Background
Methods
Subjects
Materials and methods
Physical examination
Blood samples and oral glucose tolerance test
Questionnaires
Definitions
Questionnaires
Statistical analysis
Results
Gender-specific comparisons in cardio metabolic characteristics across ethnicity
Variable | Swedish women | Iraqi women |
P
| Swedish men | Iraqi men |
P
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 326 | N = 493 | N = 362 | N = 683 | |||
Age (years) | 49.7 (11.1) | 44.3 (8.9) | <0.001 | 48.9 (11.1) | 46.0 (9.5) | <0.001 |
Body mass index, (kg/m2) | 26.8 (5.1) | 29.4 (4.8) | <0.001 | 27.2 (3.9) | 28.8 (4.0) | <0.001 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 88.4 (13.7) | 92.0 (10.4) | 0.001 | 97.1 (11.2) | 98.4 (10.3) | 0.034 |
Height (cm) | 165.9 (7.0) | 158.7 (6.1) | <0.001 | 179.2 (6.8) | 172.8 (6.5) | <0.001 |
Waist to hip ratio | 0.84 (0.1) | 0.86 (0.06) | <0.001 | 0.93 (0.1) | 0.94 (0.05) | 0.270 |
Waist to height ratio | 0.54 (0.08) | 0.58 (0.06) | <0.001 | 0.54 (0.06) | 0.57 (0.06) | <0.001 |
Obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) | 71 (21.8) | 183 (37.1) | <0.001 | 77 (21.3) | 228 (33.4) | <0.001 |
Abdominal obesity (waist men ≥ 94 cm; women ≥ 80 cm) | 234 (71.8) | 433 (87.8) | <0.001 | 222 (61.3) | 460 (67.3) | 0.064 |
Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 5.5 (0.6) | 5.6 (0.7) | 0.037 | 5.7 (1.1) | 5.6 (0.8) | 0.131 |
Mean glucose 0, 30, 60, 120 min (mmol/L) | 6.8 (1.4) | 7.0 (1.4) | 0.013 | 7.0 (1.9) | 7.3 (1.9) | 0.005 |
Glucose 120 min (mmol/L) | 5.9 (1.8) | 6.1 (1.7) | 0.108 | 5.6 (1.8) | 5.7 (2.1) | 0.406 |
Fasting insulin (mIE/L) | 8.0 (5.0) | 10.6 (6.9) | <0.001 | 10.5 (8.5) | 12.15 (7.6) | 0.001 |
Mean insulin 0, 30, 60, 120 min (mIE/L) | 38.1 (23.9) | 50.8 (32.6) | <0.001 | 47.5 (38.7) | 62.6 (39.7) | <0.001 |
Serum insulin 120 min (mIE/L) | 38.8 (30.6) | 52.4 (49.3) | <0.001 | 49.8 (68.4) | 61.5 (61.3) | 0.005 |
C-peptide (nmol/l) | 0.7 (0.3) | 0.8 (0.3) | <0.001 | 0.7 (0.4) | 0.9 (0.3) | 0.001 |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)c | 5.3 (1.0) | 4.8 (0.9) | <0.001 | 5.3 (1.1) | 5.1 (0.9) | <0.001 |
p-LDL (mmol/L)c | 3.3 (0.8) | 3.1 (0.8) | 0.001 | 3.4 (1.0) | 3.4 (0.8) | 0.305 |
p-HDL (mmol/L)c | 1.6 (0.4) | 1.3 (0.4) | <0.001 | 1.3 (0.4) | 1.1 (0.3) | <0.001 |
p-TG (mmol/L)c | 1.1 (0.5) | 1.3 (0.7) | <0.001 | 1.4 (1.0) | 1.7 (1.1) | <0.001 |
Insulin Sensitivity Indexa | 111.4 (80.6–168.9) | 90.5 (57.2–131.2) | <0.001 | 90.1 (58.4–145. 2) | 70.1 (47.3–104.0) | <0.001 |
Disposition Index a,b | 15232.4 (8910.1–26758.1) | 13277.1 (7436.3–24268.0) | 0.111 | 13495.8 (7741.0–22764.5)) | 12324.9 (6721.3–22514.4) | 0.114 |
First-degree family history of diabetes, n (%) | 91 (29.8) | 263 (53.5) | 0.001 | 87 (24.3) | 325 (47.2) | 0.001 |
Hours physically active/week | 4.1 (2.5) | 1.7 (2.0) | <0.001 | 4.1 (2.4) | 2.0 (2.2) | <0.001 |
