Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Current Oral Health Reports 1/2019

14.01.2019 | Systemic Diseases (N Buduneli, Section Editor)

Biomarkers in Saliva and Serum Samples for Periodontal Disease and Interactions with Systemic Health

verfasst von: Nurcan Buduneli

Erschienen in: Current Oral Health Reports | Ausgabe 1/2019

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Purpose of Review

This review examines the current literature on the potential of systemic biomarkers for diagnosing and monitoring periodontal diseases and also their role in the interaction with systemic diseases.

Recent Findings

Numerous potential biomarkers in saliva or serum samples have been investigated in mainly cross-sectional, but also in some longitudinal studies. Periodontal diseases are multifactorial in nature and clinical findings are the result of the interactions between microorganisms and host response. Moreover, systemic health, genetic factors, psychological stress, and environmental factors can have significant impact on the clinical outcomes. Therefore, it is not realistic to find a single biomarker for diagnosis and monitoring of periodontal diseases. However, there are enzymes and inflammatory cytokines that may discriminate healthy periodontium from gingivitis/periodontitis and some others may partly explain the mechanisms of interaction between periodontal disease and systemic diseases.

Summary

Recent publications have revealed some significant associations between various potential biomarkers and clinical periodontal parameters, but larger scale and intervention studies are required to better clarify the issue.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat • Kinane DF, Chestnutt IG. Relationship of diabetes to periodontitis. Curr Opin Periodontol. 1997;4:29–34 This paper emphasises the special interaction between diabetes and periodontitis showing the path for further research. PubMed • Kinane DF, Chestnutt IG. Relationship of diabetes to periodontitis. Curr Opin Periodontol. 1997;4:29–34 This paper emphasises the special interaction between diabetes and periodontitis showing the path for further research. PubMed
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Dewhirst FE, Chen T, Izard J, Paster BJ, Tanner ACR, Yu WH, et al. The human oral microbiom. J Bacteriol. 2010;192:5002–17.CrossRef Dewhirst FE, Chen T, Izard J, Paster BJ, Tanner ACR, Yu WH, et al. The human oral microbiom. J Bacteriol. 2010;192:5002–17.CrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Larsen T, Fiehn N-E. Dental biofilm infections–an update. APMIS. 2017;125:376–84.CrossRef Larsen T, Fiehn N-E. Dental biofilm infections–an update. APMIS. 2017;125:376–84.CrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat • Loos BG, Papantonopoulos G, Jepsen S, Laine ML. What is the contribution of genetics to periodontal risk? Dent Clin N Am. 2015;59(4):761–80 This paper provides a comprehensive outline of genetic factors in the onset of periodontal diseases.CrossRef • Loos BG, Papantonopoulos G, Jepsen S, Laine ML. What is the contribution of genetics to periodontal risk? Dent Clin N Am. 2015;59(4):761–80 This paper provides a comprehensive outline of genetic factors in the onset of periodontal diseases.CrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Floriano PN, Christodoulides N, Miller CS, Ebersole JL, Spertus J, Rose BG, et al. Use of saliva-based nano-biochip tests for acute myocardial infarction at the point of care: a feasibility study. Clin Chem. 2009;55(8):1530–8.CrossRef Floriano PN, Christodoulides N, Miller CS, Ebersole JL, Spertus J, Rose BG, et al. Use of saliva-based nano-biochip tests for acute myocardial infarction at the point of care: a feasibility study. Clin Chem. 2009;55(8):1530–8.CrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Miller CS, Foley JD 3rd, Floriano PN, Christodoulides N, Ebersole JL, Campbell CL, et al. Utility of salivary biomarkers for demonstrating acute myocardial infarction. J Dent Res. 2014;93(7 Suppl):72S–9S.CrossRef Miller CS, Foley JD 3rd, Floriano PN, Christodoulides N, Ebersole JL, Campbell CL, et al. Utility of salivary biomarkers for demonstrating acute myocardial infarction. J Dent Res. 2014;93(7 Suppl):72S–9S.CrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Grassl N, Kulak NA, Pichler G, Geyer PE, Jung J, Schubert S, et al. Ultra-deep and quantitative saliva proteome reveals dynamics of the oral microbiome. Genome Med. 2016;8:44.CrossRef Grassl N, Kulak NA, Pichler G, Geyer PE, Jung J, Schubert S, et al. Ultra-deep and quantitative saliva proteome reveals dynamics of the oral microbiome. Genome Med. 2016;8:44.CrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat •• Heikkenen AM, Nwhator SO, Rathnayake N, Mantyla P, Vatanen P, Sorsa T. Pilot study on oral health status as assessed by an active matrix metalloproteinase-8 chairside mouthrinse test in adolescents. J Periodontol. 