Background
Methods
Participants
Risk factors
Statistical analyses
Results
Age (years) | Height (cm) | Weight (kg) | Body mass index (kg/m2) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cohort member | n | Group | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD |
Boys | 260 | 1 | 5.37 | 0.32 | 112.05 | 4.85 | 20.92 | 2.82 | 16.63 | 1.7 |
Girls | 269 | 1 | 5.36 | 0.29 | 112.04 | 4.98 | 20.91 | 3.12 | 16.61 | 1.83 |
Mother | 454 | 2 | 30.85 | 5.70 | 163.79 | 6.35 | 63.46 | 10.81 | 23.68 | 3.81 |
Father | 191 | 3 | 34.42 | 5.65 | 178.51 | 7.05 | 84.04 | 13.12 | 26.34 | 3.78 |
MGM | 147 | 4 | 60.50 | 8.54 | 161.13 | 6.90 | 68.48 | 13.16 | 26.36 | 4.27 |
MGF | 98 | 5 | 63.33 | 9.09 | 172.96 | 7.04 | 80.54 | 12.66 | 26.99 | 4.00 |
PGM | 84 | 6 | 62.10 | 8.74 | 160.75 | 6.54 | 68.32 | 11.76 | 26.64 | 4.37 |
PGF | 53 | 7 | 62.85 | 10.10 | 172.10 | 8.68 | 82.20 | 15.04 | 28.12 | 5.06 |
Gender | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (Years) | Boys | Girls | |||||
n | Mean | SD | n | Mean | SD | ||
Height (cm) | < 5 | 33 | 109.88 | 5.02 | 28 | 110.40 | 5.11 |
5 to 6 | 214 | 112.11 | 4.70 | 235 | 112.02 | 4.80 | |
> 6 | 13 | 116.52 | 3.69 | 6 | 120.22 | 3.81 | |
Weight (kg) | < 5 | 33 | 20.25 | 2.79 | 28 | 20.54 | 3.31 |
5 to 6 | 214 | 20.96 | 2.84 | 235 | 20.84 | 3.03 | |
> 6 | 13 | 22.03 | 2.46 | 6 | 25.42 | 2.90* | |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | < 5 | 33 | 16.70 | 1.31 | 28 | 16.83 | 2.34 |
5 to 6 | 214 | 16.65 | 1.77 | 235 | 16.56 | 1.77 | |
> 6 | 13 | 16.20 | 1.44 | 6 | 17.53 | 1.05 |
Overweight | Obese | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cohort member | n | Group | n | % | n | % |
Boys | 260 | 1 | 49 | 18.8 | 17 | 6.5 |
Girls | 269 | 1 | 61 | 22.7 | 21 | 7.8 |
Mother | 454 | 2 | 92 | 20.3 | 36 | 7.9 |
Father | 191 | 3 | 96 | 50.3 | 29 | 15.2 |
MGM | 147 | 4 | 63 | 42.9 | 24 | 16.3 |
MGF | 98 | 5 | 48 | 49.5 | 17 | 17.5 |
PGM | 84 | 6 | 39 | 46.4 | 17 | 20.2 |
PGF | 53 | 7 | 21 | 39.6 | 17 | 32.1 |
Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Child | Mother | Father | MGM | MGF | PGM | PGF | |||||
Child | r | 1.000 | 0.200 | ** | 0.111 | 0.201 | * | -0.122 | -0.074 | 0.119 | |
P | 0.000 | 0.126 | 0.015 | 0.232 | 0.506 | 0.396 | |||||
n | 454 | 191 | 147 | 98 | 84 | 53 | |||||
Mother | r | 1.000 | 0.075 | 0.269 | ** | 0.302 | ** | 0.061 | -0.002 | ||
P | 0.330 | 0.002 | 0.005 | 0.609 | 0.884 | ||||||
n | 171 | 128 | 83 | 73 | 45 | ||||||
Father | r | 1.000 | -0.188 | 0.075 | 0.085 | -0.059 | |||||
P | 0.125 | 0.599 | 0.591 | 0.779 | |||||||
n | 68 | 51 | 42 | 25 | |||||||
MGM | r | 1.000 | -0.002 | -0.039 | -0.135 | ||||||
P | 0.990 | 0.847 | 0.594 | ||||||||
n | 65 | 27 | 18 | ||||||||
MGF | r | 1.000 | -0.019 | 0.214 | |||||||
P | 0.933 | 0.379 | |||||||||
n | 23 | 19 | |||||||||
PGM | r | 1.000 | 0.099 | ||||||||
P | 0.565 | ||||||||||
n | 36 | ||||||||||
PGF | r | 1.000 | |||||||||
P | |||||||||||
n |
Weight (kg) | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Child | Mother | Father | MGM | MGF | PGM | PGF | ||||||
Child | r | 1.000 | 0.216 | ** | 0.298 | ** | 0.192 | * | 0.049 | 0.137 | 0.215 | |
P | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.015 | 0.627 | 0.194 | 0.111 | ||||||