Smokers, n (%) | 79 (25.9) | 57 (11.6) | <0.001 | 91 (25.4) | 227 (33.0) | 0.010 |
Alcohol consumers, n (%) | 232 (76.1) | 24 (4.9) | <0.001 | 309 (86.3) | 190 (27.6) | <0.001 |
Education level ≤ HS, n (%) | 53 (17.4) | 161 (32.7) | <0.001 | 70 (19.6) | 158 (23.0) | 0.173 |
Economic difficulties ≥ once in the last 12 months, n (%) | 50 (16.4) | 227 (46.1) | <0.001 | 53 (14.8) | 377 (54.8) | <0.001 |
Time since migration, years | 16 (11–21) | − | 17 (12–24) | − |
Prevalence of insulin resistance in relation to abdominal obesity and weight class across ethnicity and gender
Gender-specific BMI and waist-circumference cut-offs for corresponding levels of insulin sensitivity across ethnicity
Associations between insulin sensitivity and type 2 diabetes related risk factors across ethnicity and gender
Risk factors | Total male study population | Interaction with Iraqi ancestry | Men born in Sweden | Men born in Iraq1 | ||||||
N = 840 (R2 = 0.37) | N = 293 (R2 = 0.46) | N = 547 (R2 = 0.28) | ||||||||
β | 95% CI |
P
interaction
| β | 95% CI | β | 95% CI | ||||
Born in Sweden | Reference | |||||||||
Born in Iraq | −.102*** | −.133 | −.071 | − | − | − | ||||
Body mass index (kg/m2), per 1 SD | −.053*** | −.082 | −.025 | 0.001 | −.108*** | −.153 | −.062 | NS | ||
Waist circumference (cm), per 1 SD | −.077*** | −.106 | −.049 | 0.026 | −.059** | −.104 | −.015 | −.112*** | −.132 | −.093 |
Plasma triglycerides (mmol/L), per 1 SD | −.039*** | −0.54 | −.024 | 0.042 | −.056*** | −.082 | −.030 | −.031*** | −.050 | −.012 |
Plasma HDL (mmol/L), per 1 SD | .021** | .005 | 0.37 | NS | NS | .022** | .002 | .042 | ||
Physical activity (hours/week), per 1 SD | .034*** | .019 | .049 | NS | .045*** | .021 | .069 | .027** | .008 | .045 |
Current tobacco smoking | NS | |||||||||
− No | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
− Yes | .034** | .002 | .066 | NS | NS | |||||
First-degree Family History of Diabetes | ||||||||||
− No | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
− Yes | −.036*** | −.067 | −0.006 | NS | NS | −.045** | −.082 | −.009 | ||
Risk factors | Total female study population | Interaction with Iraqi ancestry | Females born in Sweden | Females born in Iraq1 | ||||||
N = 628 (R2 = 0.39) | N = 245 (R2 = 0.41) | N = 383 (R = 0.32) | ||||||||
Born in Sweden | Reference | |||||||||
Born in Iraq | −.141*** | −.174 | −.107 | − | − | − | ||||
Body mass index (kg/m2), per 1 SD | −.030* | −.060 | −.001 | NS | NS | −.039* | −.078 | −.001 | ||
Waist circumference (cm), per 1 SD | −.090*** | −.120 | −.059 | NS | −.126*** | −.155 | −.096 | −.085*** | −.123 | −.047 |
Plasma triglycerides (mmol/L), per 1 SD | −.052*** | −0.72 | −.033 | NS | −.061*** | −.092 | −.030 | −.061*** | −.078 | −.001 |
Plasma HDL (mmol/L), per 1 SD | .022** | .004 | .040 | NS | NS | NS | ||||
Physical activity (hours/week), per 1 SD | .018* | .001 | .034 | NS | NS | .027** | .005 | .050 |