2016;87(1):36–40 This paper provides data emphasising the role of MMP-8 as a chair-side diagnostic test for periodontal diseases. CrossRef •• Heikkenen AM, Nwhator SO, Rathnayake N, Mantyla P, Vatanen P, Sorsa T. Pilot study on oral health status as assessed by an active matrix metalloproteinase-8 chairside mouthrinse test in adolescents. J Periodontol. 2016;87(1):36–40 This paper provides data emphasising the role of MMP-8 as a chair-side diagnostic test for periodontal diseases. CrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Miller CS, King CP Jr, Langub MC, Kryscio RJ, Thomas MV. Salivary biomarkers of existing periodontal disease: a cross-sectional study. J Am Dent Assoc. 2006;137(3):322–9.CrossRef Miller CS, King CP Jr, Langub MC, Kryscio RJ, Thomas MV. Salivary biomarkers of existing periodontal disease: a cross-sectional study. J Am Dent Assoc. 2006;137(3):322–9.CrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Ramseier CA, Kinney JS, Herr AE, Braun T, Sugai JV, Shelburne CA, et al. Identification of pathogen and host-response markers correlated with periodontal disease. J Periodontol. 2009;80(3):436–46.CrossRef Ramseier CA, Kinney JS, Herr AE, Braun T, Sugai JV, Shelburne CA, et al. Identification of pathogen and host-response markers correlated with periodontal disease. J Periodontol. 2009;80(3):436–46.CrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Costa PP, Trevisan GL, Macedo GO, Palioto DB, Souza SL, Grisi MF, et al. Salivary interleukin-6, matrix metalloproteinase-8, and osteoprotegerin in patients with periodontitis and diabetes. J Periodontol. 2010;81(3):384–91.CrossRef Costa PP, Trevisan GL, Macedo GO, Palioto DB, Souza SL, Grisi MF, et al. Salivary interleukin-6, matrix metalloproteinase-8, and osteoprotegerin in patients with periodontitis and diabetes. J Periodontol. 2010;81(3):384–91.CrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Gursoy UK, Könönen E, Pradhan-Palikhe P, Tervahartiala T, Pussinen PJ, Suominen-Taipale L, et al. Salivary MMP-8, TIMP-1, and ICTP as markers of advanced periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol. 2010;37(6):487–93.CrossRef Gursoy UK, Könönen E, Pradhan-Palikhe P, Tervahartiala T, Pussinen PJ, Suominen-Taipale L, et al. Salivary MMP-8, TIMP-1, and ICTP as markers of advanced periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol. 2010;37(6):487–93.CrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat • Kinney JS, Morelli T, Braun T, Ramseier CA, Herr AE, Sugai JV, et al. Saliva/pathogen biomarker signatures and periodontal disease progression. J Dent Res. 2011;90(6):752–8 This paper provides important data on the potential of a group of biomarkers for periodontal disease progression.CrossRef • Kinney JS, Morelli T, Braun T, Ramseier CA, Herr AE, Sugai JV, et al. Saliva/pathogen biomarker signatures and periodontal disease progression. J Dent Res. 2011;90(6):752–8 This paper provides important data on the potential of a group of biomarkers for periodontal disease progression.CrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhang L, Li X, Yan H, Huang L. Salivary matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-8) as a biomarker for periodontitis. A PRISMA-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine. 2018;97(3):e9642.CrossRef Zhang L, Li X, Yan H, Huang L. Salivary matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-8) as a biomarker for periodontitis. A PRISMA-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine. 2018;97(3):e9642.CrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Sexton WM, Lin Y, Kryscio RJ, Dawson DR 3rd, Ebersole JL, Miller CS. Salivary biomarkers of periodontal disease in response to treatment. J Clin Periodontol. 