Background
Methods
Data
Study Population
Exposure-obstetric mode of delivery
Outcome-school performance
Co-variates
Unassisted VD | Assisted VD | Elective CS | Emergency CS | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total Population | 1036424 (84.51) | 78441 (6.40) | 52107 (4.25) | 59357 (4.84) |
Poor grade | 138202 (13.33) | 8880 (11.32) | 7064 (13.56) | 8203 (13.82) |
Gender (Male) | 522988 (50.46) | 45361 (57.83) | 26165 (50.21) | 32357 (54.51) |
Maternal age | ||||
<20 | 30367 (2.93) | 2679 (3.42) | 698 (1.34) | 1551 (2.61) |
21–29 | 633991 (61.17) | 50482 (64.36) | 24004 (46.07) | 33689 (56.76) |
31–39 | 356370 (34.38) | 24176 (30.82) | 2486 (47.71) | 22406 (37.75) |
40+ | 15696 (1.51) | 1104 (1.41) | 2545 (4.88) | 1711 (2.88) |
First born child | 599463 (57.84) | 69919 (89.14) | 31350 (60.16) | 44922 (75.68) |
Smoking at time of first antenatal visit | ||||
None | 704557 (67.98) | 52772 (67.28) | 35328 (67.80) | 39483 (66.52) |
1–9 Cigarettes/day | 148178 (14.30) | 11924 (15.20) | 7746 (14.87) | 9586 (16.15) |
10+ Cigarettes/day | 91075 (8.79) | 6401 (8.16) | 4979 (9.56) | 5864 (9.88) |
Missing | 92614 (8.94) | 7344 (9.36) | 4054 (7.78) | 4424 (7.45) |
SGA | 20383 (1.97) | 2178 (2.78) | 2969 (5.70) | 5017 (8.45) |
LGA | 31455 (3.03) | 2279 (2.91) | 2996 (5.75) | 2605 (4.39) |
Parental education | ||||
Pre-Highschool | 34151 (3.30) | 209 (2.67) | 1878 (3.60) | 2342 (3.95) |
Highschool | 232551 (22.44) | 17107 (21.81) | 11862 (22.76) | 15568 (26.23) |
Post-Highschool | 151078 (14.58) | 12916 (16.47) | 8555 (16.42) | 10506 (17.70) |
Missing | 9145 (0.88) | 680 (0.87) | 344 (0.66) | 703 (1.18) |
Born Prior to 1990 | 609499 (58.81) | 45647 (58.19) | 29468 (56.55) | 30238 (50.94) |
Parental income | ||||
First | 201292 (19.42) | 8839 (11.27) | 8943 (17.16) | 9095 (15.32) |
Second | 210046 (20.27) | 9836 (12.54) | 10020 (19.23) | 9407 (15.85) |
Third | 209679 (20.23) | 13499 (17.21) | 10215 (19.60) | 10713 (18.05) |
Fourth | 204240 (19.71) | 19267 (24.56) | 10316 (19.80) | 13159 (22.17) |
Fifth | 191366 (18.46) | 25526 (32.54) | 11730 (22.51) | 15816 (26.65) |
Missing | 1981 (1.91) | 1474 (1.88) | 883 (1.69) | 1167 (1.97) |
Parental social welfare status | ||||
Yes | 84609 (8.16) | 5597 (7.14) | 4173 (8.10) | 5490 (9.25) |
No | 864190 (83.38) | 65913 (83.03) | 44174 (84.78) | 50000 (84.24) |
Missing | 19132 (1.85) | 1416 (1.81) | 858 (1.65) | 1133 (1.91) |
Born Prior to 1983 | 68493 (6.61) | 515 (7.03) | 2902 (5.57) | 2734 (4.61) |
Apgar Score (5 min) | ||||
Low (0–3) | 1484 (0.14) | 241 (0.31) | 141 (0.27) | 417 (0.70) |
Intermediate (4–6) | 3375 (0.33) | 1501 (1.91) | 479 (0.92) | 1836 (3.09) |
High (7–10) | 1004980 (96.97) | 75464 (96.20) | 50105 (96.16) | 55775 (93.97) |
Missing | 26585 (2.57) | 1235 (1.57) | 1382 (2.65) | 1329 (2.24) |
Gestational age | ||||
<37 Weeks | 39384 (3.80) | 1971 (2.51) | 5941 (11.40) | 10820 (18.23) |
37 Weeks | 48430 (4.67) | 2546 (3.25) | 5923 (11.37) | 4508 (7.59) |
38 Weeks | 122702 (11.84) | 6707 (8.55) | 25006 (47.99) | 7487 (12.61) |
39 Weeks | 255027 (24.61) | 15235 (19.42) | 9990 (19.17) | 8416 (14.18) |
40 Weeks | 311130 (30.02) | 23094 (29.44) | 2714 (5.21) | 11056 (18.63) |
>40 Weeks | 257116 (24.81) | 28678 (36.56) | 2400 (4.61) | 16892 (28.46) |
Missing | 2635 (0.25) | 210 (0.27) | 133 (0.26) | 178 (0.30) |
Maternal Depression | ||||
