Background
Methods
Study population
Examination procedures
Calculations and statistical analysis
Women | Men | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n
| Sphere [D] | Spherical equivalent [D] | Dioptric Distance to habitual correction [D] | Dioptric Distance to a 0.00D lens [D] |
n
| Sphere [D] | Spherical equivalent [D] | Dioptric Distance to habitual correction [D] | Dioptric Distance to a 0.00D lens [D] | |
20–29 years | 24 | −0.85 ± 1.64 | −0.99 ± 1.64 | 0.45 ± 0.27 | 1.23 ± 1.48 | 26 | −1.07 ± 1.39 | −1.46 ± 1.46 | 0.43 ± 0.26 | 1.78 ± 1.16 |
30–39 years | 19 | −1.34 ± 2.06 | −1.63 ± 2.17 | 0.32 ± 0.29 | 2.06 ± 1.79 | 20 | −1.62 ± 2.29 | −2.00 ± 2.35 | 0.46 ± 0.36 | 2.07 ± 2.31 |
40–49 years | 32 | −0.86 ± 1.93 | −1.13 ± 2.00 | 0.50 ± 0.35 | 1.33 ± 1.90 | 29 | −0.24 ± 2.13 | −0.56 ± 2.11 | 0.41 ± 0.33 | 1.39 ± 1.75 |
50–59 years | 19 | +0.91 ± 1.22 | +0.74 ± 1.17 | 0.52 ± 0.43 | 1.15 ± 0.79 | 19 | 0.16 ± 2.36 | −0.13 ± 2.41 | 0.70 ± 0.50 | 1.64 ± 1.76 |
60–69 years | 16 | +0.63 ± 1.94 | +0.24 ± 2.18 | 0.73 ± 0.36 | 1.68 ± 1.47 | 14 | +1.07 ± 1.66 | +0.68 ± 1.76 | 0.55 ± 0.17 | 1.27 ± 1.06 |
All | 110 | −0.42 ± 1.95 | −0.66 ± 2.02 | 0.49 ± 0.35 | 1.45 ± 1.56 | 108 | −0.47 ± 2.15 | −0.81 ± 2.18 | 0.49 ± 0.35 | 1.64 ± 1.67 |
Results
Biometric measurements
Height and weight
Corneal curvature
Central corneal thickness
Axial length
Anterior chamber depth
Anterior chamber volume
Retinal thickness
Optics and visual function
Refractive error
Spherical equivalent and dioptric distance
Myopes | Emmetropes | Hyperopes | |
---|---|---|---|
UDVA [logMAR] | +0.52 ± 0.43 | −0.09 ± 0.09 | +0.32 ± 0.32 |
CDVA [logMAR] | −0.10 ± 0.08 | −0.15 ± 0.07 | −0.10 ± 0.09 |
Sphere [D] | −2.01 ± 1.81 | 0.11 ± 0.34 | 2.05 ± 1.30 |
SE [D] | −2.40 ± 1.83 | −0.06 ± 0.31 | +1.79 ± 1.23 |
DD to habitual correction [D] | 0.52 ± 0.35 | 0.34 ± 0.26 | 0.73 ± 0.38 |
DD to a 0.00D lens [D] | 2.47 ± 1.82 | 0.34 ± 0.19 | 1.74 ± 1.21 |
AL [mm] | 24.38 ± 1.06 | 23.54 ± 0.73 | 22.98 ± 0.79 |
CRTmin [μm] | 231.08 ± 20.07 | 231.76 ± 20.50 | 232.51 ± 18.75 |
CFST [μm] | 279.01 ± 20.58 | 279.49 ± 20.70 | 279.28 ± 20.67 |
height adjusted data (for procedure see Table 8) | |||
AL_adj [mm] | 24.32 ± 1.01 | 23.57 ± 0.65 | 23.03 ± 0.74 |
CRTmin_adj [μm] | 230.96 ± 19.76 | 232.03 ± 20.47 | 233.17 ± 18.89 |
CFST_adj [μm] | 278.10 ± 19.66 | 279.61 ± 20.18 | 280.41 ± 19.60 |
Accommodation
Contrast sensitivity
NEI − VFQ − 25
Discussion
Biometric measurements
Height and weight
Corneal findings
Year | Method | Axial Length [mm] | |
---|---|---|---|
Gullstrand | Biometry of enucleated eyes and calculations | 24.387 | |
Leipzig | 2011 | IOLMaster | 23.80 ± 1.10 |
