Skip to main content
Hauptrubriken
CME Facharzt-Training Webinare Zeitschriften Bücher e.Medpedia Podcast
Service
Jobbörse Info & Hilfe
Fachgebiete
Anästhesiologie Allgemeinmedizin Arbeitsmedizin Augenheilkunde Chirurgie Dermatologie Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe HNO Innere Medizin Kardiologie Neurologie Onkologie und Hämatologie Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie Pädiatrie Pathologie Psychiatrie Radiologie Rechtsmedizin Urologie Zahnmedizin
Themen
Klimawandel und Gesundheit Neues aus dem Markt COVID-19 Praxis und Beruf Seltene Erkrankungen GOÄ & EBM Panorama
Sammlungen
Kasuistiken Algorithmen & Infografiken Blickdiagnosen Arthropedia FlapFinder (für Dermatochirurgen) Videos Kongressberichterstattung Medizin für Apothekerinnen und Apotheker Für Ärztinnen und Ärzte in Weiterbildung Für Medizinstudierende
Erweiterte Suche
Anmelden
nach oben
Sports Medicine
Erschienen in: Sports Medicine 11/2018

23.08.2018 | Systematic Review

Biomarkers of Physiological Responses to Periods of Intensified, Non-Resistance-Based Exercise Training in Well-Trained Male Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

verfasst von: Grace Greenham, Jonathan D. Buckley, Joel Garrett, Roger Eston, Kevin Norton

Erschienen in: Sports Medicine | Ausgabe 11/2018

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Background

Intensified training is important for inducing adaptations to improve athletic performance, but detrimental performance effects can occur if prescribed inappropriately. Monitoring biomarker responses to training may inform changes in training load to optimize performance.

Objective

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to identify biomarkers associated with altered exercise performance following intensified training.

Methods

Embase, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Scopus and SPORTDiscus were searched up until September 2017. Included articles were peer reviewed and reported on biomarkers collected at rest in well-trained male athletes before and after periods of intensified training.

Results

The full text of 161 articles was reviewed, with 59 included (708 participants) and 42 (550 participants) meta-analysed. In total, 118 biomarkers were evaluated, with most being cellular communication and immunity markers (n = 54). Studies most frequently measured cortisol (n = 34), creatine kinase (n = 25) and testosterone (n = 20). Many studies reported decreased immune cell counts following intensified training, irrespective of performance. Moreover, reduced performance was associated with a decrease in neutrophils (d = − 0.57; 95% confidence interval (CI) − 1.07 to − 0.07) and glutamine (d = − 0.37; 95% CI − 0.43 to − 0.31) and an increase in urea concentration (d = 0.80; 95% CI 0.30 to 1.30). In contrast, increased performance was associated with an increased testosterone:cortisol ratio (d = 0.89; 95% CI 0.54 to 1.24). All remaining biomarkers showed no consistent patterns of change with performance.

