ± 0.34 | – | – | – |
MEC | 39 ± 1.01 | 046*** | 9 ± 0.41 | – | – | – |
MEEA | – | – | 8 ± 0.70 | – | – | – |
MEA | 12 ± 0.57 | 191*** | – | 11 ± 0.49*** | – | – |
AW | 15 ± 0.83 | 149*** | 9 ± 0.51 | – | – | – |
MD | – | – | 8 ± 0.68 | – | – | – |
PC | 57 ± 2.56 | 5.10 | – | 21 ± 1.02 | 79 ± 1.15 | 0.01 |