Background
Methods
Cultures of clinical strains of vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and standard cultures of Staphylococcus aureus
Preparation of plant materials and extraction
Test for phytochemical compounds present in C. albidum extract
Fractionation of the crude extract from C. albidium stem bark
The antibiograms of the fractions obtained from the crude extract against the test isolates
The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the fractions against the test isolates
The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the fractions against the test isolates
Determination of rate of kill of the test isolates by the fractions
Determination of potassium ion leakage from the test isolates by the fractions
Determination of nucleotides leakage from the test isolates by the fractions
Statistics and data processing
Results
Zones of inhibition (mm)a
| |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bacterial isolates | BUT (10 mg/ml) | AQU (10 mg/ml) | n-HEX (10 mg/ml) | CHL (10 mg/ml) | ETHYL (10 mg/ml) | STREP (1 mg/ml) | AMP (1 mg/ml) |
VRSA 1 | 11 ± 1.00 | 0 | 12.00 | 0 | 0 | 19 ± 1.41 | 0 |
VRSA 2 | 13 ± 1.41 | 0 | 14 ± 0.71 | 0 | 0 | 14 ± 0.58 | 0 |
VRSA 3 | 15 ± 0.71 | 0 | 13 ± 1.41 | 0 | 0 | 20 ± 0.71 | 17.00 |
VRSA 4 | 14.00 | 0 | 13 ± 1.00 | 0 | 0 | 23 ± 1.00 | 18 ± 0.71 |
VRSA 5 | 15 ± 0.58 | 0 | 12 ± 0.58 | 0 | 0 | 17 ± 1.20 | 16 ± 1.41 |
VRSA 6 | 15 ± 1.41 | 0 | 13 ± 1.41 | 0 | 0 | 18 ± 1.41 | 18 ± 1.00 |
VRSA 7 | 12.00 | 0 | 15 ± 1.00 | 0 | 0 | 20.00 | 20 ± 1.41 |
VRSA 8 | 11 ± 0.56 | 0 | 10.00 | 0 | 0 | 18.00 | 0 |
VRSA 9 | 11 ± 0.71 | 0 | 13 ± 0.56 | 0 | 0 | 16 ± 0.71 | 23 ± 0.56 |
VRSA 10 | 13 ± 1.20 | 0 | 14 ± 0.71 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 18.00 |
VRSA 11 | 11 ± 1.41 | 0 | 11 ± 0.54 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16 ± 0.58 |
VRSA 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 17.00 | 0 |
VRSA 13 | 12 ± 1.00 | 0 | 14 ± 1.20 | 0 | 0 | 15.00 | 13 ± 0.71 |
VRSA 14 | 10.00 | 0 | 11 ± 0.56 | 0 | 0 | 18.00 | 0 |
VRSA 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16 ± 0.58 | 0 |
VRSA 16 | 11 ± 1.41 | 0 | 13 ± 1.00 | 0 | 0 | 19.00 | 22 ± 0.71 |
VRSA 17 | 14.00 | 0 | 16.00 | 0 | 0 | 21 ± 0.56 | 13 ± 0.52 |
VRSA 18 | 13 ± 0.52 | 0 | 15 ± 0.52 | 0 | 0 | 17.00 | 23.00 |
VRSA 19 | 13 ± 1.00 | 0 | 12.00 | 0 | 0 | 19.00 | 0 |
VRSA 20 | 13 ± 0.54 | 0 | 15 ± 0.54 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 18.00 |
VRSA 21 | 13 ± 1.00 | 0 | 14.00 | 0 | 0 | 20 ± 1.00 | 15 ± 1.20 |
VRSA 22 | 11 ± 0.71 | 0 | 13 ± 1.41 | 0 | 0 | 22.00 | 19 ± 0.54 |
VRSA 23 | 13 ± 1.41 | 0 | 12.00 | 0 | 0 | 21 ± 0.54 | 17 ± 1.00 |
VRSA 24 | 10.00 | 0 | 14 ± 0.71 | 0 | 0 | 23.00 | 20.00 |
VRSA 25 | 11 ± 0.56 | 0 | 10.00 | 0 | 0 | 21.00 | 16 ± 1.41 |