2011;38(5):434–41.CrossRef Sexton WM, Lin Y, Kryscio RJ, Dawson DR 3rd, Ebersole JL, Miller CS. Salivary biomarkers of periodontal disease in response to treatment. J Clin Periodontol. 2011;38(5):434–41.CrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Buduneli N, Bıyıkoğlu B, Sherrabeh S, Lappin DF. Saliva concentrations of RANKL and osteoprotegerin in smoker versus non-smoker chronic periodontitis patients. J Clin Periodontol. 2008;35(10):846–52.CrossRef Buduneli N, Bıyıkoğlu B, Sherrabeh S, Lappin DF. Saliva concentrations of RANKL and osteoprotegerin in smoker versus non-smoker chronic periodontitis patients. J Clin Periodontol. 2008;35(10):846–52.CrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Gursoy UK, Könönen E, Pussinen PJ, Tervahartiala T, Hyvärinen K, Suominen AL, et al. Use of host- and bacteria-derived salivary markers in detection of periodontitis: a cumulative approach. Dis Markers. 2011;30(6):299–305.CrossRef Gursoy UK, Könönen E, Pussinen PJ, Tervahartiala T, Hyvärinen K, Suominen AL, et al. Use of host- and bacteria-derived salivary markers in detection of periodontitis: a cumulative approach. Dis Markers. 2011;30(6):299–305.CrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Jaedicke KM, Preshaw PM, Taylor JJ. Salivary cytokines as biomarkers of periodontal diseases. Periodontol 2000. 2016;70(1):164–83.CrossRef Jaedicke KM, Preshaw PM, Taylor JJ. Salivary cytokines as biomarkers of periodontal diseases. Periodontol 2000. 2016;70(1):164–83.CrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Baltacıoğlu E, Yuva P, Aydın G, Alver A, Kahraman C, Karabulut E, et al. Lipid peroxidation levels and total oxidant/antioxidant status in serum and saliva from patients with chronic and aggressive periodontitis. Oxidative stress index: a new biomarker for periodontal disease? J Periodontol. 2014;85(10):1432–41.CrossRef Baltacıoğlu E, Yuva P, Aydın G, Alver A, Kahraman C, Karabulut E, et al. Lipid peroxidation levels and total oxidant/antioxidant status in serum and saliva from patients with chronic and aggressive periodontitis. Oxidative stress index: a new biomarker for periodontal disease? J Periodontol. 2014;85(10):1432–41.CrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Baňasová L, Kamodyová N, Janšáková K, Tóthová Ľ, Stanko P, Turňa J, et al. Salivary DNA and markers of oxidative stress in patients with chronic periodontitis. Clin Oral Investig. 2015;19(2):201–7.CrossRef Baňasová L, Kamodyová N, Janšáková K, Tóthová Ľ, Stanko P, Turňa J, et al. Salivary DNA and markers of oxidative stress in patients with chronic periodontitis. Clin Oral Investig. 2015;19(2):201–7.CrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Villa-Correa YA, Isaza-Guzmán DM, Tobón-Arroyave SI. Prognostic value of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine and human neutrophil elastase/α1-proteinase inhibitor complex as salivary biomarkers of oxidative stress in chronic periodontitis. J Periodontol. 2015;86(11):1260–7.CrossRef Villa-Correa YA, Isaza-Guzmán DM, Tobón-Arroyave SI. Prognostic value of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine and human neutrophil elastase/α1-proteinase inhibitor complex as salivary biomarkers of oxidative stress in chronic periodontitis. J Periodontol. 2015;86(11):1260–7.CrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Novakovic N, Todorovic T, Rakic M, Milinkovic I, Dozic I, Jankovic S, et al. Salivary antioxidants as periodontal biomarkers in evaluation of tissue status and treatment outcome. J Periodontal Res. 2014;49(1):129–36.CrossRef Novakovic N, Todorovic T, Rakic M, Milinkovic I, Dozic I, Jankovic S, et al. Salivary antioxidants as periodontal biomarkers in evaluation of tissue status and treatment outcome. J Periodontal Res. 2014;49(1):129–36.CrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Bertl K, Schoiber A, Haririan H, Laky M, Steiner I, Rausch WD, et al. Non-surgical periodontal therapy influences salivary melatonin levels. Clin Oral Investig. 2013;17(4):1219–25.CrossRef Bertl K, Schoiber A, Haririan H, Laky M, Steiner I, Rausch WD, et al. Non-surgical periodontal therapy influences salivary melatonin levels. Clin Oral Investig. 