n | 467 | 201 | 160 | 100 | 92 | 56 | ||||||
Mother | r | 1.000 | 0.074 | 0.286 | ** | 0.342 | ** | 0.078 | 0.047 | |||
P | 0.320 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.484 | 0.739 | |||||||
n | 181 | 145 | 90 | 83 | 52 | |||||||
Father | r | 1.000 | -0.219 | 0.057 | 0.136 | 0.304 | ||||||
P | 0.054 | 0.683 | 0.368 | 0.123 | ||||||||
n | 78 | 54 | 46 | 27 | ||||||||
MGM | r | 1.000 | 0.203 | -0.105 | -0.042 | |||||||
P | 0.092 | 0.569 | 0.854 | |||||||||
n | 70 | 32 | 22 | |||||||||
MGF | r | 1.000 | 0.071 | 0.241 | ||||||||
P | 0.741 | 0.320 | ||||||||||
n | 24 | 19 | ||||||||||
PGM | r | 1.000 | 0.241 | |||||||||
P | 0.151 | |||||||||||
n | 37 | |||||||||||
PGF | r | 1.000 | ||||||||||
P | ||||||||||||
n |
Height (cm) | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Child | Mother | Father | MGM | MGF | PGM | PGF | ||||||||
Child | r | 1.000 | 0.329 | ** | 0.413 | ** | 0.166 | * | 0.196 | * | 0.248 | * | 0.316 | * |
P | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.031 | 0.036 | 0.015 | 0.012 | ||||||||
n | 529 | 501 | 208 | 169 | 114 | 96 | 62 | |||||||
Mother | r | 1.000 | 0.208 | ** | 0.357 | ** | 0.426 | ** | 0.097 | 0.127 | ||||
P | 0.003 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.359 | 0.350 | |||||||||
n | 201 | 160 | 108 | 91 | 56 | |||||||||
Father | r | 1.000 | 0.156 | 0.219 | 0.357 | ** | 0.279 | |||||||
P | 0.167 | 0.096 | 0.007 | 0.136 | ||||||||||
n | 80 | 59 | 55 | 30 | ||||||||||
MGM | r | 1.000 | 0.376 | ** | -0.082 | -0.452 | ||||||||
P | 0.001 | 0.633 | 0.020 | |||||||||||
n | 80 | 36 | 26 | |||||||||||
MGF | r | 1.000 | 0.088 | 0.111 | ||||||||||
P | 0.662 | 0.615 | ||||||||||||
n | 27 | 23 | ||||||||||||
PGM | r | 1.000 | 0.422 | * | ||||||||||
P | 0.005 | |||||||||||||
n | 42 | |||||||||||||
PGF | r | 1.000 | ||||||||||||
P | ||||||||||||||
n | 62 |
Weight | Height | BMI | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estimate |
pvalue | R Square | Heritability | Estimate |
pvalue | R Square | Heritability | Estimate |
pvalue | R Square | Heritability | ||||
Child-Mother | 0.22 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.43 | ** | 0.33 | 0.00 | 0.11 | 0.66 | ** | 0.20 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.40 | ** |
Child-Father | 0.30 | 0.00 | 0.09 | 0.60 | ** | 0.41 | 0.00 | 0.17 | 0.82 | ** | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.01 | 0.22 | |
Child-MGM | 0.19 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.38 | * | 0.16 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.32 | * | 0.20 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.40 | * |
Child-MGF | 0.05 | 0.63 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.40 | * | -0.12 | 0.23 | 0.01 | -0.24 | ||
Child-PGM | 0.14 | 0.19 | 0.02 | 0.27 | 0.25 | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.50 | * | -0.07 | 0.51 | 0.00 | -0.14 | ||
Child-PGF | 0.22 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.43 | 0.32 | 0.01 | 0.10 | 0.64 | * | 0.12 | 0.40 | 0.01 | 0.24 | ||
Mother-MGM | 0.29 | 0.00 | 0.08 | 0.57 | ** | 0.36 | 0.00 | 0.13 | 0.72 | ** | 0.27 | 0.00 | 0.07 | 0.54 | ** |
Mother-MGF | 0.34 | 0.00 | 0.12 | 0.68 | ** | 0.43 | 0.00 | 0.18 | 0.86 | ** | 0.30 | 0.01 | 0.09 | 0.60 | * |