Leipzig_height adjusted data | 2011 | IOL Master | 23.80 ± 0.98 |
Statistical eye model for normal eyes | 2011 | IOLMaster | 23.67 ± 1.12 |
The Singapore Malay Eye Study | 2010 | IOLMaster | 23.55 ± 0.05 |
The Liwan Eye Study | 2009 | A-mode ultrasound | 23.11 ± 0.63 |
The Meiktila Eye Study | 2007 | A-mode ultrasound | 22.74 ± 0.93 |
Optical components interactions in emmetropes | 2007 | A-mode ultrasound | 23.34 ± 0.71 |
The Reykjavik Eye Study | 2005 | A-mode ultrasound | 23.89 ± 1.09 |
The Los Angeles Latino Eye Study | 2005 | A-mode ultrasound | 23.38 ± 1.01 |
The Tanjong Pagar Survey | 2003 | A-mode ultrasound | 23.24 ± 0.05 |
CC R1 ant [mm] | CC R2 ant [mm] | CC R1 post [mm] | CC R2 post [mm] | CCT [μm] | ACD [mm] | ACV [mm3] | AL [mm] | CRTmin [μm] | CFST [μm] | CRTmin_adj [μm] | CFST_adj [μm] | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 206 |
n = 206 |
n = 206 |
n = 206 | |||||||||
All (218) | 7.91 ± 0.26 | 7.73 ± 0.28 | 6.65 ± 0.27 | 6.29 ± 0.26 | 554 ± 32 | 2.81 ± 0.38 | 160 ± 40 | 23.8 ± 1.1 | 231 ± 20 | 279 ± 21 | 231 ± 20 | 279 ± 20 |
Women (110) | 7.85 ± 0.27 | 7.68 ± 0.27 | 6.60 ± 0.26 | 6.26 ± 0.25 | 549 ± 32 | 2.74 ± 0.38 | 149 ± 37 | 23.4 ± 1.0 | 230 ± 20 | 273 ± 19 | 231 ± 20 | 278 ± 19 |
20–29 (24) | 7.85 ± 0.30 | 7.69 ± 0.32 | 6.62 ± 0.27 | 6.27 ± 0.28 | 547 ± 35 | 3.01 ± 0.34 | 174 ± 31 | 23.4 ± 1.0 | 222 ± 17 | 271 ± 20 | 224 ± 16 | 274 ± 19 |
30–39 (19) | 7.93 ± 0.24 | 7.73 ± 0.26 | 6.72 ± 0.24 | 6.32 ± 0.26 | 541 ± 41 | 2.91 ± 0.32 | 168 ± 33 | 24.0 ± 0.9 | 228 ± 22 | 273 ± 19 | 229 ± 21 | 275 ± 17 |
40–49 (32) | 7.78 ± 0.26 | 7.62 ± 0.23 | 6.52 ± 0.25 | 6.17 ± 0.19 | 554 ± 31 | 2.76 ± 0.30 | 144 ± 26 | 23.5 ± 1.0 | 233 ± 14 | 278 ± 17 | 235 ± 14 | 282 ± 18 |
50–59 (19) | 7.89 ± 0.31 | 7.72 ± 0.30 | 6.59 ± 0.29 | 6.28 ± 0.29 | 549 ± 27 | 2.42 ± 0.22 | 122 ± 38 | 23.0 ± 0.8 | 234 ± 27 | 274 ± 19 | 235 ± 26 | 278 ± 19 |
60–69 (16) | 7.87 ± 0.23 | 7.72 ± 0.20 | 6.61 ± 0.24 | 6.30 ± 0.21 | 551 ± 21 | 2.50 ± 0.37 | 130 ± 32 | 23.3 ± 0.9 | 233 ± 20 | 274 ± 25 | 236 ± 20 | 279 ± 24 |
Men (108) | 7.96 ± 0.24 | 7.78 ± 0.28 | 6.69 ± 0.28 | 6.33 ± 0.26 | 559 ± 32 | 2.92 ± 0.35 | 172 ± 39 | 24.2 ± 1.0 | 233 ± 20 | 285 ± 20 | 232 ± 20 | 280 ± 20 |
20–29 (26) | 7.94 ± 0.21 | 7.74 ± 0.22 | 6.67 ± 0.24 | 6.27 ± 0.26 | 559 ± 39 | 3.18 ± 0.19 | 196 ± 21 | 24.4 ± 0.8 | 231 ± 20 | 283 ± 21 | 229 ± 20 | 278 ± 22 |
30–39 (20) | 7.94 ± 0.30 | 7.78 ± 0.31 | 6.65 ± 0.27 | 6.34 ± 0.34 | 557 ± 28 | 3.05 ± 0.19 | 187 ± 23 | 24.5 ± 1.1 | 237 ± 23 | 289 ± 23 | 235 ± 23 | 284 ± 24 |
40–49 (29) | 8.01 ± 0.28 | 7.83 ± 0.28 | 6.72 ± 0.28 | 6.35 ± 0.27 | 559 ± 31 | 2.85 ± 0.31 | 167 ± 41 | 24.2 ± 1.1 | 233 ± 19 | 284 ± 17 | 232 ± 19 | 281 ± 17 |
