Introduction
Materials and methods
Subjects
Peripheral pQCT
Bone marker measurement
Sex hormone measurement
Statistical analysis
Results
Subject characteristics
Mean (SD) | |
---|---|
Age at interview (years) | 59.6 (10.5) |
Height (cm) | 174.9 (7.1) |
Weight (kg) | 83.5 (13.2) |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 27.3 (3.8) |
Testosterone (nmol/L) | 18.2 (6.0) |
Free testosterone (pmol/L) | 320.0 (87.1) |
Bioavailable testosterone (nmol/L) | 8.0 (2.3) |
Oestradiol (pmol/L) | 77.8 (24.9) |
Free oestradiol (pmol/L) | 1.3 (0.4) |
Bioavailable oestradiol (pmol/L) | 54.6 (17.5) |
SHBG (nmol/L) | 42.8 (18.4) |
P1NP (ng/mL) | 42.7 (20.3) |
Osteocalcin (ng/mL) | 22.3 (7.9) |
β-cTX (pg/mL) | 327.5 (155.6) |
ICTP (ng/mL) | 3.1 (0.9) |
Change in bone mass and geometry
Mean (SD) value at baseline | Mean (SD) value at follow-up | Mean (SD) % change per year |
P valuea
| |
---|---|---|---|---|
Midshaft radius | ||||
Cortical vBMD (mg/cm3) | 1214.6 (29.9) | 1212.7 (30.1) | −0.04 (0.3) | 0.007 |
Cortical BMC (mg/mm) | 124.0 (17.3) | 123.5 (17.6) | −0.1 (1.3) | 0.03 |
Total area (mm2) | 150.3 (21.6) | 152.5 (21.1) | 0.5 (2.1) | 0.0001 |
Cortical area (mm2) | 107.5 (13.9) | 107.3 (14.1) | −0.06 (1.2) | 0.18 |
Cortical thickness (mm) | 3.3 (0.4) | 3.2 (0.4) | −0.4 (2.3) | <0.0001 |
Medullary area (mm2) | 42.7 (17.0) | 45.2 (17.2) | 2.4 (6.7) | 0.0001 |
Stress strain index (mm3) | 342.9 (66.5) | 341.5 (64.1) | −0.006 (1.8) | 0.3 |
Distal radius | ||||
Total vBMD (mg/cm3) | 398.7 (73.2) | 391.6 (73.6) | −0.5 (1.4) | <0.0001 |
Radial area (mm2) | 381.1 (68.0) | 387.8 (69.9) | 0.6 (2.5) | <0.0001 |
Trabecular vBMD (mg/cm3) | 207.1 (42.3) | 206.7 (41.8) | −0.02 (1.4) | 0.3 |
Influence of bone turnover on change in pQCT parameters
Midshaft
pQCT parameters (% change/year) | P1NP (per (SD) | Osteocalcin (per SD) | β-cTX (per SD) | ICTP (per SD) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β coefficient (95 % CI) | ||||||||
Unadjusted | Adjusteda
| Unadjusted | Adjusteda
| Unadjusted | Adjusteda
| Unadjusted | Adjusteda
| |
Midshaft radius | ||||||||
Cortical vBMD (mg/cm3) | −0.01 (−0.04, 0.01) | −0.01 (−0.04, 0.02) | −0.02 (−0.05, 0.01) | −0.02 (−0.05, 0.01) | −0.02 (−0.04, 0.01) | −0.01 (−0.04, 0.01) | 0.00 (−0.03, 0.03) | −0.01 (−0.04, 0.02) |
Cortical BMC (mg/mm) | −0.14 (−0.25, −0.03)** | −0.14 (−0.24, −0.03)* | −0.15 (−0.26, −0.04)** | −0.14 (−0.25, −0.03)* | −0.18 (−0.29, −0.07)** | −0.17 (−0.28, −0.06)** | −0.14 (−0.25, −0.03)* | −0.14 (−0.25, −0.02)* |
Total area (mm2) | 0.02 (−0.17, 0.22) | 0.04 (−0.16, 0.23) | 0.03 (−0.16, 0.22) | 0.10 (−0.10, 0.29) | 0.12 (−0.07, 0.32) | 0.16 (−0.03, 0.36) | 0.33 (0.14, 0.52)** | 0.25 (0.05, 0.45)* |
Cortical area (mm2) | −0.13 (−0.23, −0.02)* | −0.12 (−0.22, −0.01)* | −0.13 (−0.24, −0.03)* | −0.11 (−0.22, 0.00)* | −0.16 (−0.26, −0.05)** | −0.14 (−0.24, −0.03)* | −0.09 (−0.19, 0.02) | −0.09 (−0.20, 0.02) |
Cortical thickness (mm) | −0.19 (−0.39, 0.01) | −0.19 (−0.38, 0.01) | −0.16 (−0.36, 0.04) | −0.19 (−0.39, 0.01) | −0.27 (−0.47, −0.07)** | −0.27 (−0.47, −0.08)** | −0.38 (−0.58, −0.18)** | −0.33 (−0.53, −0.13)** |
Medullary area (mm2) | 0.16 (−0.44, 0.77) | 0.16 (−0.45, 0.78) | 0.07 (−0.54, 0.68) | 0.18 (−0.46, 0.81) | 0.35 (−0.26, 0.96) | 0.42 (−0.21, 1.04) | 1.00 (0.40, 1.61)** | 0.93 (0.29, 1.58)** |
