Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Anatomical Science International 4/2018

Open Access 14.06.2018 | Original Article

Biological aspects of the tongue morphology of wild-captive WWCPS rats: a histological, histochemical and ultrastructural study

verfasst von: Karolina Goździewska-Harłajczuk, Joanna Klećkowska-Nawrot, Karolina Barszcz, Krzysztof Marycz, Tomasz Nawara, Klaudia Modlińska, Rafał Stryjek

Erschienen in: Anatomical Science International | Ausgabe 4/2018

Abstract

The aim of this study was to characterise the tongue in wild-type rats using several microscopic techniques. Warsaw Wild Captive Pisula Stryjek (WWCPS) rats belong to a lineage of wild-caught rats. The study was carried out on tongues of 15 male and 15 female WWCPS rats. Histological, histochemical and ultrastructural studies were carried out. There were no significant differences between the male and female WWCPS rat tongues. There was a median groove approximately 1 cm long in the apex of the tongue that faded caudally. The intermolar prominence was clearly marked in the distal part of the lingual body. Lingual mechanical papillae located on the surface of the tongue formed four subtypes based on their shape: small filiform papillae, giant filiform papillae, thin elongated filiform papillae and wide filiform papillae. Gustatory papillae formed the second group of papillae and were divided into bud-shaped fungiform papillae, a single vallate papilla surrounded by an incomplete papillary groove and foliate papillae, which were a well-formed and composed of several pairs of folds divided by longitudinal grooves. In the posterior lingual glands (mucoserous and serous), acidic sulphated mucin-secreting cells gave a strong AB pH 2.5 positive reaction, and a positive reaction with the AB pH 1.0 stain for acidic carboxylated mucin. Double AB/PAS staining showed the presence of the majority of mucous cells with predominant of acidic mucins. Positive PAS staining showed the presence of neutral mucin. HDI staining demonstrated a weak positive reaction within Weber’s glands of the WWCPS rat tongue.

Introduction

WWCPS (Warsaw Wild Captive Pisula Stryjek) rats belong to a lineage of wild-caught brown rats (Rattus norvegicus), which was recognised in 2007 and is registered at the Polish Patent Office under number Z-320033 (Stryjek and Pisula 2008). Currently, these animals are used in numerous physiological, behavioural, neurological and pharmacological studies (Stryjek et al. 2012a, 2012b, 2013). These rats have several different behavioural characteristics compared to laboratory rats, and albino and pigmented strains of laboratory rats (Stryjek et al. 2012b, 2013; Himmler et al. 2013; Modlińska and Stryjek 2016). Wild rat domestication based on multigenerational breeding led to several phenotypical changes, while other features have been acquired as a result of adaptation to living conditions (also through epigenetic changes) (Jensen 2010). This has caused morphological changes and a regression of selected sensory organs (Lockard 1968; Stryjek and Modlińska 2016). The differences between the lines are further increased by the fact that many laboratory rats are albino animals. Albinism, which is triggered by a mutation of a single gene occurring once in >12,000 births, results in lack of secretion of the tyrosinase enzyme, which is responsible for melanin production. Albinism is inherited—it is conditioned by a recessive gene (Grønskov et al. 2007). Achromasia is a trait that makes adaptation more difficult (in natural conditions), as the albino animal stands out of the group due to its colour, which makes it an easy prey for predators (Dröscher 1993). In albino strains of rats, the retina also lacks pigmentation. The retina becomes translucent, which leads to visual impairment (Prusky et al. 2002), this means that the albino individuals have a weaker sense of vision than pigmented individuals. In addition to the visual impairment, the albino rats have an underdeveloped sense of smell compared with their pigmented counterparts. Albino rats exhibit weaker responses to the odour of female rats in oestrus (Sachs 1996). On the other hand, a study by Shumake et al. (1971) found that domestication has not changed taste preferences in rats. Wild rats (unchanged by domestication) have features formed by the natural environment. Hence, comparative studies of wild and domesticated lines are valuable.
The tongue is an important organ enabling food intake and the sensation of taste (Iwasaki 2002). Due to its characteristic structure, it takes part in food grinding as well as moving the food toward the throat (Doran and Baggett 1971). Papillae that are present on the surface of the tongue are divided, based on their function, into mechanical papillae and gustatory papillae. Depending on the region of the tongue, it is covered by a keratinised stratified squamous epithelium or a non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium. The keratinized stratified squamous epithelium is divided into several layers: the stratum basale (stratum basale), the stratum spinosum (stratum spinosum), the stratum granulosum (stratum granulosum) and the stratum corneum (stratum corneum) (Iwasaki et al. 1999; Ciena et al. 2013; Watanabe et al. 2013). There are significant differences both in the degree and the time of keratinisation (Iwasaki et al. 1999). The thickest layer of keratin covers the mechanical papillae, which primarily form a protective layer on the surface of the tongue. Ultrastructural studies assessing the relationship between the formation of filiform papillae and keratinisation of the lingual epithelium in Sprague-Dawley rats showed that morphogenesis of the lingual filiform papillae depends on the degree of keratinisation of the epithelium on the surface of the tongue immediately before birth and several weeks after birth (Iwasaki et al. 1999). This is associated with the environmental changes of the foetus and newborn animal (Iwasaki et al. 1999). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that keratohyaline granules are present in newborn Sprague-Dawley rats (Iwasaki et al. 1999).
Muscle tissue with variously arranged skeletal muscle fibers (longitudinal, transverse and vertical muscle fibers as musculus lingualis proprius) comprises the majority of the mammalian tongue (Doran and Baggett 1971). Within this tissue there are lingual glands, which are located in the rostral part of the tongue (glands of Blandin-Nuhn) and glands within the caudal part of the tongue (von Ebner’s glands and Weber’s glands) (Tandler et al. 1994; Nagato et al. 1997). Based on previous studies, the lingual glands can be divided into apical glands, glands accompanying the vallate and foliate papillae and glands of the root of the tongue (Nagato et al. 1997).
The structure of the rat tongue in different strains and breeds of rats has been described previously using light microscopy and ultrastructural studies (Hosley and Oakley 1987; Iwasaki et al. 1987, 1997, 1999; Kullaa-Mikkonen et al. 1987; Nagato et al. 1997; Iino and Kobayashi 1988; Jakob et al. 1998; Wakisaka et al. 1998; Triantafyllou et al. 2002; Yücel et al. 2002; de Abreu et al. 2006; Picoli et al. 2006; Verli et al. 2008; Abayomi et al. 2009; Lopes et al. 2009; Costa et al. 2013; Al-Refai et al. 2014; El Sharaby et al. 2014; Reginato et al. 2014). However, the majority of those studies did not assess gender differences, and differences between wild and laboratory rats. Numerous histological and histochemical studies, as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and TEM, have enabled the identification of significant differences in the microstructure of the lingual surface in other selected rodents of the Rodentia order (Kobayashi 1990; Kobayashi et al. 1992; Grandi et al. 1994; Stangl and Pfau 1994; Whitehead and Kachele 1994; Watanabe et al. 1997, 2013; Emura et al. 1999a, b, 2001, 2011; Jackowiak and Godynicki 2005; Ünsaldi 2010; Shindo et al. 2006; Kulawik and Godynicki 2007; Toprak and Yilmaz 2007; Nonaka et al. 2008; Cheng et al. 2009; Kilinc et al. 2010; Alvarez et al. 2011; Atalar and Karan 2011; Karan et al. 2011; Abumandour and El-Bakary 2013; Ciena et al. 2013, 2017; Sakr et al. 2013; Wołczuk 2014; Cizek et al. 2016; Sadeghinezhad et al. 2018; Wannaprasert 2018).
The aim of this study was to characterise the microstructure of the tongue and lingual glands in wild undomesticated WWCPS rats with the use of current microscopic imaging techniques, including light microscopy, SEM and TEM. The second aim was to compare the obtained results with those obtained by other authors in studies carried out on laboratory rats and other Rodentia.

Materials and methods

Animals

The study was carried out on 6-month-old WWCPS rats. All the animals were clinically healthy, kept in standard living conditions and fed a uniform diet. All rats were housed in groups of three to five in Eurostandard type IV cages with ad libitum access to water and standard laboratory fodder (Labofeed H, WP Morawski, Kcynia, Poland). The day/night cycle was set at 12 h/12 h. The study material was obtained from the Institute of Psychology of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw. The permission to breed laboratory animals by the Institute of Psychology of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw was granted by the District Veterinary Officer in Warsaw (identification no. 146571035, decision no. 167/2013 from 30.12.2013). Morphological studies of the rat tongues were carried out post mortem at the Department of Animal Anatomy of Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences. The examination of tissues obtained post mortem can be done without approval of the Ethics Committee (Official Journal of the European Union L276/33: Directive of the European Parliament and Council 2010/63/UE; Journal of Laws of the Republic of Poland, Item 266, Act 15 January 2015). The WWCPS rats were divided into two groups. The first group consisted of males (N = 15) and the second was females (N  = 15). Tongues were collected from all the animals in both groups (N = 30). They were assessed macroscopically and measured. The length and width of the tongues were evaluated at the apex, body and root of the tongue. Macroscopic photographs of the animals and the tongues were taken using a Canon 400EOS camera and a stereoscopic Zeiss Stemi 2000-C microscope (Zeiss, Jena, Germany). Macroscopic measurements were carried out using an electronic slide caliper with an accuracy of 0.1 mm. The results of the macroscopic study underwent analysis, and the mean ± standard deviation was calculated using statistical software (Microsoft Office Professional Plus, 2013, Microsoft, Redmont, WA). This study was supported by the Wroclaw Centre of Biotechnology, the Leading National Research Centre (KNOW) for 2014–2018 (Agreement No. 7/PB/2015/KNOW).