Conclusions

Many biomarkers were altered with intensified training but not in a manner related to changes in exercise performance. Neutrophils, glutamine, urea and the testosterone:cortisol ratio exhibited some evidence of directional changes that corresponded with performance changes therefore indicating potential to track performance. Additional investigations of the potential for these markers to track altered performance are warranted.
Anhänge
Nur mit Berechtigung zugänglich
Literatur
1.
Halson S, Jeukendrup A. Does overtraining exist? An analysis of overreaching and overtraining research. Sports Med. 2004;34(14):967–81.PubMedCrossRef
2.
Armstrong L, VanHeest J. The unknown mechanism of the overtraining syndrome: clues from depression and psychoneuroimmunology. Sports Med. 2002;32(3):185–209.PubMedCrossRef
3.
Meeusen R, Duclos M, Foster C, Fry A, Gleeson M, Nieman D, et al. Prevention, diagnosis and treatment of the overtraining syndrome: joint consensus statement of the European College of Sport Science (ECSS) and the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM). Eur J Sport Sci. 2013;13(1):1–24.CrossRef
4.
Lewis E, Howard T, OConnor F. Overtraining. In: Madden G, Putukain M, McCarty E, Young C, editors. Netters sports medicine. The Team Physician’s Handbook. Philadelphia: Elsevier Publishing; 2009.
5.
6.
7.
Carfagno D, Hendrix J. Overtraining syndrome in the athlete: current clinical practice. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2014;13(1):45–51.PubMedCrossRef
8.
Urhausen A, Kindermann W. Diagnosis of overtraining: what tools do we have? Sports Med. 2002;32(2):95–102.PubMedCrossRef
9.
Smith L. Cytokine hypothesis of overtraining: a physiological adaptation to excessive stress. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32(2):317–31.PubMedCrossRef
10.
Hooper S, MacKinnon L, Hanrahan S. Mood states as an indication of staleness and recovery. Int J Sport Psychol. 1997;28(1):1–12.
11.
Saw AE, Main LC, Gastin PB. Monitoring the athlete training response: subjective self-reported measures trump commonly used objective measures: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50:281–91.PubMedCrossRef
12.
Hooper S, Mackinnon L, Gordon R, Bachmann A. Hormonal responses of elite swimmers to overtraining. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1993;25(6):741–7.PubMedCrossRef
13.
Hooper S, Mackinnon L, Howard A, Gordon R, Bachmann A. Markers for monitoring overtraining and recovery. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1995;27(1):106–12.PubMedCrossRef
14.
Mackinnon L, Hooper S, Jones S, Gordon R, Bachmann A. Hormonal, immunological, and hematological responses to intensified training in elite swimmers. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1997;29(12):1637–45.PubMedCrossRef
15.
Parry-Billings M, Budgett R, Koutedakis Y, Blomstrand E, Brooks S, Williams C, et al. Plasma amino acid concentrations in the overtraining syndrome: possible effects on the immune system. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1992;24(12):1353–8.PubMedCrossRef
16.
17.
Pauw KD, Roelands B, Cheung SS, De Geus B, Rietjens G, Meeusen R. Guidelines to classify subject groups in sport-science research. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2013;8(2):111–22.PubMedCrossRef
18.
19.
Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. London: Routledge; 1988.
20.
Sawilowsky S. New effect size rules of thumb. J Mod Appl Stat Methods. 2009;8(2):597–9.CrossRef
21.
Borenstein M, Hedges LV, Higgins J, Rothstein HR. When does it make sense to perform a meta-analysis? Introduction to meta-analysis. Chichester: Wiley; 2009.
22.
23.
Balslov P, Bagger M, Pedersen P. Blood urea and tryptophan/BCAA ratio after 4 weeks with markedly increased training volume. J Sports Sci. 2000;18(7):523–4.CrossRef
24.
Faude O, Meyer T, Urhausen A, Kindermann W. Recovery training in cyclists: ergometric, hormonal and psychometric findings. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2009;19(3):433–41.PubMedCrossRef
25.
Flynn M, Pizza F, Brolinson P. Hormonal responses to excessive training: influence of cross training. Int J Sports Med. 1997;18(3):191–6.PubMedCrossRef
26.
Bosquet L, Montpetit J, Arvisais D, Mujika I. Effects of tapering on performance: a meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39(8):1358–65.PubMedCrossRef
27.
Apple F. The creatine kinase system in the serum of runners following a doubling of training mileage. Clin Physiol. 1992;12(4):419–24.PubMedCrossRef
28.
Arakawa K, Hosono A, Shibata K, Ghadimi R, Fuku M, Goto C, et al. Changes in blood biochemical markers before, during, and after a 2-day ultramarathon. Open Access J Sports Med. 2016;7:43–50.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
29.