2013;17(4):1219–25.CrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Paraskevas S, Huizinga JD, Loos BG. A systematic review and meta-analysis on C-reactive protein in relation to periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol. 2008;35(4):277–90.CrossRef Paraskevas S, Huizinga JD, Loos BG. A systematic review and meta-analysis on C-reactive protein in relation to periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol. 2008;35(4):277–90.CrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Vidal F, Figueredo CM, Cordovil I, Fischer RG. Periodontal therapy reduces plasma levels of interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and fibrinogen in patients with severe periodontitis and refractory arterial hypertension. J Periodontol. 2009;80(5):786–91.CrossRef Vidal F, Figueredo CM, Cordovil I, Fischer RG. Periodontal therapy reduces plasma levels of interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and fibrinogen in patients with severe periodontitis and refractory arterial hypertension. J Periodontol. 2009;80(5):786–91.CrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat de Oliveira C, Watt R, Hamer M. Toothbrushing, inflammation, and risk of cardiovascular disease: results from Scottish health survey. BMJ. 2010;27(340):c2451.CrossRef de Oliveira C, Watt R, Hamer M. Toothbrushing, inflammation, and risk of cardiovascular disease: results from Scottish health survey. BMJ. 2010;27(340):c2451.CrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Yoshii S, Tsuboi S, Morita I, Takami Y, Adachi K, Inukai J, et al. Temporal association of elevated C-reactive protein and periodontal disease in men. J Periodontol. 2009;80(5):734–9.CrossRef Yoshii S, Tsuboi S, Morita I, Takami Y, Adachi K, Inukai J, et al. Temporal association of elevated C-reactive protein and periodontal disease in men. J Periodontol. 2009;80(5):734–9.CrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Buhlin K, Hultin M, Noderyd O, Persson L, Pockley AG, Rabe P, et al. Risk factors for atherosclerosis in cases with severe periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol. 2009;36(7):541–9.CrossRef Buhlin K, Hultin M, Noderyd O, Persson L, Pockley AG, Rabe P, et al. Risk factors for atherosclerosis in cases with severe periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol. 2009;36(7):541–9.CrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Demmer RT, Trinquart L, Zuk A, Fu BC, Blomkvist J, Michalowicz BS, et al. The influence of anti-infective periodontal treatment on C-reactive protein: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One. 2013;8(10):e77441.CrossRef Demmer RT, Trinquart L, Zuk A, Fu BC, Blomkvist J, Michalowicz BS, et al. The influence of anti-infective periodontal treatment on C-reactive protein: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One. 2013;8(10):e77441.CrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat • Garlanda C, Maina V, Cotena A, Moalli F. The soluble pattern recognition receptor pentraxin-3 in innate immunity, inflammation and fertility. J Reprod Immunol. 2009;83:128–33 This is a pioneering study on the functions of PTX-3. CrossRef • Garlanda C, Maina V, Cotena A, Moalli F. The soluble pattern recognition receptor pentraxin-3 in innate immunity, inflammation and fertility. J Reprod Immunol. 2009;83:128–33 This is a pioneering study on the functions of PTX-3. CrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Gümüş P, Nizam N, Nalbantsoy A, Özçaka Ö, Buduneli N. Saliva and serum levels of pentraxin-3 and interleukin-1beta in generalized aggressive or chronic periodontitis. J Periodontol. 2014;85(3):e40–6.CrossRef Gümüş P, Nizam N, Nalbantsoy A, Özçaka Ö, Buduneli N. Saliva and serum levels of pentraxin-3 and interleukin-1beta in generalized aggressive or chronic periodontitis. J Periodontol. 