Histological and histochemical studies

Six randomly chosen tongues from the 15 tongues collected from males, and 6 randomly chosen female tongues from a total of 15 tongues were fixed in 4% formaldehyde solution, buffered (Chempur, Poland), and subjected to histological and histochemical analysis.

Histological study

Samples were collected from the apex, body and root of the tongue together with the lingual glands. Next, they were washed in running water for 24 h. The samples were then processed in a vacuum tissue processor—ETP (RVG3, INTELSINT, Italy), embedded in paraffin and cut using a Slide 2003 (Pfm, Cologne, Germany) sliding microtome into 3–4 µm sections. The hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) (general structure), Masson–Goldner trichrome (connective tissue, keratin layer), and Azan trichrome (connective tissue, collagen fibers) staining methods were used in order to assess the proper histological structure of the assessed tissue.

Histochemical study

Histochemical analysis of the lingual glands was carried out using the periodic acid-Schiff method (PAS) in order to identify glycans, glycoconjugates and neutral or weakly acidic glycoprotein (Sheehan and Hrapchak 1980). Moreover, the alcian blue pH 2.5 (AB pH 2.5) method was used to identify sulphated and carboxylated acid mucopolysaccharides and sulphated and carboxylated sialomucins, while, additionally, AB pH 1.0, detected the strongly sulphated mucosubstances (Schumacher et al. 2004; Sadeghinezhad et al. 2018). Hale’s dialysed iron staining (HDI) method was used to identify sulphated mucosubstances (SAM) and carboxylated mucosubstances (CAM) (Munakata et al. 1985). AB with the pH 2.5/PAS staining was used to detect acidic and neutral mucin. The samples were examined using the Zeiss Axio Scope A1 light microscope (Zeiss, Jena, Germany) and assessed according to the method described by Spicer and Henson (1967).

Scanning electron microscopy

Samples from six male and six female tongues (others tongues than for histological study) were collected. For ultrastructural studies, the tongues were fixed in 2.0% glutaraldehyde dissolved in 0.1 M phosphate buffer at pH 7.4. The research material was rinsed in a phosphate buffer. After being fixed, the samples were dehydrated in up to 50% ethanol and stored at room temperature for 2 h. The process was repeated with 60%, 70, 80, 90, 98, 100% ethanol. Dehydrated tissue was dried (critical point). The samples were coated with gold using ScanCoat (Edwards) and viewed using a SE1 detector at a 10 kV filament tension (SEM, Zeiss Evo LS 15). SEM analysis was carried out at the Laboratory of Electron Microscopy of the Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences.

Transmission electron microscopy

Specimens for the TEM study were collected from the tongues. The samples were fixed in 2.0% glutaraldehyde dissolved in pH 7.4 0.1 M phosphate buffer for 2 weeks and were rinsed in a phosphate buffer. The material was then post-fixed in 4% OsO4 (osmium tetroxide) for 2 h at room temperature. Following rinsing of the samples in a phosphate buffer, they were dehydrated in an acetone series (30–100%). Then, the research material was immersed in an Epon 812 epoxide resin. The samples were cut into 70 nm sections with a diamond knife using a Leica Reichert Ultracut E microtome (Leica Microsystems, WetzlarGermany) (Kubrakiewicz et al. 2003). The sections were assessed using the Tesla BS 540 transmission electron microscope. The TEM studies were carried out at the Electron Microscopy Laboratory of the Wroclaw University.

Results

Gross morphology of the tongue

The wild-type rat tongue consists of three main parts: the apex, the body and the root. The apex was smooth and rounded (Figs. 1, 2). Macroscopically, part of the body of the tongue was narrower than the apex (Fig. 1, 2). The measurements of selected parts of the tongue based on gender are presented in Fig. 3. No statistically significant differences in the measurements were found between males and females (Fig. 3). There was a median groove approximately 1 cm long in the apex of the tongue that faded caudally toward the body of the tongue. Moreover, an intermolar prominence was present in the lingual body (Fig. 2b, c, e, i). There were three transverse depressions on the surface of the lingual body, which were post-mortem impressions of the palatal rugae (Fig. 2b, c). Filiform papillae and three types of gustatory papillae were clearly visible on the surface of the tongue: fungiform papillae, vallate papilla and foliate papillae (Fig. 2). Within the intermolar prominence, the filiform papillae were directed rostrally and laterally (Fig. 2c, e, i). The fungiform papillae were distributed in the apex as well as the body of the tongue outside the areas filled with giant filiform papillae (Fig. 2b, c). The single vallate papilla was localised in the midline of the tongue between its body and root (Fig. 2g, h). The annular pad surrounding the vallate papilla was not marked clearly (Fig. 2g, h). The foliate papillae were localised posterolaterally between the body and the root of the tongue, and were usually formed from five even epithelial folds (Fig. 2f). Small filiform papillae and a few fungiform papillae were localised on the ventral surface of the tongue around the edges of the apex, and the remaining surface of the ventral surface was smooth (Fig. 2d, e).

Histological and ultrastructural study: SEM and TEM

Filiform papillae

The filiform papillae were the most common type of lingual papillae located on the surface of the WWCPS rat tongue. Their shape varied depending on the region of the tongue (Figs. 4, 5). In the apex and the cranial 2/3 of the body of the tongue, there were small filiform papillae with a single conical pointed tip (Figs. 2c, 5a). In the apex, the small filiform papillae were shorter than those in the body of the tongue. Exfoliated epithelial cells were visible on the small filiform papillae. In the distal part of the body, giant filiform papillae with a pointed or bifurcated tip but without additional projections at the base of the papillae were located directly on the intermolar prominence (Fig. 5a, b). In the SEM study, the giant filiform papillae were directed caudally, laterally and rostrally (Fig. 5a, b). The surface of the giant filiform papillae was irregular and single exfoliated epithelial cells were visible (Fig. 5c, d). The most caudal surface of the intermolar prominence contained elongated papillae known as thin elongated filiform papillae (Fig. 5h, i, k, k1, l). Those thin elongated filiform papillae were much thinner than the small filiform papillae and were directed towards the root of the tongue (Fig. 5a, b). Some of the thin elongated filiform papillae contained small pseudopapillae on their surface (Fig. 5k1). In addition, filiform papillae known as wide filiform papillae were located laterally immediately behind the thin elongated filiform papillae in the root of the tongue and contained four to five additional projections located at their tips (Fig. 5i, i1). Each filiform papilla had an anterior and posterior surface (Figs. 4, 5). Histological examination of the filiform papillae revealed the presence of numerous keratohyaline granules on the surface of the anterior processes of the filiform papillae. These keratohyaline granules were not visible on the epithelial surface of the posterior processes of the filiform papillae (Fig. 4e–h). The giant filiform papillae were covered by a thick keratin layer (Fig. 4e, h). In that layer, the cell nuclei faded superficially forming an orthokeratinised epithelium (Fig. 4e, h). A thin layer of connective tissue with numerous connective tissue fibres, fibroblasts and blood vessels was present under the layer of filiform papillae (Fig. 4e–g). The cells of the filiform papillary stratum basale were cuboidal, while the nuclei of the stratum basale were oval (Fig. 4g). The small filiform papillae were 283.09 ± 45.51 µm long on the apex and the body of the tongue. The giant filiform papillae were 467.81 ± 72.18 µm long. The thin elongated filiform papillae were 324.24 ± 38.05 µm long. The small filiform papillae were 128.31 ± 22.3 µm wide on the apex and the body of the tongue. The giant filiform papillae were 146.57 ± 17.44 µm wide. The thin elongated filiform papillae were 73 ± 8.93 µm wide. The ventral surface of the apex of tongue was covered by a thin keratin layer, while the ventral surface of the body of the tongue was smooth without papillae (Fig. 4j). On the ventral surface of the tongue, the epithelial cells of the stratum basale were cuboidal and the nuclei were oval (Fig. 4j).

Fungiform papillae

The fungiform papillae were distributed equally in the apex and the body of the tongue excluding the areas covered by giant filiform papillae (Fig. 2b). The fungiform papillae were round (Fig. 6a, d) and there were taste pores visible on their surface (Fig. 6a–d). The SEM study revealed that the surface of the epithelial cells of the fungiform papillae consisted of microfolds and micropits (Fig. 6e, f). The fungiform papillae were 220.17 ± 22.5 µm long and 145.96 ± 23.26 µm wide. The histological examination of the surface of the fungiform papillae revealed that they were covered by a thin keratin layer (Fig. 6g, i). The taste buds had a barrel-shape in a transverse cross section (Fig. 6i).

