Introduction
Ewing sarcoma/peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor (ES/PNET) is a member of the Ewing sarcoma family of tumors and originated from small undifferentiated neuroectodermal cells. ES/PNET is histologically characterized by small blue round cells and molecularly defined by the fusion of FET (FUS, Fused in Sarcoma; EWS, Ewing sarcoma breakpoint region 1, [also abbreviated EWSR1]; and TAF15, TATA box binding protein associated factor 68 kDa) gene family with ETS (E26 transformation-specific) family; with the most common fusion being EWSR-1-FLT1 (Fms-related tyrosine kinase 1) [1, 2]. ES/PNET mainly affects adolescents and young adults, and has an aggressive nature.
Metastatic status at diagnosis is the most significant prognostic factor of ES/PNET [3]. Patients with localized disease can expect 70–80% of 5-year overall survival. On the other hand, patients with metastatic disease, who accounts for approximately 15–20% of newly diagnosed patients, have a significantly worse 5-year overall survival of less than 30% [4]. The most common sites of metastases are the lung, bone, and bone marrow. Patients with isolated lung metastases show better survival compared to those with bone metastases, or to those with a combination of lung and bone metastases [3]. Moreover, some studies revealed that bone marrow involvement is an independent unfavorable prognostic factor [5‐8]. Therefore, staging of ES/PNET must be oriented toward the detection of the lung, bone, and bone marrow metastases.
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Several guidelines recommend an extensive workup, including chest computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the primary site, bone scan, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/CT (18F- FDG PET/CT), and bone marrow aspiration and biopsy (BMAB). However, these are expert opinion-based, and optimal combination of imaging modalities is not fully determined [9, 10]. A bone scan is a conventional method used for the detection of bone metastasis. Recently published literature also reported that 18F-FDG PET/CT and 18F-FDG PET possess high sensitivity and specificity in detecting bone metastases compared to bone scan and MRI [11]. For the evaluation of bone marrow involvement, BMAB is recognized as the gold standard technique, and MRI of the spine and pelvis as an alternative. Bilateral BMAB seems to be superior to unilateral BMAB because a previous retrospective report showed the discrepancies between bilateral samples; however, the necessity of bilateral BMAB in the initial staging is not well defined [12]. Moreover, evidence of a bone marrow involvement does not affect the treatment strategy in the presence of distant metastases. Furthermore, European Society of Medical Oncology Clinical Practice Guidelines on bone sarcomas stated that it will be possible to omit bone marrow aspiration when there is no evidence of metastatic disease on 18F-FDG PET scan [9]. This statement was based on the only one retrospective study report, which showed that bone marrow involvement found on BMAB is closely associated with the detection of metastatic osseous disease by 18F-FDG PET and bone scan [9, 13]. 18F-FDG PET/CT provides more accurate anatomical localization of metabolic abnormalities compared to 18F-FDG PET. Therefore, recently, 18F-FDG PET/CT is becoming more widely used in daily practice for the initial staging of ES/PNET [14]. However, there has been no study examining the association between bone marrow involvement and 18F-FDG PET/CT findings.
In this study, we retrospectively compared the concordance in the metastatic status of ES/PNET between the results of BMAB and 18F-FDG PET/CT. We aimed to confirm that bone metastases on 18F-FDG PET/CT accurately indicated bone marrow metastasis on BMAB.
Materials and methods
Patients
We retrospectively reviewed consecutive, previously untreated, ES/PNET patients who were older than 10 years and were diagnosed at the National Cancer Center Hospital (NCCH) between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2016. All patients were histologically confirmed as ES/PNET with biopsy specimens. We included patients who underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT and BMAB of the iliac crest at the initial assessment. We excluded all patients with an incomplete medical record. We performed a comprehensive review of each patient’s medical history, including patients’ characteristics, laboratory tests, pathological reports, and imaging diagnosis, to identify the localized or metastatic disease. We categorized primary sites into extremities, chest, spine, pelvis, and others. We also measured the largest primary tumor diameter. We compared the concordance rate in metastatic status between the results of BMAB and 18F-FDG PET/CT.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The NCCH Institutional Review Board approved this study (No. 2012-335). Because this was a retrospective study, written informed consent was not obtained from the subjects. At NCCH, for retrospective clinical studies such as case treatment effects, we confirm with patients the consent for comprehensive clinical studies. All participants or parents (for below 16 yrs of age) in this study agree on its comprehensive research participation.
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18F-FDG PET/CT imaging
All patients underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT before the first dose of the treatment. Blood glucose level was not sampled at the time of FDG injection because all patients were non-diabetic. Independent specialized radiologists assessed all 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging to determine whether any bone lesion was observed or not. We determined the metastatic status and obtained the sites of metastases according to the radiologist’s statement on the imaging reports.
Bone marrow sampling
We sampled all BMAB from the iliac crest unilaterally before the commencement of treatment. When primary tumors involved a portion of the ilium, we exclusively performed BMAB contralateral to the primary tumor site to prevent contamination. For each patient, we assessed the bone marrow involvement status by the BMAB pathological report. We determined bone marrow involvement to be positive if the pathologist’s statement on either the bone marrow aspiration (BMA) or bone marrow biopsy (BMB) was positive.