Atlaoui D, Duclos M, Gouarne C, Lacoste L, Barale F, Chatard J. The 24-h urinary cortisol/cortisone ratio for monitoring training in elite swimmers. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004;36(2):218–224 7p.PubMedCrossRef
30.
Atlaoui D, Duclos M, Gouarne C, Lacoste L, Barale F, Chatard JC. 24-hr urinary catecholamine excretion, training and performance in elite swimmers. Int J Sports Med. 2006;27(4):314–21.PubMedCrossRef
31.
Aubry A, Hausswirth C, Louis J, Coutts AJ, Buchheit M, Le Meur Y. The development of functional overreaching is associated with a faster heart rate recovery in endurance athletes. PLoS One [Electronic Resource]. 2015;10(10):e0139754.CrossRef
32.
Bagger M, Balslov P, Pedersen PK. Changes in resting metabolic variables and running economy after 4 weeks of increased training duration. J Sports Sci. 2000;18(7):523.CrossRef
33.
Billat VL, Flechet B, Petit B, Muriaux G, Koralsztein JP. Interval training at VO2max: effects on aerobic performance and overtraining markers. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999;31(1):156–63.PubMedCrossRef
34.
Bonifazi M, Sardella F, Lupo C. Preparatory versus main competitions: differences in performances, lactate responses and pre-competition plasma cortisol concentrations in elite male swimmers. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2000;82(5–6):368–73.PubMedCrossRef
35.
Bouaziz T, Makni E, Passelergue P, Tabka Z, Lac G, Moalla W, et al. Multifactorial monitoring of training load in elite rugby sevens players: cortisol/cortisone ratio as a valid tool of training load monitoring. Biol Sport. 2016;33(3):231.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
36.
Buchheit M, Racinais S, Bilsborough JC, Bourdon PC, Voss SC, Hocking J, et al. Monitoring fitness, fatigue and running performance during a pre-season training camp in elite football players. J Sci Med Sport. 2013;16(6):550–5.PubMedCrossRef
37.
Chennaoui M, Gomez-Marino D, Drogou C, Bourrilhon C, Sautivet S, Guezennec CY. Hormonal and metabolic adaptation in professional cyclists during training. Can J Appl Physiol. 2004;29(6):714–30.PubMedCrossRef
38.
Coutts AJ, Reaburn P, Piva TJ, Rowsell GJ. Monitoring for overreaching in rugby league players. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2007;99(3):313–24.PubMedCrossRef
39.
Coutts AJ, Wallace LK, Slattery KM. Monitoring changes in performance, physiology, biochemistry, and psychology during overreaching and recovery in triathletes. Int J Sports Med. 2007;28(2):125–34.PubMedCrossRef
40.
Cunniffe B, Griffiths H, Proctor W, Davies B, Baker JS, Jones KP. Mucosal immunity and illness incidence in elite rugby union players across a season. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43(3):388–97.PubMedCrossRef
41.
Dressendorfer RH, Petersen SR, Lovshin SEM, Hannon JL, Lee SF, Bell GJ. Performance enhancement with maintenance of resting immune status after intensified cycle training. Clin J Sport Med. 2002;12(5):301–7.PubMedCrossRef
42.
Dressendorfer RH, Wade CE. Effects of a 15-d race on plasma steroid levels and leg muscle fitness in runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1991;23(8):954–8.PubMedCrossRef
43.
Dressendorfer RH, Wade CE. The muscular overuse syndrome in long-distance runners. Phys Sports Med. 1983;11(11):116–30.CrossRef
44.
Flynn M, Pizza F, Boone J Jr, Andres F, Michaud T, Rodriguez-Zayas J. Indices of training stress during competitive running and swimming seasons. Int J Sports Med. 1994;15(1):21–6.PubMedCrossRef
45.
Freitas VH, Nakamura FY, Miloski B, Samulski D, Bara-Filho MG. Sensitivity of physiological and psychological markers to training load intensification in volleyball players. J Sports Sci Med. 2014;13(3):571–9.PubMedPubMedCentral
46.
47.
48.
Hedelin R, Kentta G, Wiklund U, Bjerle P, Henriksson-Larsen K. Short-term overtraining: effects on performance, circulatory responses, and heart rate variability/Surentrainement a court terme: effets sur les performances, le systeme circulatoire et la variabilite de la frequence cardiaque. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32(8):1480–4.PubMedCrossRef
49.
Halson SL, Lancaster GI, Jeukendrup AE, Gleeson M. Immunological responses to overreaching in cyclists. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35(5):854–61.PubMedCrossRef
50.
Hoffman JR, Kang J, Ratamess NA, Faigenbaum AD. Biochemical and hormonal responses during an intercollegiate football season. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;37(7):1237–41.PubMedCrossRef
51.
Hoffman JR, Cooper J, Wendell M, Im J, Kang J. Effects of β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate on power performance and indices of muscle damage and stress during high-intensity training. J Strength Cond Res. 2004;18(4):747–752 6p.PubMed
52.