Vallate papilla

A single vallate papilla was located on the border between the body and the root of the tongue (Fig. 2g, h). It was located centrally (Figs. 2g, h, 7a, b, e, f) and had either an oval, laterally flattened shape or was round in some individuals (Fig. 7a, b, e, f). It was surrounded by a poorly marked annular pad and a papillary groove present at the border between the papilla and the pad (Fig. 7b, d). On the anterior part of the annular pad the width filiform papillae were present (Fig. 7b). Although the surface of the vallate papilla was irregular, it did not contain additional pseudopapillae (Fig. 7b, d). Studies using SEM revealed that taste bud pores were present on the surface of the vallate papilla (Fig. 7c, d, g, h) and ranged from one to several depending on the individual. The surface of the vallate papilla was covered by marginal cells that contained numerous microfolds and micropits (Fig. 7d, h). The vallate papilla was 711.12 ± 58.5 µm tall and 445.36 ± 29.11 µm wide. The histological examination revealed that the surface of the vallate papilla was covered by a very thin keratin layer (Fig. 7i). In addition, the connective tissue core contained numerous papillary projections in the transverse section (Fig. 7i). The taste buds were located in the wall of the annulary pad as well as in the lateral walls of the vallate papilla itself (Fig. 7i, j). They were barrel-shaped and contained receptor cells (Fig. 7k, l). Numerous serous glands (von Ebner’s glands) were located underneath the vallate papilla (Fig. 7). The excretory duct was directed toward the papillary groove (Fig. 7).

Foliate papillae

The foliate papillae were well-developed in the WWCPS rats (Fig. 2f). They were located on the sides of the tongue at the border of the body and the root of the tongue. There were usually five pairs of epithelial folds (ridges) on the surface of these papillae, and they were separated by deep parallel grooves (Figs. 2f, 8a, b). The surface of the foliate papillae was covered by numerous microfolds and micropits (Fig. 8d). Single bacteria were visible on the surface of foliate papillae (Fig. 8d). The foliate papillae were 291.67 ± 98.6 µm long and 218.27 ± 48.91 µm wide. The histological study of the foliate papillae revealed the presence of taste buds in the walls of their individual folds (Fig. 8e). The taste buds were elongated or barrel-shaped (Fig. 8f). There was a thin layer of connective tissue under the papillae, which covered a layer of striated muscle and serous glands (Fig. 8e).

Lingual glands

The surface of the lingual root was not covered by any mechanical papillae or gustatory papillae, and the SEM study revealed that it had an irregular surface (Fig. 9). There were numerous openings of the lingual glands on the surface of the lingual root (Fig. 9a–c). In addition, there were microfolds and micropits (Fig. 9f). No anterior lingual glands were observed in the WWCPS rats. There were posterior lingual glands that included glands that accompanied gustatory papillae (von Ebner’s glands) and glands in the lingual root (Weber’s glands) classified as minor salivary glands (Figs. 10, 11). Glands accompanying vallate papilla produced a serous secretion (Figs. 7i, 8e). In the WWCPS rats, Weber’s glands were mucoserous, with a predominance of mucous cells (Fig. 10d, e, g, h). Cells forming serous demilunes were also found between mucous cells (Fig. 10c1). The typical ducts were absent and were replaced by tubules, with wide lumina close to the surface of the tongue (Fig. 10b, g). Myoepithelial cells were visible around individual acini of the mucoserous lingual gland (Fig. 10c1). At the surface of the tongue, the openings of the lingual glands were covered by a stratified squamous epithelium (Fig. 10b). PAS staining revealed a strong positive reaction (+++) in Weber’s gland cells as well as in the tubular cells (Fig. 11a–c). Those cells stained dark red in the glands producing neutral mucin (Fig. 11a–c). The AB pH 2.5 stains gave a strong positive reaction (+++) in the cells and tubules of Weber’s glands, which stained light blue indicating the presence of cells secreting acidic sulphated mucins (Fig. 10e–g). The AB pH 1.0 stains gave a positive reaction (++) in the cells of Weber’s glands and in the tubules (Fig. 10h, i) confirmed the presence of acidic carboxylated mucins. There was a negative reaction in the serous demilunes, which consisted of the secretory ducts together with cells producing mucus (Fig. 10e). HDI staining showed a (++) positive reaction in the seromucous glands, indicating the production of carboxylated mucosubstances (Fig. 11d), while serous glands showed either a negative (−) or weak positive reaction (±) in HDI staining (Fig. 11e, f). The AB/PAS staining gave a strong positive reaction (+++) in the cells and tubules of Weber’s glands and a negative reaction in serous von Ebner’s glands (Fig. 11g, h, i). Dominant positive dark blue AB/PAS mucous cells producing acidic mucins were present (Fig. 11g, h, i). On the other hand, single cells stained reddish-purple showed weak production of neutral mucins (Fig. 11g, h, i). Histochemical analysis of WWCPS lingual Weber’s glands demonstrated the presence of mixed mucoserous secretion, with dominance of mucous cells which produced acidic mucins.

TEM study

The epithelium lining the dorsal surface of the tongue contained four layers of cells: the basal, spinous, granular and keratin layers (Figs. 12, 13). The cells in the basal layer contained oval nuclei. The nuclei in the spinous layer and granular layer were more elongated (Fig. 12). Numerous intercellular connections in the form of desmosomes (Fig. 12) were present between cells, particularly in the superficial layers. Numerous microridges (Fig. 12a) were present on the surface of the cells in the superficial layer. Moreover, numerous tonofilaments (with low electron density) were observed within the epithelial cells (Fig. 12). Amorphous fragments were present in the cells of the superficial layers of the epithelium, while no other intracellular inclusions were visible (Fig. 12). Keratohyaline granules were present in the cells of the intermediate layer of the epithelium, especially in the anterior basal part of the filiform papillae, while the posterior side of these papille was covered by a keratinised surface layer (Fig. 13). Keratohyaline granules with high electron density were irregular or elongated (Fig. 13).