VRSA 26 | 12.00 | 0 | 16 ± 1.00 | 0 | 0 | 23 ± 1.20 | 0 |
VRSA 27 | 15 ± 1.20 | 0 | 15 ± 1.20 | 0 | 0 | 22.00 | 19.00 |
VRSA 28 | 13 ± 0.71 | 0 | 14.00 | 0 | 0 | 20.00 | 0 |
VRSA 29 | 12 ± 0.58 | 0 | 12 ± 0.71 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 ± 0.54 |
VRSA 30 | 14.00 | 0 | 15 ± 0.58 | 0 | 0 | 24.00 | 20.00 |
VRSA 31 | 14 ± 0.71 | 0 | 11 ± 1.41 | 0 | 0 | 21.00 | 15.00 |
VRSA 32 | 10.00 | 0 | 12 ± 1.00 | 0 | 0 | 19.00 | 16.00 |
VRSA 33 | 13 ± 0.54 | 0 | 12.00 | 0 | 0 | 20.00 | 0 |
VRSA 34 | 11 ± 1.00 | 0 | 12 ± 0.71 | 0 | 0 | 19 ± 0.71 | 20.00 |
VRSA 35 | 16.00 | 0 | 15 ± 0.56 | 0 | 0 | 16.00 | 12.00 |
VRSA 36 | 17 ± 0.71 | 0 | 16 ± 0.52 | 0 | 0 | 23 ± 0.58 | 21.00 ± 0.71 |
VRSA 37 | 19 ± 1.20 | 0 | 18 ± 1.00 | 0 | 0 | 24 ± 0.70 | 22 ± 1.00 |
Butanol fraction | n-Hexane fraction | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Bacterial isolates | MIC (mg/ml) | MBC (mg/ml) | MIC (mg/ml) | MBC (mg/ml) |
VRSA 1 | 5.00 | 10.00 | 2.50 | 5.00 |
VRSA 2 | ND | ND | 5.00 | 10.00 |
VRSA 3 | 1.25 | 2.50 | 1.25 | 2.50 |
VRSA 4 | 1.25 | 2.50 | 1.25 | 2.50 |
VRSA 5 | 2.50 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 10.00 |
VRSA 6 | 1.25 | 2.50 | 0.63 | 1.25 |
VRSA 7 | 2.50 | 5.00 | 1.25 | 2.50 |
VRSA 8 | ND | ND | 5.00 | 10.00 |
VRSA 9 | 5.00 | 10.00 | ND | ND |
VRSA 10 | 5.00 | 10.00 | 1.25 | 2.50 |
VRSA 11 | 1.25 | 2.50 | 2.50 | 5.00 |
VRSA 12 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
VRSA 13 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
VRSA 14 | 5.00 | 10.00 | ND | ND |
VRSA 15 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
VRSA 16 | 1.25 | 2.50 | 1.25 | 2.50 |
VRSA 17 | 1.25 | 2.50 | 0.63 | 1.25 |
VRSA 18 | ND | ND | 1.25 | 2.50 |
VRSA 19 | 5.00 | 10.00 | ND | ND |
VRSA 20 | 5.00 | 10.00 | 2.50 | 5.00 |
VRSA 21 | 2.50 | 5.00 | ND | ND |
VRSA 22 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
VRSA 23 | 1.25 | 2.50 | 1.25 | 2.50 |
VRSA 24 | 1.25 | 2.50 | 0.63 | 1.25 |
VRSA 25 | 2.50 | 5.00 | 2.50 | 5.00 |
VRSA 26 | 1.25 | 2.50 | 1.25 | 2.50 |
VRSA 27 | 2.50 | 5.00 | 2.50 | 5.00 |
VRSA 28 | 1.25 | 2.50 | 0.63 | 1.25 |
VRSA 29 | 1.25 | 2.50 | 5.00 | 10.00 |
VRSA 30 | 2.50 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 10.00 |
VRSA 31 | 0.63 | 1.25 | 0.63 | 1.25 |
VRSA 32 | 1.25 | 2.50 | 2.50 | 5.00 |
VRSA 33 | 2.50 | 5.00 | 0.63 | 1.25 |
VRSA 34 | 1.25 | 2.50 | 1.25 | 2.50 |
VRSA 35 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
VRSA 36 | 0.63 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 2.50 |
VRSA 37 | 1.25 | 2.50 | 2.50 | 5.00 |
Chemical test | Result |
---|---|
Tannins | Positive |
Alkaloids | Positive |
Flavonoids | Positive |
Saponins | Positive |
Steroids | Positive |
Reducing sugars | Positive |
Terpenoids | Positive |