Hough J, Robertson C, Gleeson M. Blunting of exercise-induced salivary testosterone in elite-level triathletes with a 10-day training camp. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2015;10(7):935–8.PubMedCrossRef
53.
54.
Kirwan JP, Costill DL, Houmard JA, Mitchell B, Flynn MG, Fink WJ. Changes in selected blood measures during repeated days of intense training and carbohydrate control. Int J Sports Med. 1990;11(5):362–6.PubMedCrossRef
55.
Kirwan JP, Costill DL, Flynn MG, Mitchell JB, Fink WJ, Neufer PD, et al. Physiological responses to successive days of intense training in competitive swimmers. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1988;20(3):255–9.PubMedCrossRef
56.
Kizaki K, Terada T, Arikawa H, Tajima T, Imai H, Takahashi T, et al. Effect of reduced coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinol) supplementation on blood pressure and muscle damage during kendo training camp: a double-blind, randomized controlled study. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2015;55(7–8):797–804.PubMed
57.
Lancaster G, Halson S, Khan Q, Drysdale P, Jeukendrup A, Drayson M, et al. The effects of acute exhaustive exercise and intensified training on type 1/type 2 T cell distribution and cytokine production. Exerc Immunol Rev. 2004;10:91–106.PubMed
58.
Le Meur Y, Hausswirth C, Natta F, Couturier A, Bignet F, Vidal PP. A multidisciplinary approach to overreaching detection in endurance trained athletes. J Appl Physiol. 2013;114(2):411–20.PubMedCrossRef
59.
Le Meur Y, Louis J, Aubry A, Guéneron J, Pichon A, Schaal K, et al. Maximal exercise limitation in functionally overreached triathletes: role of cardiac adrenergic stimulation. J Appl Physiol. 2014;117(3):214–22.PubMedCrossRef
60.
Malczewska J, Stupnicki R, Blach W, Turek-Lepa E. The effects of physical exercise on the concentrations of ferritin and transferrin receptor in plasma of male judoists. Int J Sports Med. 2004;25(7):516–521 6p.PubMedCrossRef
61.
Manetta J, Brun JF, Maimoun L, Fedou C, Prefaut C, Mercier J. The effects of intensive training on insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and IGF binding proteins 1 and 3 in competitive cyclists: relationships with glucose disposal. J Sports Sci. 2003;21(3):147–54.PubMedCrossRef
62.
Meyer T, Faude O, Urhausen A, Scharhag J, Kindermann W. Different effects of two regeneration regimens on immunological parameters in cyclists. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004;36(10):1743–1749 7p.PubMedCrossRef
63.
Miloski B, de Freitas VH, Nakamura FY, de A Nogueira FC, Bara-Filho MG. Seasonal training load distribution of professional futsal players: effects on physical fitness, muscle damage and hormonal status. J Strength Cond Res. 2016;30(6):1525–33.PubMedCrossRef
64.
Ndon JA, Snyder AC, Foster C, Wehrenberg WB. Effects of chronic intense exercise training on the leukocyte response to acute exercise. Int J Sports Med. 1992;13(2):176–82.PubMedCrossRef
65.
O’Connor PJ, Morgan WP, Raglin JS. Psychobiologic effects of 3 d of increased training in female and male swimmers. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1991;23(9):1055–61.PubMed
66.
Pacini S, Branca JJV, Culisano M, Levi Micheli M, Ceroti M, Ruggiero M, et al. Salivary testosterone and cortisol levels to assess conditioning training program in rugby union players. Med Sport. 2014;67(3):449–63.
67.
Palazzetti S, Richard MJ, Favier A, Margaritis I. Overloaded training increases exercise-induced oxidative stress and damage. Can J Appl Physiol. 2003;28(4):588–604.PubMedCrossRef
68.
Peake JM, Gerrard DF, Griffin JF. Plasma zinc and immune markers in runners in response to a moderate increase in training volume. Int J Sports Med. 2003;24(3):212–6.PubMedCrossRef
69.
Piacentini MF, Witard OC, Tonoli C, Jackman SR, Turner JE, Kies AK, et al. Effect of intensive training on mood with no effect on brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2016;11(6):824–30.PubMedCrossRef
70.
Pimenta E, Barbosa Coelho D, Capettini L, Gomes T, Pussieldi G, Ribeiro J, et al. Analysis of creatine kinase and alpha-actin concentrations in soccer pre-season. Revista Brasileira de Ciência e Movimento. 2015;23(4):5–14.CrossRef
71.
Pizza FX, Flynn MG, Sawyer T, Brolinson P, Starling RD, Andres FF. Run training versus cross-training: effect of increased training on circulating leukocyte subsets. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1995;27(3):355–62.PubMed
72.
Proia P, Bianco A, Schiera G, Saladino P, Pomara F, Petrucci M, et al. The effects of a 3-week training on basal biomarkers in professional soccer players during the preseason preparation period. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2012;52(1):102–106 5p.PubMed
73.
Rietjens GJ, Kuipers H, Adam JJ, Saris WH, van Breda E, van Hamont D, et al. Physiological, biochemical and psychological markers of strenuous training-induced fatigue. Int J Sports Med. 2005;26(1):16–26.PubMedCrossRef