Discussion

Studies that assessed the structure of the tongue in chosen mammals living in different habitats and receiving different diets have found there are species-specific morphological differences (Iwasaki and Miyata 1990; Chamorro et al. 1993a, b; Saber et al. 2001; Jackowiak 2006; Toprak and Yilmaz 2007; Elsnasharty et al. 2013; Yoshimura et al. 2008, 2013; Erdoğan et al. 2015, 2016; Goździewska-Harłajczuk et al. 2015, 2016; Akbari et al. 2017).
The tongues of the WWCPS rats had a macroscopic structure comparable to the tongues of other rat lines (Al-Refai et al. 2014), the Wistar rat (Kullaa-Mikkonen et al. 1987, Picoli et al. 2006; Verli et al. 2008; Costa et al. 2013) or the Sprague–Dawley rat (Costa et al. 2013; Reginato et al. 2014). The median groove in the WWCPS was approximately 1 cm long and was found only in the apex. A similar well demarcated median groove in the region of the apex was found in rodents such as the bank vole (Jackowiak and Godynicki 2005), porcupine (Karan et al. 2011), the squirrel (Ünsaldi 2010), agouti (Ciena et al. 2013), hazel dormouse (Wołczuk 2014), the Persian squirrel (Sadeghinezhad et al. 2018), the large bamboo rat (Wannaprasert 2018) and at the apex and body of the tongue in the degu (Cizek et al. 2016). In contrast to wild rats, the median groove was absent in the guinea pig (Kobayashi 1990), Patagonian cavy (Emura et al. 2011) and capybara (Watanabe et al. 2013). In addition, the intermolar prominence was well marked in the WWCPS rat, similarly to the Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats (Costa et al. 2013) and other rodents, including the Patagonian cavy (Emura et al. 2011), the porcupine (Karan et al. 2011), the rabbit (Nonaka et al. 2008; Abumandour and El-Bakary 2013), hazel dormouse (Wołczuk 2014), the degu (Cizek et al. 2016) and the large bamboo rat (Wannaprasert 2018). It was poorly visible in the agouti (Ciena et al. 2013) and absent in the Persian squirrel (Sadeghinezhad et al. 2018) and capybara (Watanabe et al. 2013). The filiform papillae were the most common papillae in the WWCPS rat tongue. This was similar to the findings in other members of the Rodentia order (Whitehead and Kachele 1994; Watanabe et al. 1997; Emura et al. 1999a, b; Jackowiak and Godynicki 2005; Ünsaldi 2010; Kulawik and Godynicki 2007; Nonaka et al. 2008; Cheng et al. 2009; Kilinc et al. 2010; Atalar and Karan 2011; Karan et al. 2011; Emura et al. 2011; Abumandour and El-Bakary 2013; Ciena et al. 2013; Sakr et al. 2013; Watanabe et al. 2013; Wołczuk 2014; Cizek et al. 2016; Wannaprasert 2018; Sadeghinezhad et al. 2018). The filiform papillae in the WWCPS rats were of various sizes depending on their localisation on the surface of the tongue. Based on the SEM study, four subtypes of filiform papillae were identified in the WWCPS rat. In the Sprague Dawley and Wistar rats, three subtypes were described: simple conic papillae, giant papillae and true papillae (Costa et al. 2013; Reginato et al. 2014). In addition, Iwasaki et al. 1987 characterized conical-shaped filiform papillae, large conical papillae and filiform papillae with several long and slender branches in rats. In general, the structure of the filiform papillae in the WWCPS rats was similar to that in the Wistar or Sprague-Dawley rat (Iwasaki et al. 1997, 1999; Picoli et al. 2006). The analysis of the surface of the tongue in the WWCPS rats revealed that keratohyaline granules were present in the anterior part of the processes of filiform papillae and contained soft keratin, while the hard cortex comprising keratin did not contain keratohyaline granules in the posterior part of the filiform papillae processes. This is consistent with the findings of Kullaa-Mikkonen et al. (1987) in Wistar rats. The study of Iwasaki et al. (1999) on Sprague-Dawley rats confirmed that the morphogenesis of the filiform papillae may be influenced by various factors, affecting the shape of the anterior and posterior part of the filiform papillae. The dietary intake of wild rats is usually different to that of laboratory rats. Hence, the degree of keratinisation of the epithelial surface of the filiform papillae may vary in wild rats compared to laboratory rats. However, in this study, the wild-type WWCPS rats were fed a laboratory feed. Any differences between the animals are genetic or epigenetic and are not caused by environmental factors in ontogenesis.
In other rodents, the shape of the filiform papillae differed from those in the WWCPS rats. In the guinea pig, filiform papillae with a long central tip and several shorter lateral tips on the apex, a large conical papilla and small conical papillae containing rod-shaped projections (Kobayashi 1990; Ciena et al. 2017) were identified. In the porcupine, the filiform papillae were slender and conical or large with a round apex. Some of them were cylindrical and had a sharp apex (Karan et al. 2011). In the WWCPS rat, the giant filiform papillae located on the intermolar prominence were directed rostrally, similarly to those in the porcupine (Karan et al. 2011). The remaining types of filiform papillae in the WWCPS rats were directed caudally. Several subtypes of filiform papillae were also present in the bank vole: slim filiform papillae, larger filiform papillae, conical papillae and saw-like papillae (Jackowiak and Godynicki 2005). Large conical papillae were found in the Patagonian cavy (Emura et al. 2011) and three (Nonaka et al. 2008) to five (Abumandour and El-Bakary 2013) subtypes of filiform papillae were identified in the rabbit. Similarly, several filiform papillary subtypes were identified in the large bamboo rat (Wannaprasert 2018). As in the WWCPS rats, the closer the papillae were to the vallate papilla, the wider their base, leading to the formation of wide filiform papillae. In the degu, the filiform papillae on the apex had two spines (Cizek et al. 2016). Such spines were not identified in the WWCPS rats in the apex. Interestingly, in the degu, conical papillae were present on the root of the tongue. In the capybara, the shape of the filiform papillae (Watanabe et al. 2013) differed from that in the WWCPS rats.
As in other rodents, the gustatory papillae in the WWCPS rats could be divided into fungiform, foliate and vallate papillae. The fungiform papillae were round and dome-like, similar to those in the Sprague-Dawley rats (Reginato et al. 2014). In the Persian squirrel, the fungiform papillae contained from one to four taste buds distributed on the dorsal surface of the tongue (Sadeghinezhad et al. 2018). The surface of the fungiform papillae in the large bamboo rat also contained from one to four taste pores (Wannaprasert 2018). The surface of the fungiform papillae in the WWCPS rat contained from one to two taste pores, while in the bank vole, the fungiform papillae were round and contained a single taste pore on the surface (Jackowiak and Godynicki 2005). In the agouti, the fungiform papillae were also dome-like (Ciena et al. 2013). While in the WWCPS rats the fungiform papillae were located on the apex and body of the tongue, they were located on the entire surface of the tongue in the capybara, with the least papillae located on the lingual root (Watanabe et al. 2013). In contrast to the WWCPS rats, there were no fungiform papillae on the surface of the tongue in the degu (Cizek et al. 2016).
There was a single vallate papilla and an incomplete papillary groove in the WWCPS rat, which was also reported in the Sprague-Dawley rat (Reginato et al. 2014). The incomplete papillary groove was located in the caudal part of the vallate papilla. In addition, the annular pad was poorly developed. In the rat, the surface of the vallate papilla was covered with a transverse groove and elevations, besides a few taste pores were present on their surface (El Sharaby et al. 2014). Other rodents had from one to four vallate papillae. Three V-shaped vallate papillae were found in the Persian squirrel (Sadeghinezhad et al. 2018), two oval vallate papillae were described in the large bamboo rat (Wannaprasert, 2018) and a single vallate papilla was present in the bank vole (Jackowiak and Godynicki 2005). The vallate papillae in the WWCPS rats also differed from the one in the agouti in that it had four elongated vallate papillae (Ciena et al. 2013). Two vallate papillae in the degu were surrounded by an incompletely formed groove (Cizek et al. 2016). Two vallate papillae were described in the capybara (Watanabe et al. 2013), the Patagonian cavy (Emura et al. 2011) and the rabbit (Nonaka et al. 2008; Abumandour and El-Bakary 2013), while three papillae were identified in the squirrel (Ünsaldi 2010).
The foliate papillae in the WWCPS rat were located symmetrically on the latero-caudal part of the tongue between the body and the root. In the bank vole, the foliate papillae had a similar localisation (Jackowiak and Godynicki 2005). The foliate papillae in the WWCPS rat was formed from five pairs of epithelial folds similarly to the Sprague-Dawley rats (Reginato et al. 2014). The finger-like foliate papillae that were formed from several folds were also present in the Persian squirrel (Sadeghinezhad et al. 2018). In the agouti, the foliate papillae were formed by 12 ridges separated by grooves located on either side of the lateral and dorsal surface of the tongue in its caudal region (Ciena et al. 2013). Similarly to the WWCPS rats, well-formed foliate papillae were also described in the capybara (Watanabe et al. 2013), Patagonian cavy (Emura et al. 2011), squirrel (Ünsaldi 2010) and rabbit, where they were oval (Abumandour and El-Bakary 2013) and separated by a parallel groove (Nonaka et al. 2008). According to Kobayashi 1990, the guinea pig had two foliate papillae. In contrast, no foliate papillae were found in the large bamboo rat (Wannaprasert 2018). In the WWCPS rat, the taste buds in the walls of the foliate papillae were elongated and well-formed. Interestingly, in the mouse, the taste buds of the foliate papillae develop and function in the first 8 days of life (Toprak and Yilmaz 2007).
As in the WWCPS rats, Weber’s glands in the lingual root in the Sprague-Dawley rats were mixed tubulo-acinar glands (Nagato et al. 1997). The study by Nagato et al. 1997 did not find typical ducts in Weber’s glands in the Sprague-Dawley rat, which was comparable to the WWCPS rat lingual gland in our study. In the WWCPS, typical mucous cells were present in the walls of the lingual mucoserous glands, which has been previously shown in the Sprague-Dawley rat (Nagato et al. 1997). Moreover, the openings of the mucoserous glands, which were present at the surface of the tongue in the WWCPS rat, were covered by a stratified keratinised epithelium, as reported by Nagato et al. 1997. In the Persian squirrel, a PAS positive reaction indicated the presence of neutral mucin in those glands (Sadeghinezhad et al. 2018), as in the WWCPS rat, where the intense colour of the reaction confirmed a positive outcome. AB pH 1.0 and AB pH 2.5 in the Persian squirrel stained the mucous cells of the glands blue, indicating that they secrete acidic carboxylated mucin as well as acidic sulphated mucin (Sadeghinezhad et al. 2018), similarly to the WWCPS rat. However, in WWCPS rats, AB pH 2.5 stained the mucous cells more intensely than AB pH 1.0. In addition, the AB/PAS stains in the WWCPS rats indicated that the mucous cells producing acidic mucins were predominant, which was comparable to the Persian squirrel (Sadeghinezhad et al. 2018). On the other hand, some differences in the type of secretion produced were found between the WWCPS rat and the mole rat (Kuru et al. 2017). In the degu, the posterior lingual gland also had a mixed character and was divided into several lobules (Cizek et al. 2016). Besides similarly to WWCPS rat the serous acini of von Ebner’s glands were observed in capybara (Watanabe et al. 2013). In the hamster, von Ebner’s gland with serous acini and Weber’s glands with dominant mucous cells were observed (Cheng et al. 2009), which was comparable to the structure of the WWCPS rat lingual gland. Additionally, the shape of the serous and mucous cells of the lingual gland in both the hamster (Cheng et al. 2009) and WWCPS rat was similar. In Syrian hamsters, von Ebner’s glands have a similar histologic structure to those same glands in the rat. However, the enzymatic activity within those glands varies between the two species (Paliwal et al. 2006). The secretion in the posterior lingual glands in the WWCPS rats is similar to that of the Sprague-Dawley rat, enabling swallowing. Furthermore, von Ebner’s gland facilitates the sensation of taste by rinsing the area of the gustatory papillae (Nagato et al. 1997). The study by Youn and Jo (1998) found that in rats the composition of the secretion produced by the lingual salivary glands changes with the growth of the animal.
The study using the TEM of the lingual surface of the WWCPS rat revealed the presence of four cell layers, similarly to the agouti (Ciena et al. 2013), capybara (Watanabe et al. 2013) or Sprague–Dawley rat (Iwasaki et al. 1999). TEM of the WWCPS rat tongue also confirmed the presence of numerous keratohyaline granules in the intermediate layer of the dorsal lingual epithelium anterior to the filiform papillae. Similar findings in the Sprague-Dawley rat were described by Iwasaki et al. (1999). The shape of the keratohyaline granules in the WWCPS rats ranged from irregular to elongated, which was also been observed in other laboratory rats (Iwasaki et al. 1999). Keratohyaline granules, also observed in the granulous layer of the capybara lingual epithelium, were comparable to those in the WWCPS rat (Watanabe et al. 2013).
Rats are omnivores, and wild rats have access to diverse food. In addition, wild rats fight for food and behave differently to laboratory rats. Typical laboratory lines of rats have constant access to food, which is not diversified and usually consists of ready-made feeds. Comparative postnatal histomorphogenesis of the mandible in wild and laboratory mice showed that there are differences between wild and laboratory animals in the genetic regulation of bone remodeling (Martinez-Vargas et al. 2018). The study of Martinez-Vargas et al. (2018) found that inbred mice may be used as a basic animal study model although changes instigated by domestication need to be considered.
In conclusion, current physiological studies in wild, wild vs laboratory rats and WWCPS rats are valuable as they enable the identification of traits formed by domestication of lines of breeding rats. However the morphological analysis of the wild-type rats found that the general morphology of the tongue and microstructure, as well as the distribution of the lingual papillae are similar (based on histological, SEM and TEM studies) to the Wistar or Sprague-Dawley laboratory rats. Despite the previously described similarities between strains of laboratory rats and the WWCPS rat, the SEM study revealed the presence of four distinct subtypes of filiform papillae in the WWCPS rat.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments that have improved the manuscript.