2014;85(3):e40–6.CrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Akram Z, Rahim ZH, Taiyeb-Ali TB, Shahdan MS, Baharuddin NA, Vaithilingam RD, et al. Resistin as potential biomarker for chronic periodontitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Oral Biol. 2017;73:311–20.CrossRef Akram Z, Rahim ZH, Taiyeb-Ali TB, Shahdan MS, Baharuddin NA, Vaithilingam RD, et al. Resistin as potential biomarker for chronic periodontitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Oral Biol. 2017;73:311–20.CrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Li S, Schmalz G, Schmidt J, Krause F, Haak R, Ziebolz D. Antimicrobial peptides as a possible interlink between periodontal diseases and its risk factors: a systematic review. J Periodontal Res. 2018;53(2):145–55.CrossRef Li S, Schmalz G, Schmidt J, Krause F, Haak R, Ziebolz D. Antimicrobial peptides as a possible interlink between periodontal diseases and its risk factors: a systematic review. J Periodontal Res. 2018;53(2):145–55.CrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Hasuike A, Iguchi S, Suziki D, Kawano E, Sato S. Systematic review and assessment of systematic reviews examining the effect of periodontal treatment on glycemic control in patients with diabetes. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2017;22(2):e167–76.PubMedPubMedCentral Hasuike A, Iguchi S, Suziki D, Kawano E, Sato S. Systematic review and assessment of systematic reviews examining the effect of periodontal treatment on glycemic control in patients with diabetes. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2017;22(2):e167–76.PubMedPubMedCentral
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Kardeşler L, Buduneli N, Çetinkalp Ş, Kinane DF. Adipokines and inflammatory mediators after initial periodontal treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic periodontitis. J Periodontol. 2010;81(1):24–33.CrossRef Kardeşler L, Buduneli N, Çetinkalp Ş, Kinane DF. Adipokines and inflammatory mediators after initial periodontal treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic periodontitis. J Periodontol. 2010;81(1):24–33.CrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Akram Z, Safii SH, Vaithilingam RD, Baharuddin NA, Javed F, Vohra F. Efficacy of non-surgical periodontal therapy in the management of chronic periodontitis among obese and non-obese patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Oral Investig. 2016;20(5):903–14.CrossRef Akram Z, Safii SH, Vaithilingam RD, Baharuddin NA, Javed F, Vohra F. Efficacy of non-surgical periodontal therapy in the management of chronic periodontitis among obese and non-obese patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Oral Investig. 2016;20(5):903–14.CrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Buduneli N, Bıyıkoğlu B, İlgenli T, Buduneli E, Nalbantsoy A, Saraç F, et al. Is obesity a possible modifier of periodontal disease as a chronic inflammatory process? A case-control study. J Periodontal Res. 2014;49(4):465–71.CrossRef Buduneli N, Bıyıkoğlu B, İlgenli T, Buduneli E, Nalbantsoy A, Saraç F, et al. Is obesity a possible modifier of periodontal disease as a chronic inflammatory process? A case-control study. J Periodontal Res. 2014;49(4):465–71.CrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Bıyıkoğlu B, Buduneli N, Aksu K, Nalbantsoy A, Lappin DF, Evrenosoğlu E, et al. Periodontal therapy in chronic periodontitis lowers gingival crevicular fluid interleukin-1beta and DAS28 in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Rheumatol Int. 2013;33(10):2607–16.CrossRef Bıyıkoğlu B, Buduneli N, Aksu K, Nalbantsoy A, Lappin DF, Evrenosoğlu E, et al. Periodontal therapy in chronic periodontitis lowers gingival crevicular fluid interleukin-1beta and DAS28 in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Rheumatol Int. 2013;33(10):2607–16.CrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Sivestre FJ, Silvestre-Rangil J, Bagan L, Bagan JV. Effect of nonsurgical periodontal treatment in patients with periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2016;21(3):e349–54.CrossRef Sivestre FJ, Silvestre-Rangil J, Bagan L, Bagan JV. Effect of nonsurgical periodontal treatment in patients with periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2016;21(3):e349–54.CrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Özçaka Ö, Ceyhan BÖ, Akcali A, Biçakci N, Lappin DF, Buduneli N. Is there an interaction between polycistic ovary syndrome and gingival inflammation? J Periodontol. 2012;83(12):1529–37.CrossRef Özçaka Ö, Ceyhan BÖ, Akcali A, Biçakci N, Lappin DF, Buduneli N. Is there an interaction between polycistic ovary syndrome and gingival inflammation? J Periodontol. 2012;83(12):1529–37.CrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Akcalı A, Bostanci N, Özçaka Ö, Gümüş P, Öztürk-Ceyhan B, Tervahartiala T, et al. Gingival inflammation and salivary or serum granulocyte-secreted enzymes in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Periodontol. 