Father-PGM | 0.14 | 0.37 | 0.02 | 0.27 | 0.36 | 0.01 | 0.13 | 0.72 | * | 0.09 | 0.59 | 0.01 | 0.17 | ||
Father-PGF | 0.30 | 0.12 | 0.09 | 0.61 | 0.28 | 0.14 | 0.08 | 0.26 | -0.02 | 0.88 | 0.00 | -0.04 |
Mixed models of familial BMI
Effect | Group | Estimate | Standard error |
p-value | Correlation | 95% CI |
p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model a) Fitted to all family members ‡ | ||||||||
Child | 1 | 19.56 | 1.41 | Child and Mother | 0.17 | (0.06, 0.26) | 0.0015 | |
Mother | 2 | 22.08 | 1.11 | Child and MGM | 0.25 | (0.08, 0.42) | 0.0054 | |
Father | 3 | 35.07 | 5.47 | Child and MGF | -0.23 | (-0.43,-0.01) | 0.0409 | |
MGM | 4 | 26.23 | 2.73 | Mother and MGM | 0.28 | (0.10, 0.44) | 0.0021 | |
MGF | 5 | 30.44 | 3.04 | Mother and MGF | 0.25 | (0.01, 0.46) | 0.0408 | |
PGM | 6 | 30.86 | 3.99 | |||||
PGF | 7 | 24.65 | 5.13 | |||||
SRH 0 vs 1 & 2 | -1.26 | 1.77 | ||||||
Effect of age within each group
| ||||||||
Age*Child | -0.57 | 0.26 | 0.0294 | |||||
Age*Mother | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.16 | |||||
Age*Father | -0.23 | 0.13 | 0.0842 | |||||
Age*MGM | 0.004 | 0.04 | 0.9126 | |||||
Age*MGF | -0.05 | 0.05 | 0.2572 | |||||
Age*PGM | -0.08 | 0.06 | 0.2274 | |||||
Age*PGF | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.1789 | |||||
Age*SRH (SRH = 0) | -0.08 | 0.04 | 0.0342 | |||||
Group 7 (PGF): Fruitveg 0 vs 1 | -4.93 | -1.67 | 0.0032 | |||||
Model b) Maternal line§‡
| ||||||||
SRH 0 vs 1&2 | -3.33 | 1.23 | 0.0071 | Child and Mother | 0.18 | (0.08, 0.28) | 0.003 | |
Child and MGM | 0.23 | (0.06, 0.39) | 0.0078 | |||||
Child and MGF | -0.23 | (-0.43,-0.02) | 0.028 | |||||
Mother and MGM | 0.29 | (0.12, 0.44) | 0.0009 | |||||
Mother and MGF | 0.25 | (-0.02, 0.41) | 0.0733 | |||||
Model c) Paternal line† | ||||||||
SRH 0 vs 1&2 | -3.2 | 1.48 | 0.0308 | |||||
Group 7 (PGF): Fruitveg 0 vs 1 | -4.92 | 1.66 | 0.0036 | |||||
Effect of age within each group
| ||||||||
Age*Child | -0.55 | 0.26 | 0.0352 | |||||
Age*Father | -0.247 | 0.135 | 0.07 | |||||
Age*PGM | -0.095 | 0.064 | 0.1407 | |||||
Age*PGF | 0.072 | 0.814 | 0.3742 |
BMI Maternal line
BMI Paternal line
Mixed models of familial height
Height maternal line
Effect | Estimate | Standard error |
p-value | Correlation | 95% CI |
p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model a) Fitted to maternal line only ‡ | |||||||
Education 0&1 vs 2 | -0.71 | 0.363 | 0.0508 | Child and Mother | 0.352 | (0.271,0.427) | <0.0001 |
Effect of age within children | Child and MGM | 0.164 | (0.007, 0.312) | 0.0403 | |||
Age*child | 5.25 | 0.631 | <0.0001 | Child and MGF | 0.25 | (0.051, 0.428) | 0.0137 |
No effect of age in other groups. | Mother and MGF | 0.431 | (0.243, 0.584) | <0.0001 | |||
Model (b) Paternal line only ‡
| |||||||
Effect of age within group. | |||||||
age*Child | 5.28 | 0.634 | <0.0001 | Child and father | 0.509 | (0.141, 0.744) | 0.0071 |
age*PGM | -0.12 | 0.075 | 0.0957 | Child and PGM | 0.283 | (0.078, 0.463) | 0.0069 |
age*PGF | -0.19 | 0.099 | 0.0586 | Child and PGF | 0.264 | (0.007, 0.486) | 0.0427 |
No effect of age in other groups. | PGM and PGF | 0.376 | (0.049, 0.624) | 0.0231 |