Stress strain index (mm3) | −0.08 (−0.23, 0.07) | −0.08 (−0.23, 0.07) | −0.10 (−0.25, 0.05) | −0.10 (−0.26, 0.06) | −0.10 (−0.25, 0.06) | −0.09 (−0.25, 0.06) | −0.03 (−0.18, 0.12) | −0.03 (−0.20, 0.13) |
Distal radius | ||||||||
Total vBMD (mg/cm3) | −0.16 (−0.29, −0.04)* | −0.16 (−0.29, −0.04)* | −0.07 (−0.20, 0.06) | −0.08 (−0.21, 0.05) | −0.13 (−0.25, 0.00) | −0.14 (−0.27, −0.01)* | −0.06 (−0.19, 0.06) | −0.05 (−0.18, 0.09) |
Radial area (mm2) | −0.03 (−0.25, 0.19) | −0.03 (−0.26, 0.19) | −0.08 (−0.31, 0.14) | −0.09 (−0.32, 0.15) | −0.09 (−0.31, 0.13) | −0.09 (−0.32, 0.14) | 0.00 (−0.22, 0.22) | −0.01 (−0.24, 0.23) |
Trabecular vBMD (mg/cm3) | −0.08 (−0.20, 0.03) | −0.08 (−0.20, 0.03) | −0.10 (−0.22, 0.01) | −0.09 (−0.21, 0.03) | −0.13 (−0.25, −0.02)* | −0.13 (−0.24, −0.01)* | 0.06 (−0.05, 0.17) | 0.02 (−0.10, 0.14) |
Distal radius
Influence of sex hormones on change pQCT parameters
Dependent variable pQCT parameters (% change/year) | Total testosterone (per SD) | Bioavailable testosterone (per SD) | Total oestradiol (per SD) | Bioavailable oestradiol (per SD) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Standardised (Z-score) β coefficient (95 % CI) | ||||||||
Unadjusted | Adjusteda
| Unadjusted | Adjusteda
| Unadjusted | Adjusteda
| Unadjusted | Adjusteda
| |
Midshaft radius | ||||||||
Cortical vBMD (mg/cm3) | 0.00 (−0.03, 0.02) | 0.00 (−0.03, 0.03) | −0.01 (−0.04, 0.02) | 0.01 (−0.03, 0.04) | 0.03 (0.00, 0.05) | 0.02 (−0.01, 0.05) | 0.02 (−0.01, 0.05) | 0.02 (−0.01, 0.05) |
Cortical BMC (mg/mm) | −0.03 (−0.15, 0.08) | −0.01 (−0.13, 0.12) | 0.06 (−0.06, 0.17) | 0.04 (−0.10, 0.17) | −0.03 (−0.15, 0.08) | −0.01 (−0.12, 0.11) | 0.02 (−0.09, 0.14) | 0.03 (−0.09, 0.14) |
Total area (mm2) | −0.09 (−0.28, 0.10) | −0.12 (−0.33, 0.08) | −0.19 (−0.38, 0.00) | −0.14 (−0.37, 0.08) | −0.09 (−0.28, 0.10) | −0.09 (−0.28, 0.09) | −0.10 (−0.29, 0.08) | −0.07 (−0.27, 0.12) |
Cortical area (mm2) | −0.06 (−0.17, 0.05) | −0.04 (−0.15, 0.08) | 0.03 (−0.08, 0.14) | 0.02 (−0.11, 0.15) | −0.06 (−0.16, 0.05) | −0.03 (−0.14, 0.08) | 0.01 (−0.10, 0.11) | 0.01 (−0.10, 0.12) |
Cortical thickness (mm) | 0.00 (−0.20, 0.21) | 0.08 (−0.14, 0.29) | 0.16 (−0.05, 0.36) | 0.14 (−0.10, 0.38) | −0.02 (−0.23, 0.18) | 0.01 (−0.19, 0.20) | 0.05 (−0.15, 0.25) | 0.03 (−0.17, 0.24) |
Medullary area (mm2) | −0.38 (−0.97, 0.22) | −0.49 (−1.15, 0.16) | −0.42 (−1.01, 0.18) | −0.45 (−1.16, 0.27) | −0.05 (−0.64, 0.54) | −0.06 (−0.66, 0.54) | 0.01 (−0.58, 0.60) | 0.04 (−0.58, 0.65) |
Stress strain index (mm3) | −0.03 (−0.19, 0.12) | 0.00 (−0.17, 0.18) | −0.02 (−0.18, 0.14) | −0.01 (−0.20, 0.18) | −0.03 (−0.19, 0.12) | −0.04 (−0.20, 0.12) | −0.01 (−0.17, 0.14) | −0.04 (−0.20, 0.13) |
Distal radius | ||||||||
Total vBMD (mg/cm3) | −0.02 (−0.14, 0.11) | −0.01 (−0.15, 0.13) | 0.04 (−0.09, 0.17) | 0.04 (−0.12, 0.19) | −0.05 (−0.18, 0.08) | −0.06 (−0.19, 0.07) | −0.03 (−0.16, 0.10) | −0.05 (−0.18, 0.09) |
Radial area (mm2) | 0.02 (−0.19, 0.24) | 0.07 (−0.17, 0.31) | 0.08 (−0.14, 0.30) | 0.09 (−0.18, 0.35) | 0.09 (−0.13, 0.31) | 0.09 (−0.13, 0.31) | 0.12 (−0.10, 0.34) | 0.09 (−0.14, 0.32) |
Trabecular vBMD (mg/cm3) | 0.04 (−0.08, 0.17) | 0.03 (−0.11, 0.17) | −0.02 (−0.15, 0.11) | 0.04 (−0.12, 0.19) | 0.07 (−0.05, 0.20) | 0.09 (−0.04, 0.21) | 0.04 (−0.08, 0.17) | 0.09 (−0.04, 0.22) |