Introduction
Methods
Patient population and study design
Data collection
Anthropometric measurements and data collection
Laboratory parameters
Statistical analysis
Results
General characteristics
Variables | FWR patients (n = 40) | VSR patients (n = 15) | PMR patients (n = 6) | HR patients (n = 61) | Non-HR patients (n = 600) | P value (HR vs Non-HR) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 76.59 ± 5.48 | 74.36 ± 4.24 | 74.18 ± 5.02 | 75.56 ± 5.12 | 66.18 ± 6.63 | < 0.001 |
Male, n (%) | 16 (40) | 7 (46.67) | 3 (50) | 26 (42.62) | 427 (71.17) | < 0.001 |
HT, n (%) | 27 (67.5) | 9 (60) | 3 (50) | 39 (63.93) | 420 (70) | 0.571 |
DM, n (%) | 9 (22.5) | 4 (26.67) | 2 (33.33) | 15 (24.59) | 145 (24.17) | 0.433 |
CHF, n (%) | 2 (5) | 1 (6.67) | 1 (16.67) | 4 (6.56) | 25 (4.17) | 0.81 |
History of MI, n (%) | 3 (7.5) | 3 (20) | 1 (16.67) | 7 (11.48) | 65 (10.83) | 0.917 |
History of CAD, n (%) | 6 (15) | 4 (26.67) | 2 (33.33) | 12 (19.67) | 115 (19.17) | 0.743 |
History of PCI, n (%) | 3 (7.5) | 2 (13.33) | 1 (16.67) | 6 (9.84) | 83 (13.83) | 0.383 |
History of CABG, n (%) | 1 (2.5) | 1 (6.67) | 0 (0) | 2 (3.28) | 13 (2.17) | 0.419 |
Current smoker, n (%) | 21 (52.5) | 8 (53.33) | 3 (50) | 32 (52.46) | 352 (58.67) | 0.518 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 23.72 ± 3.14 | 23.44 ± 3.38 | 23.37 ± 3.04 | 23.51 ± 3.2 | 26.36 ± 3.43 | < 0.001 |
Time from symptom onset to admission (h) | 22 (8,68) | 72 (12,160) | 18 (4,50) | 26 (9.8,94) | 22 (8,98) | 0.021 |
STEMI, n (%) | 31 (77.5) | 11 (73.33) | 4 (66.67) | 46 (75.41) | 391 (65.17) | 0.079 |
Anterior MI, n (%) | 20 (50) | 7 (46.67) | 2 (33.33) | 29 (47.54) | 306 (51) | 0.702 |
Heart rate, bpm | 95.66 ± 16.72 | 104.21 ± 19.15 | 98.81 ± 20.04 | 99.33 ± 19.47 | 74.82 ± 16.2 | < 0.001 |
SBP, mmHg | 114.47 ± 22.54 | 109.23 ± 21.24 | 109.7320.94 | 111.03 ± 24.1 | 127.17 ± 23.08 | 0.045 |
KILLIP class | ||||||
KILLIP I, n (%) | 8 (20) | 1 (6.67) | 0 (0) | 9 (16.36) | 338 (56.33) | < 0.001 |
KILLIP II, n (%) | 20 (50) | 9 (60) | 2 (33.33) | 31 (50.82) | 201 (33.5) | < 0.001 |
KILLIP III, n (%) | 6 (15) | 3 (20) | 3 (50) | 12 (19.67) | 35 (5.83) | 0.002 |
KILLIP IV, n (%) | 6 (15) | 2 (13.3) | 1 (16.67) | 9 (14.75) | 26 (4.33) | 0.025 |
β-RB within 24 h, n (%) | 12 (30) | 6 (40) | 2 (33.33) | 20 (32.79) | 303 (50.5) | 0.071 |
ACEI/ARB within 24 h, n (%) | 3 (7.5) | 1 (6.67) | 1 (16.67) | 5 (8.2) | 71 (11.83) | 0.314 |
ESR, mm/h | 24.28 ± 18.78 | 43.71 ± 29.7 | 37.4 ± 22.71 | 31.14 ± 23.48 | 12.15 ± 13.02 | 0.012 |