50–59 (19) | 7.95 ± 0.20 | 7.80 ± 0.21 | 6.68 ± 0.22 | 6.35 ± 0.19 | 560 ± 38 | 2.81 ± 0.44 | 160 ± 45 | 23.9 ± 1.2 | 233 ± 17 | 285 ± 20 | 231 ± 17 | 280 ± 20 |
60–69 (14) | 7.97 ± 0.19 | 7.76 ± 0.42 | 6.78 ± 0.39 | 6.35 ± 0.19 | 558 ± 22 | 2.55 ± 0.30 | 128 ± 26 | 23.7 ± 0.7 | 234 ± 23 | 280 ± 23 | 234 ± 23 | 279 ± 22 |
Statistical comparison women to men (all) |
p = 0.001 |
p = 0.008 |
p = 0.015 |
p = 0.028 |
p = 0.025 |
p < 0.001 |
p < 0.001 |
p < 0.001 |
p = 0.162 |
p < 0.001 |
p = 0.903 |
p = 0.324 |
Axial length, anterior chamber depth and anterior chamber volume
CC R1 ant | CC R2 ant | CC R1 post | CC R2 post | CCT | ACD | ACV | AL | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Manifest myopia (< −2D) | mean | 7.77 | 7.55 | 6.57 | 6.16 | 552.81 | 3.11 | 185.59 | 25.07 |
SD | 0.26 | 0.33 | 0.36 | 0.25 | 34.05 | 0.24 | 27.69 | 1.12 | |
Low myopia (−2D ≤ −0.5D) | mean | 7.89 | 7.73 | 6.65 | 6.33 | 549.02 | 3.04 | 179.31 | 24.20 |
SD | 0.23 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 0.26 | 31.35 | 0.33 | 35.30 | 0.90 | |
Emmetropia (−0.5D ≤ ≥ +0.5D) | mean | 7.91 | 7.74 | 6.64 | 6.27 | 554.13 | 2.83 | 159.18 | 23.54 |
SD | 0.26 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 34.07 | 0.32 | 35.05 | 0.72 | |
Low hypermetropia (+0.5D ≥ +2D) | mean | 8.01 | 7.84 | 6.71 | 6.38 | 556.86 | 2.54 | 135.06 | 23.41 |
SD | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.27 | 0.28 | 32.38 | 0.28 | 35.11 | 0.79 | |
Manifest hypermetropia (> +2D) | mean | 7.90 | 7.74 | 6.71 | 6.32 | 559.94 | 2.34 | 109.76 | 22.51 |
SD | 0.30 | 0.28 | 0.29 | 0.27 | 29.54 | 0.29 | 24.78 | 0.74 |
CC R1 ant | CC R2 ant | CC R1 post | CC R2 post | CCT | ACD | ACV | AL | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Manifest myopia (< −2D) | Mean | 7.72 | 7.50 | 6.48 | 6.13 | 542.81 | 3.09 | 180.38 | 24.64 |
SD | 0.30 | 0.28 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 36.93 | 0.27 | 29.88 | 1.07 | |
Low myopia (−2D ≤ −0.5D) | Mean | 7.86 | 7.72 | 6.65 | 6.34 | 551.11 | 2.87 | 160.53 | 23.73 |
SD | 0.22 | 0.24 | 0.22 | 0.20 | 33.83 | 0.38 | 36.71 | 0.83 | |
Emmetropia (−0.5D ≤ ≥ +0.5D) | Mean | 7.84 | 7.69 | 6.59 | 6.22 | 551.34 | 2.76 | 147.52 | 23.21 |
SD | 0.25 | 0.23 | 0.25 | 0.21 | 33.37 | 0.32 | 28.72 | 0.66 | |
Low hypermetropia (+0.5D ≥ +2D) | Mean | 8.01 | 7.82 | 6.72 | 6.38 | 546.50 | 2.46 | 131.70 | 23.21 |
SD | 0.25 | 0.23 | 0.25 | 0.21 | 33.37 | 0.32 | 28.72 | 0.66 | |
Manifest hypermetropia (> +2D) | Mean | 7.67 | 7.53 | 6.50 | 6.18 | 557.13 | 2.20 | 96.13 | 21.98 |
SD | 0.19 | 0.15 | 0.20 | 0.23 | 33.88 | 0.15 | 9.08 | 0.59 |