Never Diagnosed | 952661 (91.92) | 71714 (91.42) | 46936 (90.08) | 53615 (90.33) |
Diagnosed before birth | 6051 (0.58) | 457 (0.58) | 584 (1.12) | 540 (0.91) |
Diagnosed after birth | 77712 (7.50) | 6270 (7.99) | 4587 (8.80) | 5202 (8.76) |
Maternal Non-affective Disorder | ||||
Never Diagnosed | 1026908 (99.08) | 77638 (99.98) | 51460 (98.76) | 58644 (98.82) |
Diagnosed before birth | 2392 (0.23) | 227 (0.29) | 209 (0.40) | 201 (0.34) |
Diagnosed after birth | 7124 (0.69) | 576 (0.73) | 438 (0.84) | 501 (0.84) |
Maternal Bipolar Disorder | ||||
Never Diagnosed | 1026027 (99.00) | 77649 (98.99) | 51507 (98.85) | 58702 (98.90) |
Diagnosed before birth | 818 (0.08) | 82 (0.10) | 80 (0.15) | 61 (0.10) |
Diagnosed after birth | 9579 (0.92) | 710 (0.91) | 520 (1.00) | 594 (1.00) |
Paternal Depression | ||||
Never Diagnosed | 983156 (94.86) | 74367 (94.81) | 49255 (94.53) | 56114 (94.54) |
Diagnosed before birth | 4697 (0.45) | 309 (0.39) | 309 (0.59) | 325 (0.55) |
Diagnosed after birth | 48571 (4.69) | 3765 (4.80) | 2543 (4.88) | 2918 (4.92) |
Paternal Non-affective Disorder | ||||
Never Diagnosed | 1028187 (99.21) | 77816 (99.20) | 51705 (99.23) | 58823 (99.10) |
Diagnosed before birth | 2360 (0.23) | 171 (0.22) | 134 (0.26) | 167 (0.28) |
Diagnosed after birth | 5877 (0.57) | 454 (0.58) | 268 (0.51) | 367 (0.62) |
Paternal Bipolar Disorder | ||||
Never Diagnosed | 1029320 (99.31) | 77915 (99.33) | 51703 (99.22) | 58919 (99.26) |
Diagnosed before birth | 805 (0.08) | 65 (0.08) | 68 (0.13) | 43 (0.07) |
Diagnosed after birth | 6299 (0.61) | 461 (0.59) | 336 (0.63) | 395 (0.67) |
Co-habitating with child's father | ||||
Yes | 894777 (86.33) | 66362 (84.60) | 45489 (87.30) | 50855 (85.68) |
No | 47235 (4.56) | 4655 (5.93) | 2389 (4.58) | 3464 (5.84) |
Missing | 94412 (9.11) | 7424 (9.46) | 4229 (8.12) | 5038 (8.49) |
Maternal Country of Birth | ||||
Sweden | 917862 (88.56) | 69758 (88.93) | 45638 (87.59) | 51349 (86.51) |
Other Nordic | 41385 (3.99) | 2935 (3.74) | 2327 (4.47) | 2526 (4.26) |
Other | 77170 (7.45) | 5747 (7.33) | 4141 (7.95) | 5482 (9.24) |
Missing | 7 (0.00) | 1 (0.00) | 1 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) |
Paternal Country of Birth | ||||
Sweden | 905824 (87.40) | 68936 (87.88) | 45771 (87.84) | 51084 (86.06) |
Other Nordic | 34953 (3.37) | 2445 (3.12) | 1910 (3.67) | 2153 (3.63) |
Other | 90567 (8.74) | 6485 (8.27) | 4155 (7.97) | 5713 (9.62) |
Missing | 5080 (0.49) | 575 (0.70) | 271 (0.52) | 407 (0.69) |
Natural science poor performance | 298903 (28.43) | 21026 (26.51) | 15266 (28.86) | 17513 (29.09) |
Civics poor performance | 408082 (38.81) | 49818 (37.18) | 32022 (39.47) | 36182 (39.91) |
Sports poor performance | 70358 (6.79) | 4365 (5.56) | 3611 (6.93) | 4048(6.82) |
Arts poor performance | 62182 (5.91) | 3937 (4.96) | 3223 (6.09) | 3644 (6.05) |
Swedish poor performance | 68154 (6.48) | 4196 (5.29) | 3467 (6.55) | 4297 (7.14) |
Statistical analysis
Logistic regression
Quantile regression
Additional analyses
Results
Descriptive statistics
Logistic regression
Exposed Cases | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |
---|---|---|---|
Unassisted VD | 138202 | Ref | Ref |
Assisted VD | 8880 | 0.84 (0.82-0.86) | 1.06 (1.03-1.08) |
Elective CS | 7064 | 1.05 (1.03-1.08) | 1.06 (1.03-1.09) |
Emergency CS | 8203 | 1.05 (1.02-1.07) | 1.12 (1.09-1.15) |