HBA1C, % | 6.53 ± 1.01 | 6.39 ± 1.26 | 6.47 ± 1.11 | 6.44 ± 1.1 | 6.36 ± 0.98 | 0.102 |
BNP (pg/ml) | 538.3 ± 304.63 | 1025.48 ± 406.22 | 849.06 ± 392.8 | 772.33 ± 368.09 | 274.78 ± 146.53 | < 0.001 |
WBC, *109/L | 12.23 ± 4.79 | 11.64 ± 4.23 | 12.01 ± 4.49 | 12.11 ± 4.62 | 9.66 ± 3.27 | < 0.001 |
RBC, *1012/L | 4.06 ± 0.48 | 3.92 ± 0.51 | 3.99 ± 0.44 | 4.01 ± 0.39 | 4.36 ± 0.52 | 0.008 |
Hb, g/L | 123.88 ± 14.19 | 120.43 ± 17.15 | 119.19 ± 16.2 | 121.47 ± 15.88 | 132.48 ± 17.49 | 0.007 |
D-dimer, mg/L FEU | 1.39 ± 1.41 | 1.89 ± 1.46 | 1.37 ± 1.5 | 1.44 ± 1.33 | 1.11 ± 2.29 | 0.119 |
CK-MB, ng/ml | 59.1 (11.74, 158.55) | 34.7 (6.41, 132.2) | 42.21 (5.29, 139.66) | 48.18 (7.25, 151.77) | 19.54 (4.07, 79.41) | 0.009 |
CTnI, ng/ml | 32.55 (6.71, 59.7) | 8.49 (5.47, 31.86) | 11.23 (4.78, 36.7) | 22.61 (6.17, 44.42) | 9.18 (2.73, 38.22) | 0.014 |
LDL, mmol/L | 2.5 ± 0.95 | 2.72 ± 0.81 | 2.52 ± 0.82 | 2.55 ± 0.95 | 2.57 ± 0.88 | 0.933 |
SCR, umol/L | 100.48 ± 51.82 | 118.63 ± 44.29 | 104.22 ± 48.9 | 104.4 ± 48.7 | 91.4 ± 50.6 | 0.217 |
eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2 | 69.01 ± 30.18 | 53.23 ± 21.42 | 62.31 ± 26.4 | 62.89 ± 25.3 | 82.37 ± 31.1 | 0.001 |
SUA, umol/L | 329.8 ± 75.42 | 384.73 ± 97.18 | 352.41 ± 79.3 | 346.39 ± 85.75 | 337.1 ± 97.28 | 0.525 |
ABO | ||||||
A, n (%) | 21 (52.5) | 6 (40) | 3 (50) | 30 (49.18) | 213 (35.5) | 0.012 |
B, n (%) | 11 (27.5) | 5 (33.33) | 2 (33.33) | 18 (29.51) | 227 (37.83) | 0.213 |
O, n (%) | 6 (15) | 3 (20) | 1 (16.67) | 10 (16.39) | 116 (19.33) | 0.775 |
AB, n (%) | 2 (5) | 1 (6.67) | 0 (0) | 3 (4.92) | 44 (7.33) | 0.841 |
LVEDd, mm | 48.3 ± 9.49 | 49.2 ± 7.08 | 48.41 ± 7.48 | 48.55 ± 8.91 | 48.36 ± 5.1 | 0.803 |
LVESd, mm | 38.27 ± 10.16 | 36.76 ± 8.24 | 37.01 ± 8.79 | 37.47 ± 9.7 | 35.76 ± 7.12 | 0.389 |
LVEF (%) | 48.12 ± 9.29 | 48.15 ± 10.57 | 47.78 ± 8.82 | 48.14 ± 10.28 | 58.19 ± 9.92 | < 0.001 |
GRACE RS | 197.29 ± 39.41 | 211.22 ± 40.19 | 201.4 ± 38.52 | 200.12 ± 41.73 | 161 ± 31.5 | < 0.001 |
Primary PCI treatment, n (%) | 14 (35) | 4 (26.67) | 3 (50) | 21 (34.43) | 416 (69.33) | < 0.001 |
In-hospital mortality, n (%) | 38 (95) | 10 (66.67) | 2 (33.33) | 50 (81.97) | 25 (4.17) | < 0.001 |
Variables | Total (n = 61) | ≤ 24 h (n = 32) | 2–3 days (n = 8) | 4–6 days (n = 18) | ≥ 7 days (n = 3) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
FWR, n (%) | 40 | 21 (52.5) | 5 (12.5) | 12 (30) | 2 (5) |
VSR, n (%) | 15 | 7 (46.67) | 2 (13.33) | 5 (33.33) | 1 (6.67) |
PMR, n (%) | 6 | 4 (66.67) | 1 (16.67) | 1 (16.67) | 0 (0) |
ABO blood groups and HR