Compliance with ethical standards

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://​creativecommons.​org/​licenses/​by/​4.​0/​), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

Unsere Produktempfehlungen

e.Med Interdisziplinär

Kombi-Abonnement

Für Ihren Erfolg in Klinik und Praxis - Die beste Hilfe in Ihrem Arbeitsalltag

Mit e.Med Interdisziplinär erhalten Sie Zugang zu allen CME-Fortbildungen und Fachzeitschriften auf SpringerMedizin.de.

© Springer Medizin

Bis 11. April 2024 bestellen und im ersten Jahr 50 % sparen!

Literatur
Zurück zum Zitat Abayomi TA, Ofusori DA, Ayoka OA, Odukoya SA, Omotoso EO, Amegor FO, Ajayi SA, Ojo GB, Oluwayinka OP (2009) A comparative histological study of the tongue of rat (Rattus norvegicus), bat (Eidolon helvum) and pangolin (Manis tricuspis). Int J Morphol 27:1111–1119CrossRef Abayomi TA, Ofusori DA, Ayoka OA, Odukoya SA, Omotoso EO, Amegor FO, Ajayi SA, Ojo GB, Oluwayinka OP (2009) A comparative histological study of the tongue of rat (Rattus norvegicus), bat (Eidolon helvum) and pangolin (Manis tricuspis). Int J Morphol 27:1111–1119CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Abumandour A, El-Bakary RMA (2013) Anatomic reference for morphological and scanning electron microscopic studies of the New Zeland white rabbits tongue (Orycotolagaus cuniculus) and their lingual adaptation for feeding habits. J Morphol Sci 30:254–265 Abumandour A, El-Bakary RMA (2013) Anatomic reference for morphological and scanning electron microscopic studies of the New Zeland white rabbits tongue (Orycotolagaus cuniculus) and their lingual adaptation for feeding habits. J Morphol Sci 30:254–265
Zurück zum Zitat Al-Refai AS, Omar OA, Khaial AK (2014) Effect of chamomile extract on the tongue of chemotherapy treated Albino rats (histopathological and immunohistochemical study). J Clin Cell Immunol 5:1–8 Al-Refai AS, Omar OA, Khaial AK (2014) Effect of chamomile extract on the tongue of chemotherapy treated Albino rats (histopathological and immunohistochemical study). J Clin Cell Immunol 5:1–8
Zurück zum Zitat Alvarez A, Perez SI, Verzi DH (2011) Early evolutionary differentiation of morphological variation in the mandible of South American caviomorph rodents (Rodentia, Caviomorpha). J Evol Biol 24:2687–2695CrossRefPubMed Alvarez A, Perez SI, Verzi DH (2011) Early evolutionary differentiation of morphological variation in the mandible of South American caviomorph rodents (Rodentia, Caviomorpha). J Evol Biol 24:2687–2695CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Atalar O, Karan M (2011) The light and scanning electron microscopic structure of the papilla valatae in the porcupine (Hystrix cristata). J Vet Anim Adv 10:3069–3073 Atalar O, Karan M (2011) The light and scanning electron microscopic structure of the papilla valatae in the porcupine (Hystrix cristata). J Vet Anim Adv 10:3069–3073
Zurück zum Zitat Chamorro CA, de Paz P, Fernandez JG, Anel L (1993a) Fungiform papillae of the pig and the wild boar analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. Scan Microsc 7:313–322 Chamorro CA, de Paz P, Fernandez JG, Anel L (1993a) Fungiform papillae of the pig and the wild boar analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. Scan Microsc 7:313–322
Zurück zum Zitat Chamorro CA, Fernandez JG, de Paz P, Pelaze B, Anel L (1993b) Scanning electron microscopy of the wild boar and pig lingual papillae. Histol Histopathol 9:657–667 Chamorro CA, Fernandez JG, de Paz P, Pelaze B, Anel L (1993b) Scanning electron microscopy of the wild boar and pig lingual papillae. Histol Histopathol 9:657–667
Zurück zum Zitat Cheng SJ, Huang CF, Chen YC, Lee JJ, Chang HH, Chen HM, Chiang ML, Kuo MY, Kok SH, Tseng CY (2009) Ultrastructural changes of posterior lingual glands after hypoglossal denervation in hamsters. J Anat 214:163–170CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Cheng SJ, Huang CF, Chen YC, Lee JJ, Chang HH, Chen HM, Chiang ML, Kuo MY, Kok SH, Tseng CY (2009) Ultrastructural changes of posterior lingual glands after hypoglossal denervation in hamsters. J Anat 214:163–170CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Ciena AP, de Sousa Bolina C, de Almeida SR, Rici RE, de Oliveira MF, de Silva MC, Miglino MA, Watanabe IS (2013) Structural and ultrastructural features of agouti tongue (Dasyprocta aguti Linnaeus, 1766). J Anat 223:152–158CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Ciena AP, de Sousa Bolina C, de Almeida SR, Rici RE, de Oliveira MF, de Silva MC, Miglino MA, Watanabe IS (2013) Structural and ultrastructural features of agouti tongue (Dasyprocta aguti Linnaeus, 1766). J Anat 223:152–158CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Ciena AP, dos Santos AC, Vasconcelos BG, Grassi Ricci RE, de Assis Neto AC, Yomikozo de Almeida SR, Miglino MA, Watanabe I (2017) Morphological characteristics of the papillae and lingual epithelium of guinea pig (Cavia porcellus). Acta Zool. https://doi.org/10.1111/azo.12230 CrossRef Ciena AP, dos Santos AC, Vasconcelos BG, Grassi Ricci RE, de Assis Neto AC, Yomikozo de Almeida SR, Miglino MA, Watanabe I (2017) Morphological characteristics of the papillae and lingual epithelium of guinea pig (Cavia porcellus). Acta Zool. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1111/​azo.​12230 CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Costa ACBP, Pereira CA, Junqueira JC, Jorge AOC (2013) Recent mouse and rat methods for the study of experimental oral candidiasis. Virulence 4:391–399CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Costa ACBP, Pereira CA, Junqueira JC, Jorge AOC (2013) Recent mouse and rat methods for the study of experimental oral candidiasis. Virulence 4:391–399CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat de Abreu MA, Weckx LL, Hirata CH (2006) Histological and ultrastructural aspects of the tongue under nourished rats. Rev Bras Otorhinolaringol 72:523–527CrossRef de Abreu MA, Weckx LL, Hirata CH (2006) Histological and ultrastructural aspects of the tongue under nourished rats. Rev Bras Otorhinolaringol 72:523–527CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Doran GA, Baggett H (1971) Structural and functional classification of mammalian tongues. J Mammal 52:427–429CrossRefPubMed Doran GA, Baggett H (1971) Structural and functional classification of mammalian tongues. J Mammal 52:427–429CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Dröscher VB (1993) Białe lwy muszą umrzeć. Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, Warszawa Dröscher VB (1993) Białe lwy muszą umrzeć. Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, Warszawa
Zurück zum Zitat El Sharaby AA, El-Gendy SA, Alsafy MA, Nomir AG, Wakisaka S (2014) Morphological variations of the vallate papillae in some mammalian species. Anat Sci Int 89:161–170CrossRefPubMed El Sharaby AA, El-Gendy SA, Alsafy MA, Nomir AG, Wakisaka S (2014) Morphological variations of the vallate papillae in some mammalian species. Anat Sci Int 89:161–170CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Elsnasharty M, El Sharaby A, Nor-El-din A (2013) Histogenessis of rabbit vallate papilla. World Acad Sci Eng Technol 76:509–516 Elsnasharty M, El Sharaby A, Nor-El-din A (2013) Histogenessis of rabbit vallate papilla. World Acad Sci Eng Technol 76:509–516
Zurück zum Zitat Emura S, Tamada A, Hayakawa D, Chen H, Jamali M, Taguchi H, Shoumura S (1999a) SEM study on the dorsal lingual surface of the flying squirrel, Petaurista leucogenys. Ann Anatomy 181:495–498CrossRef Emura S, Tamada A, Hayakawa D, Chen H, Jamali M, Taguchi H, Shoumura S (1999a) SEM study on the dorsal lingual surface of the flying squirrel, Petaurista leucogenys. Ann Anatomy 181:495–498CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Emura S, Tamada A, Hayakawa D, Chen H, Jamali M, Ozawa Y, Shoumura S (1999b) SEM study on the dorsal lingual surface of Microtus montebelli. Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn 76:171–177CrossRefPubMed Emura S, Tamada A, Hayakawa D, Chen H, Jamali M, Ozawa Y, Shoumura S (1999b) SEM study on the dorsal lingual surface of Microtus montebelli. Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn 76:171–177CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Emura S, Tamada A, Hayakawa D, Chen H, Shoumura S (2001) SEM study of the dorsal lingual surface of the nutria, Myocastor coypus (in Japanese). Kaibogaku Zasshi 76:233–238PubMed Emura S, Tamada A, Hayakawa D, Chen H, Shoumura S (2001) SEM study of the dorsal lingual surface of the nutria, Myocastor coypus (in Japanese). Kaibogaku Zasshi 76:233–238PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Emura S, Okumura T, Chen H (2011) Morphology of the lingual papillae in the Patagonian cavy. Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn 88:121–125CrossRefPubMed Emura S, Okumura T, Chen H (2011) Morphology of the lingual papillae in the Patagonian cavy. Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn 88:121–125CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Erdoğan S, Arias SV, Peréz W (2015) Morphology of the lingual surface of south American fur seal (Arctocephalus australis) and sea lion (Otaria flavescens). Microsc Res Tech 78:140–147CrossRefPubMed Erdoğan S, Arias SV, Peréz W (2015) Morphology of the lingual surface of south American fur seal (Arctocephalus australis) and sea lion (Otaria flavescens). Microsc Res Tech 78:140–147CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Erdoğan S, Lima M, Peréz W (2016) Anatomical and scanning electron microscopic study of the tongue in the meerkat (Suricata suricatta, Shreber 1776). Anat Histol Embryol 45:51–59CrossRefPubMed Erdoğan S, Lima M, Peréz W (2016) Anatomical and scanning electron microscopic study of the tongue in the meerkat (Suricata suricatta, Shreber 1776). Anat Histol Embryol 45:51–59CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Goździewska-Harłajczuk K, Klećkowska-Nawrot J, Janeczek M, Zawadzki M (2015) Morphology of the lingual and buccal papillae in alpaca (Vicugna pacos)—light and scanning electron microscopy. Anat Histol Embrol 44:345–360CrossRef Goździewska-Harłajczuk K, Klećkowska-Nawrot J, Janeczek M, Zawadzki M (2015) Morphology of the lingual and buccal papillae in alpaca (Vicugna pacos)—light and scanning electron microscopy. Anat Histol Embrol 44:345–360CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Goździewska-Harłajczuk K, Klećkowska-Nawrot J, Nowaczyk R, Barszcz K, Przespolewska H, Kupczyńska M (2016) Biological aspect of the surface structure of the tongue in the adult red kangaroo (Macropus rufus)- light and scanning electron microscopy. Biologia 71:701–716CrossRef Goździewska-Harłajczuk K, Klećkowska-Nawrot J, Nowaczyk R, Barszcz K, Przespolewska H, Kupczyńska M (2016) Biological aspect of the surface structure of the tongue in the adult red kangaroo (Macropus rufus)- light and scanning electron microscopy. Biologia 71:701–716CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Grandi D, Arcari ML, Azalli G (1994) Ultrastructural aspects of the lingual papillae in the gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). Ital J Anat Embryol 99:201–217 Grandi D, Arcari ML, Azalli G (1994) Ultrastructural aspects of the lingual papillae in the gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). Ital J Anat Embryol 99:201–217
Zurück zum Zitat Himmler BT, Stryjek R, Modlińska K, Derksen SM, Pisula W, Pellis SM (2013) How domestication modulates play behavior: a comparative analysis between wild rats and a laboratory strain of Rattus norvegicus. J Comp Psychol 127:453–464CrossRefPubMed Himmler BT, Stryjek R, Modlińska K, Derksen SM, Pisula W, Pellis SM (2013) How domestication modulates play behavior: a comparative analysis between wild rats and a laboratory strain of Rattus norvegicus. J Comp Psychol 127:453–464CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Hosley MA, Oakley B (1987) Postnatal development of the vallate papilla and taste buds in rats. Anat Rec 218:216–222CrossRefPubMed Hosley MA, Oakley B (1987) Postnatal development of the vallate papilla and taste buds in rats. Anat Rec 218:216–222CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Iino T, Kobayashi K (1988) Morphological studies on the lingual papillae and their connective tissue papillae of rats (in Japanese). Shigaku 75:1039–1060PubMed Iino T, Kobayashi K (1988) Morphological studies on the lingual papillae and their connective tissue papillae of rats (in Japanese). Shigaku 75:1039–1060PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Iwasaki S, Miyata K, Kobayashi K (1987) Comparative studies of the dorsal surface of the tongue in three mammalian species by scanning electron microscopy. Acta Anat 128:140–146CrossRefPubMed Iwasaki S, Miyata K, Kobayashi K (1987) Comparative studies of the dorsal surface of the tongue in three mammalian species by scanning electron microscopy. Acta Anat 128:140–146CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Iwasaki S, Yoshizawa H, Kawahara I (1997) Study by scanning electron microscopy of the morphogenesis of three types of lingual papilla in the rat. Anat Rec 247:528–541CrossRefPubMed Iwasaki S, Yoshizawa H, Kawahara I (1997) Study by scanning electron microscopy of the morphogenesis of three types of lingual papilla in the rat. Anat Rec 247:528–541CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Iwasaki S, Yoshizawa H, Kawahara I (1999) Ultrastructural study of the relationship between the morphogenesis of filiform papillae and the keratinization of the lingual epithelium in the rat. J Anat 195:27–38CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Iwasaki S, Yoshizawa H, Kawahara I (1999) Ultrastructural study of the relationship between the morphogenesis of filiform papillae and the keratinization of the lingual epithelium in the rat. J Anat 195:27–38CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Jackowiak H (2006) Scanning electron microscopy study of the lingual papillae in the European mole (Talpa europea L., Talpidae). Anat Histol Embryol 35:190–195CrossRefPubMed Jackowiak H (2006) Scanning electron microscopy study of the lingual papillae in the European mole (Talpa europea L., Talpidae). Anat Histol Embryol 35:190–195CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Jackowiak H, Godynicki S (2005) The distribution and structure of the lingual papillae on the tongue of the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus). Folia Morphol 64:326–333 Jackowiak H, Godynicki S (2005) The distribution and structure of the lingual papillae on the tongue of the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus). Folia Morphol 64:326–333
Zurück zum Zitat Jakob I, Hauser IA, Thevenod F, Lindemann B (1998) MDR1 in taste buds of rat vallate papilla: functional, immunohistochemical and biochemical evidence. Am J Physiol 274:C182–C191CrossRefPubMed Jakob I, Hauser IA, Thevenod F, Lindemann B (1998) MDR1 in taste buds of rat vallate papilla: functional, immunohistochemical and biochemical evidence. Am J Physiol 274:C182–C191CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Jensen P (2010) Domestication, selection, behaviour and welfare of animals—genetic mechanisms for rapid responses. Anim Welfare 19:7–9 Jensen P (2010) Domestication, selection, behaviour and welfare of animals—genetic mechanisms for rapid responses. Anim Welfare 19:7–9
Zurück zum Zitat Karan M, Yilmaz S, Aydin A (2011) Morphology of the filiform lingual papillae in porcupine (Hystrix cristata). Anat Histol Embryol 40:100–103CrossRefPubMed Karan M, Yilmaz S, Aydin A (2011) Morphology of the filiform lingual papillae in porcupine (Hystrix cristata). Anat Histol Embryol 40:100–103CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Kilinc M, Erdoğan S, Ketani S, Ketani MA (2010) Morphological study by scanning electron microscopy of the lingual papillae in the Middle East Blind Mole Rat (Spalax ehrenbergi, Nehring, 1898). Anat Histol Embryol 39:509–515CrossRefPubMed Kilinc M, Erdoğan S, Ketani S, Ketani MA (2010) Morphological study by scanning electron microscopy of the lingual papillae in the Middle East Blind Mole Rat (Spalax ehrenbergi, Nehring, 1898). Anat Histol Embryol 39:509–515CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Kobayashi K (1990) Three-dimensional architecture of the connective tissue core of the lingual papillae in the guinea pig. Anat Embryol 182:205–213CrossRefPubMed Kobayashi K (1990) Three-dimensional architecture of the connective tissue core of the lingual papillae in the guinea pig. Anat Embryol 182:205–213CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Kobayashi K, Toh H, Tomo S (1992) Scanning electron microscopic study on the lingual papillae in the Manchurian chipmunk, Tamias sibiricus asiaticus. Okijamas Folia Anat Jpn 69:139–143CrossRef Kobayashi K, Toh H, Tomo S (1992) Scanning electron microscopic study on the lingual papillae in the Manchurian chipmunk, Tamias sibiricus asiaticus. Okijamas Folia Anat Jpn 69:139–143CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Kubrakiewicz J, Jabłońska A, Mazurkiewicz-Kania M, Bilinski SM (2003) Differentiation and diversification of the follicular cells in flies: insight from the studies of the lower brachycerans’ ovaries. Genesis 36:214–224CrossRefPubMed Kubrakiewicz J, Jabłońska A, Mazurkiewicz-Kania M, Bilinski SM (2003) Differentiation and diversification of the follicular cells in flies: insight from the studies of the lower brachycerans’ ovaries. Genesis 36:214–224CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Kulawik M, Godynicki S (2007) Vallate papillae in the domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus f. domestica). Pol J Vet Sci 10:47–50PubMed Kulawik M, Godynicki S (2007) Vallate papillae in the domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus f. domestica). Pol J Vet Sci 10:47–50PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Kullaa-Mikkonen A, Hynynen M, Hyvonen P (1987) Filiform papillae of human, rat and swine tongue. Acta Anat 130:280–284CrossRefPubMed Kullaa-Mikkonen A, Hynynen M, Hyvonen P (1987) Filiform papillae of human, rat and swine tongue. Acta Anat 130:280–284CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Kuru N, Çinar K, Demirbag E, Ilgun R (2017) Histological and histochemical structure of lingual salivary glands in mole rat (Spalax leucodon). Indian J Anim Res 51:252–255 Kuru N, Çinar K, Demirbag E, Ilgun R (2017) Histological and histochemical structure of lingual salivary glands in mole rat (Spalax leucodon). Indian J Anim Res 51:252–255