74.
Robson-Ansley PJ, Blannin A, Gleeson M. Elevated plasma interleukin-6 levels in trained male triathletes following an acute period of intense interval training. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2007;99(4):353–60.PubMedCrossRef
75.
Shing CM, Ogawa K, Zhang X, Nagatomi R, Peake JM, Suzuki K, et al. Reduction in resting plasma granulysin as a marker of increased training load. Exerc Immunol Rev. 2007;13:89–99.PubMed
76.
77.
Smith DJ, Norris SR. Changes in glutamine and glutamate concentrations for tracking training tolerance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32(3):684–9.PubMedCrossRef
78.
Smith TB, Hopkins WG, Lowe TE. Are there useful physiological or psychological markers for monitoring overload training in elite rowers? Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2011;6(4):469–84.PubMedCrossRef
79.
Tanaka H, West KA, Duncan GE, Bassett DR Jr. Changes in plasma tryptophan/branched chain amino acid ratio in responses to training volume variation. Int J Sports Med. 1997;18(4):270–5.PubMedCrossRef
80.
Thiel C, Vogt L, Burklein M, Rosenhagen A, Hubscher M, Banzer W. Functional overreaching during preparation training of elite tennis professionals. J Hum Kinet. 2011;28:79–89.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
81.
82.
83.
84.
Billett HH. Hemoglobin and hematocrit. Clinical methods: the history, physical, and laboratory examinations. Boston: Butterworths; 1990.
85.
86.
Maton A, Hopkins R, McLaughlin C, Johnson S, Warner M, LaHart D, et al. Human biology and health. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall; 1993.
87.
Shetty N. Immunology: introductory textbook. 2nd ed. New Delhi: New Age International; 2005.
88.
Gleeson M, Bishop NC. The T cell and NK cell immune response to exercise. Ann Transplant. 2005;10(4):43–8.PubMed
89.
Mackinnon L. Advances in exercise immunology. Champaign: Human Kinetics; 1999.
90.
Mairbäurl H. Red blood cells in sports: effects of exercise and training on oxygen supply by red blood cells. Front Physiol. 2007;4(1):332.
91.
92.
Virella G. Medical immunology. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2001.
93.
Johnson SA, Horn DL, Pederson HJ, Marr J. The function of platelets. Transfusion. 1966;6(1):3–17.CrossRef
94.
Neville V, Gleeson M, Folland JP. Salivary IgA as a risk factor for upper respiratory infections in elite professional athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008;40(7):1228–1236 9p.PubMedCrossRef
95.
Sullivan G, Carper H, Novick W, Mandell G. Inhibition of the inflammatory action of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor (alpha) on neutrophil function by pentoxifylline. Infect Immun. 1988;56(7):1722–9.PubMedPubMedCentral
96.
Lehmann M, Foster C, Dickhuth H-H, Gastmann U. Autonomic imbalance hypothesis and overtraining syndrome. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998;30(7):1140–5.PubMedCrossRef
97.
Brownlee K, Moore A, Hackney A. Relationship between circulating cortisol and testosterone: influence of physical exercise. J Sports Sci Med. 2005;4(1):76–83.PubMedPubMedCentral
98.
Tee J, Bosch A, Lambert M. Metabolic consequences of exercise-induced muscle damage. Sports Med. 2007;37(10):827–36.PubMedCrossRef
99.
Aoi W, Naito Y, Tokuda H, Tanimura Y, Oya-Ito T, Yoshikawa T. Exercise-induced muscle damage impairs insulin signaling pathway associated with IRS-1 oxidative modification. Physiol Res. 2012;61(1):81.PubMed
100.
Rivier C, Rivier J, Vale W. Stress-induced inhibition of reproductive functions: role of endogenous corticotropin-releasing factor. Science. 1986;231(1):607–10.PubMedCrossRef
101.
Freeman M, Kanyicska B, Lerant A, Nagy G. Prolactin: structure, function, and regulation of secretion. Physiol Rev. 2000;80(4):1523–631.CrossRefPubMed
102.
Berg J, Tymoczko J, Stryer L. Important derivatives of cholesterol include bile salts and steroid hormones. Biochemistry. 5th ed. New York: WH Freeman; 2002.
103.
Heymsfield SB, Arteaga C, McManus C, Smith J, Moffitt S. Measurement of muscle mass in humans: validity of the 24-hour urinary creatinine method. Am J Clin Nutr. 1983;37(3):478–94.PubMedCrossRef
104.
Bouget M, Rouveix M, Michaux O, Pequignot J-M, Filaire E. Relationships among training stress, mood and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate/cortisol ratio in female cyclists. J Sports Sci. 2006;24(12):1297–302.PubMedCrossRef
105.
Binienda Z, Sarkar S, Silva-Ramirez S, Gonzalez C. Role of free fatty acids in physiological conditions and mitochondrial dysfunction. Food Nutr Sci. 2013;4(9):6.
106.
Venkatraman JT, Pendergast DR. Effect of dietary intake on immune function in athletes. Sports Med. 2002;32(5):323–37.PubMedCrossRef
107.