Variables | A (n = 243) | B (n = 245) | O (n = 126) | AB (n = 47) | P (A vs non-A) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 70.7 ± 10.03 | 67.76 ± 9.56 | 69.68 ± 8.68 | 69.77 ± 9.08 | 0.952 |
Male, n (%) | 166 (68.3) | 178 (72.65) | 78 (61.9) | 31 (65.96) | 0.696 |
HT, n (%) | 168 (69.14) | 173 (70.61) | 83 (65.87) | 35 (74.47) | 0.88 |
DM, n (%) | 66 (27.16) | 71 (28.98) | 16 (12.7) | 7 (14.89) | 0.645 |
CHF, n (%) | 10 (4.12) | 10 (4.08) | 6 (4.76) | 3 (6.38) | 0.355 |
History of MI, n (%) | 26 (10.7) | 30 (12.24) | 12 (9.52) | 4 (8.51) | 0.581 |
History of CAD, n (%) | 45 (18.52) | 53 (21.63) | 21 (16.67) | 8 (17.02) | 0.814 |
History of PCI, n (%) | 35 (14.4) | 37 (15.1) | 12 (9.52) | 5 (10.64) | 0.88 |
History of CABG, n (%) | 6 (2.47) | 6 (2.45) | 2 (1.59) | 1 (2.13) | 0.661 |
Current smoker, n (%) | 144 (59.26) | 152 (62.04) | 58 (46.03) | 30 (63.83) | 0.574 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 25.55 ± 3.76 | 24.25 ± 3.27 | 24.52 ± 2.58 | 25.39 ± 3.96 | 0.159 |
Symptom onset time (h) | 38.92 ± 45.82 | 28.52 ± 43.67 | 33.61 ± 47.55 | 38.54 ± 47.27 | 0.762 |
STEMI, n (%) | 165 (67.9) | 174 (71.02) | 69 (54.76) | 29 (61.7) | 0.382 |
Anterior MI, n (%) | 122 (50.21) | 131 (53.47) | 59 (46.83) | 23 (48.94) | |
Heart rate, bpm | 82.93 ± 18.56 | 80.91 ± 15.39 | 80.43 ± 19.96 | 73.23 ± 12.54 | 0.401 |
SBP, mmHg | 127.33 ± 25.55 | 123.88 ± 23.06 | 125.57 ± 23.51 | 128.46 ± 20.68 | 0.609 |
DBP, mmHg | 71.06 ± 12.95 | 73.38 ± 11.75 | 75.32 ± 11.26 | 69.85 ± 9.65 | 0.505 |
KILLIP class | |||||
KILLIP I, n (%) | 128 (52.67) | 129 (52.65) | 63 (50) | 27 (57.45) | 0.371 |
KILLIP II, n (%) | 85 (34.98) | 88 (35.92) | 46 (36.51) | 13 (26.66) | 0.296 |
KILLIP III, n (%) | 17 (7) | 18 (7.35) | 9 (7.14) | 3 (6.38) | 0.682 |
KILLIP IV, n (%) | 13 (5.35) | 10 (4.08) | 8 (6.35) | 4 (8.51) | 0.267 |
β-RB in 24 h, n (%) | 120 (49.38) | 117 (47.76) | 61 (48.41) | 25 (53.19) | 0.611 |
ACEI/ARB in 24 h, n (%) | 29 (11.93) | 26 (10.61) | 15 (11.9) | 6 (12.77) | 0.68 |
ESR, mm/h | 15.72 ± 14.52 | 18.17 ± 13.7 | 16.93 ± 13.81 | 13.69 ± 10 | 0.574 |
HBA1C, % | 6.74 ± 1.25 | 6.49 ± 1.07 | 6.33 ± 1.3 | 6.19 ± 0.48 | 0.058 |
BNP (pg/ml) | 760.25 (441.3, 1018.5) | 641.9 (316.85, 1120) | 694.22 (306.28, 994.18) | 667.02 (285.95, 1010,6) | 0.236 |
WBC, *109/L | 10.5 ± 4.17 | 10.36 ± 3.84 | 9.63 ± 3.93 | 9.36 ± 2.01 | 0.298 |
RBC, *1012/L | 4.21 ± 0.9 | 4.14 ± 0.58 | 4.2 ± 0.48 | 4.02 ± 0.48 | 0.097 |
Hb, g/L | 128.28 ± 22.41 | 127.59 ± 19.56 | 129.14 ± 15.23 | 124.33 ± 13.54 | 0.328 |
