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Erschienen in: Journal of Neuroinflammation 1/2017

Open Access 01.12.2017 | Letter to the Editor

Bioinformatics analysis of glial inflammatory responses to air pollution

verfasst von: Chenyu Li, Wei Jiang, Nina Tang, Yan Xu

Erschienen in: Journal of Neuroinflammation | Ausgabe 1/2017

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The online version of this article (doi:10.​1186/​s12974-017-0937-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Abkürzungen
DEG
Differentially expressed genes
FDR
False discovery rate
gcRMA
GeneChip Robust Multi-array Averaging
Limma
Linear models for microarray analysis
LncRNA
Long non-coding RNA
LPS
Lipopolysaccharide
NCBI
National Center for Biotechnology Information
nPM
Nanoscale particulate matter
RMA
Robust Multi-array Averaging
SAM
Significance analysis microarrays
Dear editor:
We read with great interest the article by Dr. Woodward and colleagues [1], “Toll-like receptor 4 in glial inflammatory responses to air pollution in vitro and in vivo” which appeared in the 15 April 2017 of Journal of Neuroinflammation. Since the results of the article is very attractive for us, we collected original data from NCBI (https://​www.​ncbi.​nlm.​nih.​gov/​pmc/​articles/​PMC5391610/​bin/​12974_​2017_​858_​MOESM1_​ESM.​zip) which has been submitted by Woodward et al. and used different methods to perform the bioinformatics analysis in each group; however, we get different results against the article, and we think the author’s methods in bioinformatics analysis are inappropriate (Fig. 1).
We noticed that the author used significance analysis microarrays (SAM) in differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis which, usually, cause high false positives. We utilize a fewer false positives method, Limma (Linear Models for Microarray Analysis) [2] package, which was widely used statistical tests to obtain differential expression based on R programming language and more accurate than SAM. The results showed 572 RNAs (contain 22 LncRNAs) were differentially expressed between the “control cultures” and “nPM-treated” groups (FDR < 0.05, |logFC| > 1), and 1931 RNAs (contain 147 LncRNAs) were differentially expressed between the “control cultures” and “LPS-treated” groups (FDR < 0.05, |logFC| > 1) (Additional files 1 and 2). Due to the high false positives, the number of DEGs which were detected by SAM are more than our results. So for high-level analysis, we suggest using Limma or combining more than one method and then only taking the common genes of all methods to get more accurate results [3].
Moreover, for preprocessing microarray data, we recommend using GeneChip Robust Multi-array Averaging (gcRMA). We found that the author used RMA method which results of normalization are very close to gcRMA [4], but gcRMA is an improved algorithm of RMA that can be used to achieve a more accurate expression of the gene chip probes by using sequence-specific probes (Fig. 1). Attached figure shows that the gcRMA is better than RMA in raw data normalization.

Authors’ response

Morgan Levine, Nicholas Woodward and Caleb Finch
Dear Dr. Li,
While we recognize the issues surrounding false discoveries, we do not agree with your comment suggesting “that the methods in bioinformatics analysis [employed in our study] are inappropriate”. We are not surprised that your Limma bioinformatics findings differed slightly from SAM in relation to the number of responding genes, which of course varies by method and criteria, because of this reasoning that we tested the robustness of our results using a variety of distinct approaches, rather than relying on any one in particular. Further, our conclusions pointing to the importance of the TLR4 pathway are not based on the number of differentially expressed genes—which you imply may be biased—but rather are substantiated by findings derived from state-of-the-art systems biology approaches. For instance, the set of differentially expressed genes based on SAM (which we acknowledge may include false positives) was further analyzed using pathway enrichment and gene ontology analysis. Similarly, our findings were further substantiated using WGCNA—a network analysis approach that identifies higher order modules, rather than individual genes, and thus has been shown to be more robust when it comes to gaining biological insight from high-dimensional data. Finally, and perhaps most importantly, we successfully validated our findings with further experiments both in vitro and in vivo.

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Ethics approval

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Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://​creativecommons.​org/​licenses/​by/​4.​0/​), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://​creativecommons.​org/​publicdomain/​zero/​1.​0/​) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Woodward NC, Levine MC, Haghani A, et al. Toll-like receptor 4 in glial inflammatory responses to air pollution in vitro and in vivo. J Neuroinflammation. 2017;14(1):84.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Woodward NC, Levine MC, Haghani A, et al. Toll-like receptor 4 in glial inflammatory responses to air pollution in vitro and in vivo. J Neuroinflammation. 2017;14(1):84.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Ritchie ME, Phipson B, Wu D, et al. Limma powers differential expression analyses for RNA-sequencing and microarray studies. Nucleic Acids Res. 2015;43(7):e47.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Ritchie ME, Phipson B, Wu D, et al. Limma powers differential expression analyses for RNA-sequencing and microarray studies. Nucleic Acids Res. 2015;43(7):e47.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
3.
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Giorgi FM, Bolger AM, Lohse M, et al. Algorithm-driven artifacts in median polish summarization of microarray data. BMC Bioinf. 2010;11:553.CrossRef Giorgi FM, Bolger AM, Lohse M, et al. Algorithm-driven artifacts in median polish summarization of microarray data. BMC Bioinf. 2010;11:553.CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Bioinformatics analysis of glial inflammatory responses to air pollution
verfasst von
Chenyu Li
Wei Jiang
Nina Tang
Yan Xu
Publikationsdatum
01.12.2017
Verlag
BioMed Central
Erschienen in
Journal of Neuroinflammation / Ausgabe 1/2017
Elektronische ISSN: 1742-2094
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-017-0937-z

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