CC R1 ant | CC R2 ant | CC R1 post | CC R2 post | CCT | ACD | ACV | AL | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
manifest myopia (< −2D) | Mean | 7.82 | 7.60 | 6.67 | 6.20 | 562.81 | 3.12 | 190.81 | 25.51 |
SD | 0.20 | 0.37 | 0.42 | 0.22 | 28.62 | 0.21 | 25.17 | 1.01 | |
low myopia (−2D ≤ −0.5D) | Mean | 7.92 | 7.74 | 6.65 | 6.33 | 547.50 | 3.16 | 193.04 | 24.55 |
SD | 0.23 | 0.26 | 0.25 | 0.31 | 30.00 | 0.22 | 27.54 | 0.79 | |
emmetropia (−0.5D ≤ ≥ +0.5D) | Mean | 7.99 | 7.81 | 6.69 | 6.33 | 557.30 | 2.90 | 172.43 | 23.90 |
SD | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.26 | 34.96 | 0.30 | 37.13 | 0.62 | |
low hypermetropia (+0.5D ≥ +2D) | Mean | 8.02 | 7.87 | 6.69 | 6.38 | 569.81 | 2.63 | 139.25 | 23.66 |
SD | 0.27 | 0.28 | 0.25 | 0.23 | 37.76 | 0.29 | 31.91 | 0.85 | |
manifest hypermetropia (> +2D) | Mean | 8.11 | 7.94 | 6.89 | 6.44 | 562.44 | 2.45 | 121.89 | 22.99 |
SD | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.26 | 26.94 | 0.33 | 28.36 | 0.49 |
Variable under investigation | Statistical significant difference male (m) versus female (f) | Regression analysis | Variable after adjustment for body height based on regression model |
---|---|---|---|
men: n = 108 | |||
women: n = 110 | |||
Mean anterior corneal radius (CCRant) | m: 7.87 (SD 0.25); f: 7.77 (SD 0.26); p = 0.003 | CCRant = 6.37 + 0,00837 Height | m: 7.82 (SD 0.24); f: 7.83 (SD 0.26); p = 0.701 |
Mean posterior corneal radius (CCRpost) | m: 6.51 (SD 0.24); f: 6.43 (SD 0.25); p = 0.014 | CCRpost = 5.26 + 0,00699 Height | m: 6.46 (SD 0.23); f: 6.48 (SD 0.24); p = 0.591 |
Central corneal thickness (CCT) | m: 558.7 (SD 32.3); f: 548.7 (SD 32.0); p = 0.023 | CCT = 532 + 0.128 Height | m: 557.3 (SD 32.3); f: 549.2 (SD 32.2); p = 0.064 |
Anterior chamber depth (ACD) | m: 2.92 (SD 0.35); f: 2.74 (SD 0.38); p < 0.001 | ACD = 1.25 + 0,00912 Height | m: 2.86 (SD 0.35); f: 2.81 (SD 0.38); p = 0.314 |
Anterior chamber volume (ACV) | m: 171.6 (SD 39.2); f: 148.9 (SD 36.7); p < 0.001 | ACV = − 43.0 + 1,17 Height | m: 163.9 (SD 38.6); f: 157.8 (SD 36.8); 0.235 |
Axial length (AL) | m: 24.16 (SD 1.01); f: 23.44 (SD 0.97); p < 0.001 | Axial length = 17.0 + 0.0393 Height | m: 23.88 (SD 0.97); f: 23.72 (SD 0.98); p = 0.219 |
Central foveal subfield thickness (CFST) | m: 284.6 (SD 20.3); f: 273.9 (SD 19.4); p < 0.001 | CFST = 182 + 0.562 Height | m: 280.4 (SD 20.3); f: 277.7 (SD 19.2); p = 0.324 |
Men: n = 103 | |||
Women: n = 103 | |||
Minimal retinal thickness (CRTmin) | m: 233.4 (SD 20.1) median 232.0; f: 229.8 (SD 19.7) median 228.0; p(MW-U) = 0.162 | CRTmin = 194 + 0,216 Height | m: 232.1 (SD 20.1) median: 230.6; f: 231.4 (SD 19.5) median 229.4; p (MW-U) = 0.903 |
Men: n = 103 | |||
Women: n = 103 |