Zurück zum Zitat Lockard RB (1968) The albino rat: a defensible choice or a bad habit? Am Psychol 23:734–742CrossRefPubMed Lockard RB (1968) The albino rat: a defensible choice or a bad habit? Am Psychol 23:734–742CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Lopes JB, Watanabe IS, Soares LE, da Silva NS, da Silva MC (2009) Ultrastructural aspects of female aging Wistar rat epithelium tongue: HRSEM and TEM study. Gerontology 55:442–448CrossRefPubMed Lopes JB, Watanabe IS, Soares LE, da Silva NS, da Silva MC (2009) Ultrastructural aspects of female aging Wistar rat epithelium tongue: HRSEM and TEM study. Gerontology 55:442–448CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Martinez-Vargas J, Martinez-Maza C, Munoz-Munoz F, Medarde N, Lamrous H, Lopez-Fuster MJ, Cubo J, Ventura J (2018) Comparative postnatal histomorphogenesis of the mandible in wild and laboratory mice. Ann Anat 215:8–19CrossRefPubMed Martinez-Vargas J, Martinez-Maza C, Munoz-Munoz F, Medarde N, Lamrous H, Lopez-Fuster MJ, Cubo J, Ventura J (2018) Comparative postnatal histomorphogenesis of the mandible in wild and laboratory mice. Ann Anat 215:8–19CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Modlińska K, Stryjek R (2016) Food neophobia in wild rats (Rattus norvegicus) inhabiting a changeable environment—a field study. PLoS ONE 11(6):e0156741CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Modlińska K, Stryjek R (2016) Food neophobia in wild rats (Rattus norvegicus) inhabiting a changeable environment—a field study. PLoS ONE 11(6):e0156741CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Munakata H, Isemur M, Yosizawa Z (1985) An application of the high-iron diamine staining for detection of sulfated glycoproteins (glycopeptides) in electrophoresis on cellulose acetate membrane. Tohoku J Exp Med 145:251–257CrossRefPubMed Munakata H, Isemur M, Yosizawa Z (1985) An application of the high-iron diamine staining for detection of sulfated glycoproteins (glycopeptides) in electrophoresis on cellulose acetate membrane. Tohoku J Exp Med 145:251–257CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Nagato T, Ren XZ, Toh H, Tandler B (1997) Ultrastructure of Weber’s salivary glands of the root of the tongue in the rat. Anat Rec 249:435–440CrossRefPubMed Nagato T, Ren XZ, Toh H, Tandler B (1997) Ultrastructure of Weber’s salivary glands of the root of the tongue in the rat. Anat Rec 249:435–440CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Nonaka K, Zheng JH, Kobayashi K (2008) Comparative morphological study on the lingual papillae and their connective tissue cores in rabbits. Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn 85:57–66CrossRefPubMed Nonaka K, Zheng JH, Kobayashi K (2008) Comparative morphological study on the lingual papillae and their connective tissue cores in rabbits. Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn 85:57–66CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Paliwal A, Srikantan S, De PK, Hand AR, Redman RS (2006) Histological and biochemical characterization of von Ebner’s glands in the Syrian hamster; comparison with rat von Ebner’s glands. Biotech Histochem 81:139–149CrossRefPubMed Paliwal A, Srikantan S, De PK, Hand AR, Redman RS (2006) Histological and biochemical characterization of von Ebner’s glands in the Syrian hamster; comparison with rat von Ebner’s glands. Biotech Histochem 81:139–149CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Picoli LC, Lopes RA, Semprini M, Sala MA, Ogawa K, Watanabe T (2006) Transmission electron microscopy study of the neonatal rat tongue mucosa treated with special attention to the bacteriae on the epithelial cell membrane. Int J Morphol 24:159–163CrossRef Picoli LC, Lopes RA, Semprini M, Sala MA, Ogawa K, Watanabe T (2006) Transmission electron microscopy study of the neonatal rat tongue mucosa treated with special attention to the bacteriae on the epithelial cell membrane. Int J Morphol 24:159–163CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Prusky GT, Harker KT, Douglas RM, Whishaw IQ (2002) Variation in visual acuity within pigmented, and between pigment-ed and albino rat strains. Behav Brain Res 136:339–348CrossRefPubMed Prusky GT, Harker KT, Douglas RM, Whishaw IQ (2002) Variation in visual acuity within pigmented, and between pigment-ed and albino rat strains. Behav Brain Res 136:339–348CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Reginato GS, Bolina CS, Watanabe IS, Ciena AP (2014) Three-dimensional aspects of the lingual papillae and their connective tissue cores in the tongue of rats: a scanning electron microscope study. Sci World J 841879 Reginato GS, Bolina CS, Watanabe IS, Ciena AP (2014) Three-dimensional aspects of the lingual papillae and their connective tissue cores in the tongue of rats: a scanning electron microscope study. Sci World J 841879
Zurück zum Zitat Saber A, Weyrauch K, Salem AO (2001) Scanning electron microscopical study on the papillary body of the tongue papillae of the dromedary (Camelus dromedarius). J Cam Pract Res Saber A, Weyrauch K, Salem AO (2001) Scanning electron microscopical study on the papillary body of the tongue papillae of the dromedary (Camelus dromedarius). J Cam Pract Res
Zurück zum Zitat Sadeghinezhad J, Tootian Z, Javadi F (2018) Anatomical and histological structure of the tongue and histochemical characteristics of the lingual salivary glands in the Persian squirrel (Sciurus anomalus). Anat Sci Int 93:58–68CrossRefPubMed Sadeghinezhad J, Tootian Z, Javadi F (2018) Anatomical and histological structure of the tongue and histochemical characteristics of the lingual salivary glands in the Persian squirrel (Sciurus anomalus). Anat Sci Int 93:58–68CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Sakr SMI, Taki-El-Deen FMA, Aboelwafa HR (2013) Comparative light and scanning electron microscopic study of the lingual papillae in three different mammalian animals: Hemiechinus auritus (Erinaceomorpha: Erinaceidae), Cavia porcellus (Rodentia: Caviidae) and Mustela nivalis vulgaris (Carnivora: Mustelidae). Life Sci J 10:3082–3093 Sakr SMI, Taki-El-Deen FMA, Aboelwafa HR (2013) Comparative light and scanning electron microscopic study of the lingual papillae in three different mammalian animals: Hemiechinus auritus (Erinaceomorpha: Erinaceidae), Cavia porcellus (Rodentia: Caviidae) and Mustela nivalis vulgaris (Carnivora: Mustelidae). Life Sci J 10:3082–3093
Zurück zum Zitat Sachs BD (1996) Penile erection in response to remote cues from females: albino rats severely impaired relative to pigmented strains. Physiol Behav 60:803–808CrossRefPubMed Sachs BD (1996) Penile erection in response to remote cues from females: albino rats severely impaired relative to pigmented strains. Physiol Behav 60:803–808CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Schumacher U, Duku M, Katoh M, Jörns J, Krause WJ (2004) Histochemical similarities of mucins produced by Brunner’s glands and pyloric glands: a comparative study. Anat Rec 278:540–550CrossRef Schumacher U, Duku M, Katoh M, Jörns J, Krause WJ (2004) Histochemical similarities of mucins produced by Brunner’s glands and pyloric glands: a comparative study. Anat Rec 278:540–550CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Sheehan DC, Hrapchak BB (1980) Theory and practice histotechnology, 2nd edn. Mosby, St. Louis, MO, pp 52, 164–167 Sheehan DC, Hrapchak BB (1980) Theory and practice histotechnology, 2nd edn. Mosby, St. Louis, MO, pp 52, 164–167
Zurück zum Zitat Shindo J, Yoshimura K, Kobayashi K (2006) Comparative morphological study connective on the stereo-structure of the lingual papillae and their connective tissue cores of American beaver. Okijamas Folia Anat Jpn 82:127–137CrossRef Shindo J, Yoshimura K, Kobayashi K (2006) Comparative morphological study connective on the stereo-structure of the lingual papillae and their connective tissue cores of American beaver. Okijamas Folia Anat Jpn 82:127–137CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Shumake SA, Thompson RD, Caudill CJ (1971) Taste preference behavior of laboratory versus wild Norway rats. J Comp Physiol Psychol 77:489–494CrossRefPubMed Shumake SA, Thompson RD, Caudill CJ (1971) Taste preference behavior of laboratory versus wild Norway rats. J Comp Physiol Psychol 77:489–494CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Spicer SC, Henson JG (1967) Methods for localizing mucosubstances in epithelial and connective tissue. In: Bajusz E, Jamin F (eds) Series on methods and achievements in experimental pathology, vol 2. Karger, Basel, pp 78–112 Spicer SC, Henson JG (1967) Methods for localizing mucosubstances in epithelial and connective tissue. In: Bajusz E, Jamin F (eds) Series on methods and achievements in experimental pathology, vol 2. Karger, Basel, pp 78–112
Zurück zum Zitat Stangl FB, Pfau RS (1994) Gross morphology and distribution patterns of lingual papillae in some geomyid and hetromyid rodents. Proc Oklahoma Acad Sci 74:25–29 Stangl FB, Pfau RS (1994) Gross morphology and distribution patterns of lingual papillae in some geomyid and hetromyid rodents. Proc Oklahoma Acad Sci 74:25–29