2017;88(11):1145–52.CrossRef Akcalı A, Bostanci N, Özçaka Ö, Gümüş P, Öztürk-Ceyhan B, Tervahartiala T, et al. Gingival inflammation and salivary or serum granulocyte-secreted enzymes in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Periodontol. 2017;88(11):1145–52.CrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Gümüş P, Kahraman-Çeneli S, Akcalı A, Sorsa T, Tervahartiala T, Buduneli N, et al. Association of thalassemia major and gingival inflammation: a pilot study. Arch Oral Biol. 2016;64:80–4.CrossRef Gümüş P, Kahraman-Çeneli S, Akcalı A, Sorsa T, Tervahartiala T, Buduneli N, et al. Association of thalassemia major and gingival inflammation: a pilot study. Arch Oral Biol. 2016;64:80–4.CrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Akcalı A, Kahraman-Çeneli S, Gümüş P, Buduneli N, Lappin DF, Özçaka Ö. The association between thalassemia major and periodontal health. J Periodontol. 2015;86(9):1047–57.CrossRef Akcalı A, Kahraman-Çeneli S, Gümüş P, Buduneli N, Lappin DF, Özçaka Ö. The association between thalassemia major and periodontal health. J Periodontol. 2015;86(9):1047–57.CrossRef
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Akcalı A, Gümüş P, Özçaka Ö, Öztürk-Ceyhan B, Tervahartiala T, Husu H, et al. Proteolytic mediators in gestational diabetes mellitus and gingivitis. J Periodontol. 2017;88(3):289–97.CrossRef Akcalı A, Gümüş P, Özçaka Ö, Öztürk-Ceyhan B, Tervahartiala T, Husu H, et al. Proteolytic mediators in gestational diabetes mellitus and gingivitis. J Periodontol. 2017;88(3):289–97.CrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Gümüş P, Özçaka Ö, Ceyhan-Öztürk B, Akcalı A, Lappin DF, Buduneli N. Evaluation of biochemical parameters and local and systemic levels of osteoactive and B-cell stimulatory factors in gestational diabetes in the presence or absence of gingivitis. J Periodontol. 2015;86(3):387–97.CrossRef Gümüş P, Özçaka Ö, Ceyhan-Öztürk B, Akcalı A, Lappin DF, Buduneli N. Evaluation of biochemical parameters and local and systemic levels of osteoactive and B-cell stimulatory factors in gestational diabetes in the presence or absence of gingivitis. J Periodontol. 2015;86(3):387–97.CrossRef
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Papapanou PN, Sanz M, Buduneli N, Dietrich T, Feres M, Fine DH, et al. Periodontitis: consensus report of workgroup 2 of the 2017 world workshop on the classification of periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions. J Clin Periodontol. 2018;45(Suppl 20):S162–70.CrossRef Papapanou PN, Sanz M, Buduneli N, Dietrich T, Feres M, Fine DH, et al. Periodontitis: consensus report of workgroup 2 of the 2017 world workshop on the classification of periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions. J Clin Periodontol. 2018;45(Suppl 20):S162–70.CrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Tonetti MS, Greenwell H, Kornman KS. Staging and grading of periodontitis: framework and proposal of a new classification and case definition. J Clin Periodontol. 2018;45(Suppl 20):S149–61.CrossRef Tonetti MS, Greenwell H, Kornman KS. Staging and grading of periodontitis: framework and proposal of a new classification and case definition. J Clin Periodontol. 2018;45(Suppl 20):S149–61.CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Biomarkers in Saliva and Serum Samples for Periodontal Disease and Interactions with Systemic Health
verfasst von
Nurcan Buduneli
Publikationsdatum
14.01.2019
Verlag
Springer International Publishing
Erschienen in
Current Oral Health Reports / Ausgabe 1/2019
Elektronische ISSN: 2196-3002
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40496-019-0207-5

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2019

Current Oral Health Reports 1/2019 Zur Ausgabe

Systemic Diseases (N Buduneli, Section Editor)

Medications for Chronic Conditions and Periodontal Disease

Systemic Diseases (N Buduneli, Section Editor)

Epigenetics, Inflammation, and Periodontal Disease

Systemic Diseases (N Buduneli, Section Editor)

Autoimmunity and the Oral Cavity

Newsletter

Bestellen Sie unseren kostenlosen Newsletter Update Zahnmedizin und bleiben Sie gut informiert – ganz bequem per eMail.