D-dimer, mg/L FEU | 1.31 ± 1.21 | 1.37 ± 1.63 | 1.32 ± 0.65 | 1.11 ± 0.44 | 0.67 |
CK-MB, ng/ml | 22 (5.95, 92.65) | 28.9 (6.4, 127.03) | 17.4 (1.9, 55.85) | 12.1 (1.7, 43.85) | 0.877 |
CTnI, ng/ml | 7.53 (2.95, 33.7) | 11.23 (6.01, 47.83) | 5.62 (1.32, 39.65) | 7.61 (1.32, 33.65) | 0.308 |
LDL, mmol/L | 2.58 ± 0.97 | 2.59 ± 0.79 | 2.33 ± 0.77 | 2.67 ± 0.95 | 0.15 |
SCR, umol/L | 101.44 ± 59.81 | 103.9 ± 61.36 | 84.82 ± 21.95 | 76.5 ± 23.22 | 0.392 |
eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2 | 71.7 ± 30.63 | 78.32 ± 36.61 | 79.41 ± 25.42 | 89.36 ± 34.77 | 0.521 |
SUA, umol/L | 344.81 ± 101.99 | 338.04 ± 103.9 | 311.62 ± 87.29 | 317.36 ± 51.76 | 0.56 |
LVEDd, mm | 48.31 ± 8 | 49.26 ± 6.33 | 46.91 ± 4.86 | 47.23 ± 5.22 | 0.23 |
LVESd, mm | 35.93 ± 8.47 | 36.04 ± 8.09 | 33.61 ± 7.27 | 36.08 ± 8.22 | 0.48 |
LVEF (%) | 52.09 ± 10.91 | 55.16 ± 11.6 | 58.43 ± 10.62 | 55.46 ± 11.36 | 0.923 |
GRACE RS | 182.7 ± 42.85 | 174.03 ± 44.38 | 167.36 ± 36.23 | 169.08 ± 32.71 | 0.778 |
Primary PCI treatment, n (%) | 161 (66.26) | 166 (67.76) | 80 (63.49) | 30 (63.83) | 0.668 |
Heart rupture, n (%) | 30 (12.35) | 18 (7.35) | 10 (7.94) | 3 (6.38) | < 0.001 |
Mortality, n (%) | 33 (13.58) | 25 (10.2) | 12 (9.52) | 5 (10.64) | 0.024 |
β | OR (95% CI) | P value | |
---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | |||
Blood group A | 1.023 | 2.781 (1.174–7.198) | 0.035 |
Age, years | 1.68 | 4.397 (1.698–11.578) | 0.001 |
Female | 0.13 | 1.139 (1.065–1.218) | < 0.001 |
Heart rate at admission, bpm | 0.053 | 1.054 (1.023–1.086) | 0.001 |
BMI, kg/m2 | − 0.127 | 0.881 (0.764–1.015) | 0.079 |
SBP, mmHg | − 0.013 | 0.987 (0.969, 1.006) | 0.179 |
Model 2 | |||
Blood group A | 0.895 | 2.448 (1.121–5.869) | 0.045 |
Age, years | 0.803 | 2.232 (0.913–5.445) | 0.78 |
Female | 0.171 | 1.187 (1.102–1.278) | < 0.001 |
ESR, mm/h | 0.051 | 1.053 (1.017–1.09) | 0.003 |
BNP, pg/ml | 0.01 | 1.011 (0.997–1.019) | 0.853 |
CTnI, ng/ml | 0.007 | 1.007 (0.999–1.015) | 0.088 |
Model 3 | |||
Blood group A | 0.697 | 2.107 (1.065–4.568) | 0.046 |
Age, years | 1.324 | 3.757 (1.548–9.12) | 0.003 |
Female | 0.129 | 1.138 (1.065–1.215) | 0.001 |
LVEF, % | − 0.064 | 0.938 (0.902–0.977) | 0.002 |
Model 4 | |||
Blood group A | 0.73 | 2.075 (1.002–4.288) | 0.048 |
Age, years | 0.863 | 2.371 (1.035–5.433) | 0.031 |
Female | 0.132 | 1.141 (1.07–1.217) | 0.002 |
No pPCI treatment | 1.072 | 2.928 (1.418–7.344) | 0.005 |
Model 5 | |||
Blood group A | 0.687 | 2.212 (1.064–5.168) | 0.039 |
GRACE RS | 0.019 | 1.02 (1.01–1.029) | < 0.001 |