Zurück zum Zitat Stryjek R, Modlińska K (2016) Proces udomowienia (ulaboratoryjnienia) szczura wędrownego i jego implikacje dla badań naukowych. Kosmos 65(2):177–186 Stryjek R, Modlińska K (2016) Proces udomowienia (ulaboratoryjnienia) szczura wędrownego i jego implikacje dla badań naukowych. Kosmos 65(2):177–186
Zurück zum Zitat Stryjek R, Pisula W (2008) Warsaw Wild Captive Pisula Stryjek rats (WWCPS)—establishing a breeding colony of Norway rat in captivity. Pol Psychol Bull 39(2):67–70CrossRef Stryjek R, Pisula W (2008) Warsaw Wild Captive Pisula Stryjek rats (WWCPS)—establishing a breeding colony of Norway rat in captivity. Pol Psychol Bull 39(2):67–70CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Stryjek R, Modlińska K, Pisula W (2012a) Species specific behavioural patterns (digging and swimming) and reaction to novel objects in wild type, Wistar, Sprague-Dawley and brown norway rats. PLoS ONE 7(7):e40642CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Stryjek R, Modlińska K, Pisula W (2012a) Species specific behavioural patterns (digging and swimming) and reaction to novel objects in wild type, Wistar, Sprague-Dawley and brown norway rats. PLoS ONE 7(7):e40642CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Stryjek R, Modlińska K, Pisula W (2012b) Response to spatial and nonspatial change in wild (WWCPS) and Wistar rats. Polish Psychol Bull 43(2):124–131CrossRef Stryjek R, Modlińska K, Pisula W (2012b) Response to spatial and nonspatial change in wild (WWCPS) and Wistar rats. Polish Psychol Bull 43(2):124–131CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Stryjek R, Modlińska K, Turlejski K, Pisula W (2013) Circadian rhythm of outside-nest activity in wild (WWCPS), Albino and Pigmented Laboratory Rats. PLoS ONE 8(6):e66055CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Stryjek R, Modlińska K, Turlejski K, Pisula W (2013) Circadian rhythm of outside-nest activity in wild (WWCPS), Albino and Pigmented Laboratory Rats. PLoS ONE 8(6):e66055CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Tandler B, Pinkstaff CA, Riva A (1994) Ultrastructure and histochemistry of human anterior lingual salivary glands (glands of Blandin-Nuhn). Anat Rec 240:167–177CrossRefPubMed Tandler B, Pinkstaff CA, Riva A (1994) Ultrastructure and histochemistry of human anterior lingual salivary glands (glands of Blandin-Nuhn). Anat Rec 240:167–177CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Toprak B, Yilmaz S (2007) Investigations on postnatal development of the foliate papillae of the tongue by the light and scanning electron microscopy in the white laboratory mice. Revue Méd Vet 158:479–482 Toprak B, Yilmaz S (2007) Investigations on postnatal development of the foliate papillae of the tongue by the light and scanning electron microscopy in the white laboratory mice. Revue Méd Vet 158:479–482
Zurück zum Zitat Triantafyllou A, Fletcher D, Scott J (2002) Lipolytic and esterolytic activities in posterior lingual glands of rat: a histochemical study. Histochem J 34:529–533CrossRefPubMed Triantafyllou A, Fletcher D, Scott J (2002) Lipolytic and esterolytic activities in posterior lingual glands of rat: a histochemical study. Histochem J 34:529–533CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Ünsaldi E (2010) Macroscopic and light microscopic structure of fungiform papillae on the tongue of squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris). Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg 16(1):115–118 Ünsaldi E (2010) Macroscopic and light microscopic structure of fungiform papillae on the tongue of squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris). Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg 16(1):115–118
Zurück zum Zitat Verli FD, Marinho SA, Rossi-Schneider TR, Yurgel LS, Lopes de Souza MA (2008) Angioarchitecture of the ventral surface of the tongue from Wistar rats. Scanning 30:414–418CrossRefPubMed Verli FD, Marinho SA, Rossi-Schneider TR, Yurgel LS, Lopes de Souza MA (2008) Angioarchitecture of the ventral surface of the tongue from Wistar rats. Scanning 30:414–418CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Wakisaka S, Daikoku H, Miyawaki Y, Youn SH, Maeda T, Kurisu K (1998) Immunohistochemical observation of growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43) in the developing circumvalatte papilla of the rat. Cell Tissue Res 293:499–507CrossRefPubMed Wakisaka S, Daikoku H, Miyawaki Y, Youn SH, Maeda T, Kurisu K (1998) Immunohistochemical observation of growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43) in the developing circumvalatte papilla of the rat. Cell Tissue Res 293:499–507CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Watanabe I, Utiyama C, Koga LY, Motoyama AA, Kobayashi K, Lopes RA, Junior BK (1997) Scanning electron microscopy study of the interface epithelium-connective tissue surface of the lingual mucosa in Calomys callosus. Ann Anat 179:45–48CrossRefPubMed Watanabe I, Utiyama C, Koga LY, Motoyama AA, Kobayashi K, Lopes RA, Junior BK (1997) Scanning electron microscopy study of the interface epithelium-connective tissue surface of the lingual mucosa in Calomys callosus. Ann Anat 179:45–48CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Watanabe I, Santos Haemmerle CA, Dias FJ, Cury DP, Silva MCP, Sosthines MCK, Santos TC, Guimaraes JP, Miglino MA (2013) Structural characterization of the capybara (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris) tongue by light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. Microsc Res Tech 76:141–155CrossRefPubMed Watanabe I, Santos Haemmerle CA, Dias FJ, Cury DP, Silva MCP, Sosthines MCK, Santos TC, Guimaraes JP, Miglino MA (2013) Structural characterization of the capybara (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris) tongue by light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. Microsc Res Tech 76:141–155CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Whitehead MC, Kachele DL (1994) Development of fungiform papillae, taste buds, and their innervation in the hamster. J Comp Neurol 340:515–530CrossRefPubMed Whitehead MC, Kachele DL (1994) Development of fungiform papillae, taste buds, and their innervation in the hamster. J Comp Neurol 340:515–530CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Wołczuk K (2014) Dorsal surface of the tongue of the hazel dormouse (Muscardinus avellanarius): scanning electron and light microscopic studies. Zool Pol 59:35–47CrossRef Wołczuk K (2014) Dorsal surface of the tongue of the hazel dormouse (Muscardinus avellanarius): scanning electron and light microscopic studies. Zool Pol 59:35–47CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Yoshimura K, Hama N, Shindo J, Kobayashi K, Kageyama I (2008) Light and scanning microscopic study on the lingual papillae and their connective tissue cores of the cape hyrax Procavia capensis. J Anat 213:573–582PubMedPubMedCentral Yoshimura K, Hama N, Shindo J, Kobayashi K, Kageyama I (2008) Light and scanning microscopic study on the lingual papillae and their connective tissue cores of the cape hyrax Procavia capensis. J Anat 213:573–582PubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Yoshimura K, Shindo J, Kageyama I (2013) Comparative morphology of the papillae linguale and their connective tissue cores in the tongue of the greater Japanes shrew-mole, Urotrichus talpoides. Anat Histol Embryol 42:21–29CrossRefPubMed Yoshimura K, Shindo J, Kageyama I (2013) Comparative morphology of the papillae linguale and their connective tissue cores in the tongue of the greater Japanes shrew-mole, Urotrichus talpoides. Anat Histol Embryol 42:21–29CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Youn ME, Jo UB (1998) Prelectin histochemical study on glycoconjugates of rat lingual salivary glands during the postnatal development. Korean J Phys Anthropol 11:271–280CrossRef Youn ME, Jo UB (1998) Prelectin histochemical study on glycoconjugates of rat lingual salivary glands during the postnatal development. Korean J Phys Anthropol 11:271–280CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Yücel F, Akdoğan I, Güven G, Ortuğ G (2002) SEM examination of the dorsal lingual papillae of pregnant rats. Ann Anat 184:251–255CrossRefPubMed Yücel F, Akdoğan I, Güven G, Ortuğ G (2002) SEM examination of the dorsal lingual papillae of pregnant rats. Ann Anat 184:251–255CrossRefPubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Biological aspects of the tongue morphology of wild-captive WWCPS rats: a histological, histochemical and ultrastructural study
verfasst von
Karolina Goździewska-Harłajczuk
Joanna Klećkowska-Nawrot
Karolina Barszcz
Krzysztof Marycz
Tomasz Nawara
Klaudia Modlińska
Rafał Stryjek
Publikationsdatum
14.06.2018
Verlag
Springer Singapore
Erschienen in
Anatomical Science International / Ausgabe 4/2018
Print ISSN: 1447-6959
Elektronische ISSN: 1447-073X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12565-018-0445-y

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 4/2018

Anatomical Science International 4/2018 Zur Ausgabe

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.