Statistical analysis
Clinical data of the patients were extracted from the medical records. For the comparison of continuous variables between the two groups, the Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used for the statistical analysis. For the comparison of proportions between the two groups, Fisher’s exact test was used. We used JMP software, version 11 (SAS Institute Japan, Cary, CA, USA) for all statistical analyses. Values of p < 0.05 indicated statistically significant differences.
Results
Patient characteristics
Of the 36 patients diagnosed with ES/PNET during the study period, 26 were included in the analysis. Ten patients were excluded due to incomplete initial work-ups. Patients and disease characteristics are listed in Table 1. All patients had good Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS) of zero, at initial diagnosis. The median age was 26.3 (range 11–53) years, and more than half of the patients were male (n = 14). All except one patient underwent combination imaging, which consisted of 18F-FDG PET/CT (n = 26), contrasted CT (n = 25), and MRI of the primary site (n = 11), at the initial assessment.
Table 1
Study population
Characteristics | Total (%) n = 26 |
|---|---|
Age at diagnosis (years) | |
≤ 20 | 10 (38) |
21–30 | 8 (31) |
31–40 | 5 (19) |
41 | 3 (12) |
Gender | |
Male | 14 (54) |
Female | 12 (46) |
Primary tumor site | |
Extremities | 3 (12) |
Chest wall | 4 (15) |
Spine | 2 (8) |
Pelvis | 7 (27) |
Others | 10 (38) |
Metastatic status | |
No metastasis (localized) | 21 (81) |
Metastatic | 5 (19) |
Metastatic site | |
Bone | 4 (15) |
Lung | 3 (12) |
Lymph node | 2 (8) |
Liver | 1 (4) |
Breast | 1 (4) |
Primary tumor size | |
Median (range) (mm) | 72 (10, 176) |
≥ 80 mm (n, %) | 10 (38.5) |
Serum LDH level | |
Median (range) (mg/dL) | 179.5 (105, 5183) |
≧ 2 × ULN (n, %) | 3 (11.5) |
Based on 18F-FDG PET/CT, 21 patients had localized disease, and five patients had metastatic disease (Table 1). None of the patients had discordance in metastatic status between imaging modalities (8F-FDG PET/CT, contrasted CT, and MRI). Of patients with metastasis, the most common site was the bone (four patients), followed by the lung (three patients), the lymph nodes (two patients), the liver (one patient), and the breast (one patient).
When we compared patients with localized and metastatic disease, primary tumor size ≥ 80 mm (p = 0.0038) and serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level (greater than twice the upper limit of normal) (p = 0.0038) were significantly higher in metastatic patients (Supplementary Table 1).
The concordance between bone marrow samples and 18F-FDG PET/CT results
Three patients had positive BMAB, while 23 patients had negative BMAB (Table 2). All of the 21 patients with localized disease on 18F-FDG PET/CT had negative BMAB. All three patients with positive BMAB showed bone metastasis on 18F-FDG PET/CT. The sensitivity of bone marrow involvement in bone metastases positive patients on 18F-FDG PET/CT was 75% (3/4), and the specificity was 100% (22/22). More specifically, of the three patients with positive BMAB that showed bone metastasis on 18F-FDG PET/CT, two had multiple osseous lesions (one had metastases to the vertebrae, pelvis, and femur while the other had metastases to the skull, clavicle, scapula, sternum, rib, humerus, vertebrae, femur, tibia, and fibula); the third patient had solitary osseous lesion (vertebra) (p = 0.0015). Moreover, of those with negative BMAB results, one patient with bone metastases had multiple osseous lesions (sternum, vertebrae, and pelvis). Of the patients with metastatic disease on 18F-FDG PET/CT, 60% (3/5) had a positive BMAB. Primary tumor size ≥ 80 mm (p value = 0.046) and serum LDH level (greater than twice the upper limit of normal) (p value = 0.0004) were significantly higher in BMAB-positive patients compared to negative patients.
Table 2
The result of bone marrow metastatic status and patients’ characteristics
BM met positive (n = 3) | BM met negative (n = 23) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
Gender (male) | 0.63 | ||
Male | 2 | 12 | |
Female | 1 | 11 | |
Age at diagnosis | 0.96 | ||
Median (range) | 27.5 (17, 38) | 32 (11, 53) | |
Primary tumor site | 0.41 | ||
Pelvis | 2 | 5 | |
Non-pelvis | 1 | 18 | |
Primary tumor size | 0.046* | ||
≥ 80 mm (n, %) | 3 (100) | 7 (30.4) | |
Serum LDH level | 0.0004* | ||
≧2 × ULN (n, %) | 3 (100) | 0 (0) | |
Distant metastases on 18F-FDG PET/CT | 0.0038* | ||
Positive | 3 | 2 | |
Negative | 0 | 21 | |
Bone metastases | 0.0015* | ||
Yes (multiple/solitary) | 3(2/1) | 1(1/0) | |
No | 0 | 22 | |
Lung metastases | 0.32 | ||
Yes | 1 | 2 | |
No | 2 | 21 |
Discussion
In this study, we retrospectively assessed the utility of 18F-FDG PET/CT in the initial assessment to predict ES/PNET in adolescent and young adult patients with ES/PNET who also had bone marrow involvement. We revealed a high sensitivity (75%) and specificity (100%) of 18F-FDG PET/CT in the assessment of bone marrow involvement. The result of this study indicated that having no metastatic site following 18F-FDG PET/CT is an accurate negative indicator of bone marrow involvement. More specifically, all three patients with bone marrow involvement had bone metastatic on 18F-FDG PET/CT.