Antonio J, Street C. Glutamine: a potentially useful supplement for athletes. Can J Appl Physiol. 1999;24(1):1–14.PubMedCrossRef
108.
Brooks GA. The lactate shuttle during exercise and recovery. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1986;18(3):360–8.PubMedCrossRef
109.
Blomstrand E. A role for branched-chain amino acids in reducing central fatigue. J Nutr. 2006;136(2):544S–7S.PubMedCrossRef
110.
Hübner-Wozniak E, Stupnicki R, Hackney A. Changes in plasma creatine kinase activity and urea concentration monitored daily during training of elite wrestlers. Res Sports Med. 1997;7(3–4):207–14.
111.
Zouhal H, Jacob C, Delamarche P, Gratas-Delamarche A. Catecholamines and the effects of exercise, training and gender. Sports Med. 2008;38(5):401–23.PubMedCrossRef
112.
Meldrum BS. Glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the brain: review of physiology and pathology. J Nutr. 2000;130(4):1007S–15S.PubMedCrossRef
113.
Nikolaidis M, Michailidis Y, Mougios V. Variation of soluble transferrin receptor and ferritin concentrations in human serum during recovery from exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2003;89(5):500–2.PubMedCrossRef
114.
Ishibashi A, Maeda N, Kamei A, Goto K. Iron supplementation during three consecutive days of endurance training augmented hepcidin levels. Nutrients. 2017;9(8):820.CrossRefPubMedCentral
115.
Nieman DC, Mitmesser SH. Potential impact of nutrition on immune system recovery from heavy exertion: a metabolomics perspective. Nutrients. 2017;9(5):513.CrossRefPubMedCentral
116.
117.
Clénin G, Cordes M, Huber A, Schumacher YO, Noack P, Scales J, et al. Iron deficiency in sports—definition, influence on performance and therapy. Swiss Med Wkly. 2015;145:w14196.PubMed
118.
119.
Sharif K, Vieira Borba V, Zandman-Goddard G, Shoenfeld Y. Eppur Si Muove: ferritin is essential in modulating inflammation. Clin Exp Immunol. 2018;191(2):149–50.PubMedCrossRef
120.
121.
122.
123.
Fulkerson PC, Rothenberg ME. Targeting eosinophils in allergy, inflammation and beyond. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2013;12(2):117.PubMedCrossRef
124.
Castell LM, Newsholme EA. Glutamine and the effects of exhaustive exercise upon the immune response. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 1998;76(5):524–32.PubMedCrossRef
125.
Brodan V, Kuhn E, Pechar J, Tomkova D. Changes of free amino acids in plasma of healthy subjects induced by physical exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1976;35(1):69–77.PubMedCrossRef
126.
Graham TE, Turcotte LP, Kiens B, Richter EA. Effect of endurance training on ammonia and amino acid metabolism in humans. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1997;29(5):646–53.PubMedCrossRef
127.
Julian R, Meyer T, Fullagar HH, Skorski S, Pfeiffer M, Kellmann M, et al. Individual patterns in blood-borne indicators of fatigue—trait or chance. J Strength Cond Res. 2017;31(3):608–19.PubMedCrossRef
128.
Hecksteden A, Kraushaar J, Scharhag-Rosenberger F, Theisen D, Senn S, Meyer T. Individual response to exercise training-a statistical perspective. J Appl Physiol. 2015;118(12):1450–9.PubMedCrossRef
129.
130.
Hopkins W, Marshall S, Batterham A, Hanin J. Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41(1):3.PubMedCrossRef
131.
Hecksteden A, Pitsch W, Rosenberger F, Meyer T. Repeated testing for the assessment of individual response to exercise training. J Appl Physiol. 2018;124:1567–79.PubMedCrossRef
132.
Hecksteden A, Pitsch W, Julian R, Pfeiffer M, Kellmann M, Ferrauti A, et al. A new method to individualize monitoring of muscle recovery in athletes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2017;12(9):1137–42.PubMedCrossRef
133.
134.
Weaving D, Dalton NE, Black C, Darrall-Jones J, Phibbs PJ, Gray M, et al. The same story or a unique novel? Within-participant principle component analysis of training load measures in professional rugby union skills training. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2018;27:1–21.CrossRef
135.
Brereton RG, Lloyd GR. Partial least squares discriminant analysis: taking the magic away. J Chemom. 2014;28(4):213–25.CrossRef
136.
Hojat M, Xu G. A visitor’s guide to effect sizes–statistical significance versus practical (clinical) importance of research findings. Adv Health Sci Educ. 2004;9(3):241–9.CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Biomarkers of Physiological Responses to Periods of Intensified, Non-Resistance-Based Exercise Training in Well-Trained Male Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
verfasst von
Grace Greenham
Jonathan D. Buckley
Joel Garrett
Roger Eston
Kevin Norton
Publikationsdatum
23.08.2018
Verlag
Springer International Publishing
Erschienen in
Sports Medicine / Ausgabe 11/2018
Print ISSN: 0112-1642
Elektronische ISSN: 1179-2035
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-0969-2