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Bone marrow involvement is a common event in metastatic ES/PNET and is considered an independent negative prognostic factor among ES/PNET patients with metastases [5‐8, 15]. Therefore, the identification of bone marrow involvement is valuable in the initial staging of ES/PNET. BMAB is considered to be the gold standard test for assessing bone marrow involvement, and its importance at initial staging is not well established. Moreover, BMAB is a painful procedure and has minimal but non-negligible adverse events such as hemorrhage and neurological complications [16]. Furthermore, the presence of bone marrow involvement does not affect the treatment strategy of patients with known distant metastases. Recent reports emphasized the finding suggesting that bone marrow involvements are unlikely to be observed if no metastases are detected on the imaging modalities [13, 17]. Newman et al. retrospectively evaluated patients with ES/PNET who underwent both 18F-FDG PET and BMAB of the iliac crest [13]. They demonstrated that 91 patients without distant metastases on 18F-FDG PET had bone marrow involvement. Kopp reviewed patients with ES/PNET that underwent evaluation for metastases using pulmonary CT, bone scan, and BMAB of the iliac crest [18]. They also showed that all the 103 patients with BMAB negative results were found to have no distant metastases on pulmonary CT and bone scan.
We retrospectively reviewed 26 patients with ES/PNET who underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT and BMAB at initial evaluation; none of the 21 patients without distant metastases on 18F-FDG PET/CT had a positive BMAB result. Our result is concordant with that of previous literature. Therefore, this may support the suggestion to omit BMAB from routine work-up at the initial staging of ES/PNET patients without radiologic evidence of metastatic disease on 18F-FDG PET/CT. Additionally, in the current study, bone marrow involvement was only detected in patients with bone metastases on 18F-FDG PET/CT. Previous studies indicated that bone marrow involvement is frequently accompanied by bone metastasis, but that is not always the case [13, 19]. Kopp et al. demonstrated that one patient among 13 BMAB-positive patients had metastases, not to the bone but to the lung [18]. Thus, if distant metastasis is found on 18F-FDG PET/CT, BMAB seems to be indicated, to detect the bone marrow involvement.
Secondly, our data demonstrated complete concordance in metastatic status between 18F-FDG PET/CT and contrasted CT of the trunk in combination with MRI of the primary site. A recent meta-analysis reported that 18F- FDG PET/CT has high accuracy for detecting distant metastases of Ewing sarcoma, including the lung and bone metastases. However, almost all of the studies included in this meta-analysis were performed retrospectively [11]. Prospective trials should be carried out to assess the potential of 18F- FDG PET/CT and to optimize its use in the staging of ES/PNET.
Thirdly, we found primary tumor size and serum LDH level to be significantly higher in patients with bone marrow involvement as well as in patients with metastatic disease. The guidelines recommend measuring LDH level as a tumor marker since it usually correlates with tumor burden and has a prognostic value in ES/PNET [9, 10]. Also, a meta-analysis indicated that patients with high serum levels of LDH have a poor prognosis compared to patients with normal serum LDH values [20]. Previous studies showed that tumor size of 8 cm or more is associated with poor survival [3, 21]. Since both tumor size and LDH reflect the high tumor burden in the body and are well-recognized poor prognostic factors, we believe that it is natural that these factors correlate with bone marrow involvement and metastatic status.
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There are several limitations to this study. Firstly, this is a single-center, retrospective study with small sample size. Therefore, we consider that the sample was too small to strictly determine the correlation between bone marrow involvement and all prognostic factors. Secondly, we used a morphological assessment to detect bone marrow involvement on BMAB specimen. There are more sensitive techniques for evaluating minimal bone marrow involvement, including flow cytometry and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), though their usefulness in daily practice is unclear.
The strength of this study included the diverse patients’ age groups (adolescents and adults). Also, this is the first study to compare the concordance in the metastatic status of ES/PNET between the results of BMAB and 18F-FDG PET/CT.
Conclusion
The result of this study indicated that bone marrow involvement was confined to patients with metastases on 18F-FDG PET/CT. Since the specificity of 18F-FDG PET/CT for bone marrow involvement was 100% in our study, it may be a reasonable option to omit BMAB in patients who were suggested to have no metastatic sites on 18F-FDG PET/CT. A prospective study is warranted to conclude on the value of 18F-FDG PET/CT in detecting bone marrow involvement and to determine the best initial workup of ES/PNET patients.
Compliance with ethical standards
Conflict of interest
All authors declared no conflicts of interest.
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