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 11/2018

Sports Medicine 11/2018 Zur Ausgabe

Letter to the Editor

Author’s Reply to Cheung et al. Comment on: “Endurance Performance is Influenced by Perceptions of Pain and Temperature: Theory, Applications and Safety Considerations”

Review Article

Athlete’s Heart: Diagnostic Challenges and Future Perspectives

Review Article

Injury Prevention Strategies for Adolescent Cricket Pace Bowlers

Systematic Review

Sex-Specific Changes in Physical Performance Following Military Training: A Systematic Review

Systematic Review

Influence of Regular Physical Activity and Fitness on Stress Reactivity as Measured with the Trier Social Stress Test Protocol: A Systematic Review

Letter to the Editor

Medical Gases as an Emerging Topic in Sports Medicine

Arthropedia

Grundlagenwissen der Arthroskopie und Gelenkchirurgie. Erweitert durch Fallbeispiele, Videos und Abbildungen. 
» Jetzt entdecken

Neu im Fachgebiet Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie

25.04.2024 | Hypertonie | Nachrichten

Therapiestart mit Blutdrucksenkern erhöht Frakturrisiko

23.04.2024 | Leitsymptom Rückenschmerzen | Nachrichten

Ärztliche Empathie hilft gegen Rückenschmerzen

18.04.2024 | Wirbelsäulenmetastase | Nachrichten

Stereotaktische Radiatio schlägt konventionelle Bestrahlung

16.04.2024 | Spondylitis ankylosans | Nachrichten

Vorsicht mit hohen NSAR-Dosen bei ankylosierender Spondylitis!
weitere anzeigen

Update Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen
Bildnachweise