Introduction
Methods
Participating cohorts and design
Breast milk fatty acid composition
BP measurements
Covariates
Statistical analysis
Results
Covariates | Total | COPSAC2000 | COPSAC2010 | CU Trial | EDEN | KOALA | OCC | PIAMA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Study characteristics | ||||||||
Na | 2188 | 278 | 532 | 127 | 721 | 75 | 308 | 147 |
Year of recruitment | – | 2000 | 2010 | 1998–1999 | 2003–2006 | 2000–2002 | 2010–2012 | 1996–1997 |
Age at outcome measurement, in years | – | 12; 18 | 3; 6; 8 | 2.5; 7; 13 | 3; 5 | 6 | 0.4;1.5; 3; 5 | 12; 16 |
Maternal characteristics | ||||||||
Age at child’s birth, in years (mean, SD) | 30.9 (4.4) | 30.2 (4.5) | 32.6 (4.3) | 30.9 (3.8) | 30.0 (4.7) | 33.2 (3.6) | 30.6 (4.1) | 31.2 (3.5) |
Low educational level (%, n) | 12.8 (273) | 39.2 (109) | 2.3 (12) | 2.4 (3) | 16.7 (120) | 4.0 (3) | 4.4 (11) | 10.2 (15) |
Non-European place of birth (%, n) | 3.3 (65) | 2.9 (8) | 4.0 (21) | n.a | 3.5 (25) | 1.4 (1) | 2.4 (6) | 3.5 (5) |
BMI, in kg/m2 (mean, SD) | 23.2 (4.1) | n.a | 24.1 (4.4) | 22.5 (2.7) | 22.9 (4.4) | 23.5 (3.3) | 24.0 (4.3) | 22.4 (2.9) |
Overweight status Underweight Normal weight Overweight Obese | 6.2 (64) 69.0 (1047) 18.0 (273) 6.8 (103) | n.a n.a n.a n.a | 1.9 (3) 68.4 (108) 20.9 (33) 8.9 (14) | 4.7 (6) 78.7 (100) 16.5 (21) 0 (0) | 9.4 (67) 67.8 (483) 15.3 (109) 7.4 (53) | 2.7 (2) 69.3 (52) 22.7 (17) 5.3 (4) | 3.9 (12) 62.5 (192) 24.1 (74) 9.5 (29) | 2.9 (4) 81.2 (112) 13.8 (19) 2.2 (3) |
Smoking (%, n) | 11.4 (241) | 23.0 (64) | 4.9 (26) | 1.8 (2) | 19.6 (139) | 0.0 (0) | 0.3 (1) | 7.5 (11) |
Gestational age, in weeks (mean, SD) | 39.7 (1.6) | 40.0 (1.5) | 39.9 (1.6) | 40.1 (1.1) | 39.3 (1.6) | 39.6 (1.2) | 39.7 (1.4) | 40.2 (1.3) |
Child characteristics | ||||||||
Infant’s birth weight, in grams (mean, SD) | 3470 (515) | 3557 (507) | 3560 (530) | 3595 (448) | 3291 (498) | 3593 (462) | 3571 (496) | 3543 (490) |
Infant’s sex (%, n) boys | 50.5 (1076) | 50.7 (141) | 49.4 (263) | 43.3 (55) | 49.7 (358) | 51.4 (38) | 51.3 (158) | 48.3 (7.1) |
Breastfeeding duration, in weeks (mean, SD) | 31.5 (19.3) | 37.9 (21.2) | 37.5 (19.0) | 37.5 (14.9) | 19.5 (15.0) | 30.6 (14.9) | 44.5 (16.6) | 30.9 (12.6) |
Acronym | Breast milk fatty acids (wt%); mean (SD) | Blood pressure; mean (SD) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DHA | EPA | DHA:AA | Age (years) | Systolic (mmHg) | Systolic (z-score) | Diastolic (mmHg) | Diastolic (z-score) | |
COPSAC2000 | 0.54 (0.29) | 0.12 (0.08) | 0.92 (0.44) | 12 18 | 111.9 (8.8) 116.0 (9.9) | 0.40 (0.79) 0.08 (0.86) | 68.7 (5.3) 71.5 (5.6) | 0.52 (0.52) 0.37 (0.63) |
COPSAC2010 | 0.36 (0.19) | 0.12 (0.07) | 1.00 (0.46) | 3 6 8 | 95.8 (6.4) 101.4 (6.3) 103.2 (6.0) | 0.55 (0.60) 0.64 (0.62) 0.54 (0.61) | 61.8 (4.8) 64.1 (4.9) 65.3 (4.4) | 1.37 (0.50) 0.80 (0.52) 0.62 (0.46) |
CU Trial | 0.76 (0.47) | 0.19 (0.12) | 1.60 (0.97) | 2.5 7 13 | 110.8 (10.7) 101.9 (6.8) 107.3 (7.3) | 1.72 (0.62) 0.53 (0.69) 1.34 (0.74) | 66.2 (9.1) 65.6 (5.3) 62.9 (5.7) | 1.74 (0.60) 0.77 (0.56) 0.90 (0.90) |
EDEN | 0.66 (0.22) | 0.07 (0.05) | 0.77 (0.24) | 3 5 | 93.9 (8.4) 102.0 (7.9) | 0.34 (0.79) 0.77 (0.75) | 50.7 (7.7) 55.6 (8.3) | 0.21 (0.78) 0.05 (0.83) |
KOALA | 0.41 (0.17) | 0.10 (0.05) | 0.81 (0.37) | 6 | 105.1 (9.6) | 1.03 (0.85) | 60.8 (8.1) | 0.47 (0.81) |
OCC | 0.29 (0.17) | 0.10 (0.07) | 0.82 (0.44) | 0.4 1.5 3 5 | 101.9 (12.6) 102.1 (8.9) 98.2 (7.3) 101.1 (6.5) | 1.54 (1.20) 1.28 (0.84) 0.63 (0.69) 0.53 (0.64) | 61.6 (10.1) 63.5 (7.6) 62.0 (5.7) 63.7 (6.4) | 2.28 (0.89) 1.88 (0.68) 1.20 (0.51) 0.80 (0.57) |
PIAMA | 0.22 (0.20) | 0.06 (0.05) | 0.59 (0.54) | 12 16 | 114.5 (9.5) 114.9 (8.7) | 0.66 (0.86) 0.18 (0.80) | 66.3 (6.5) 65.3 (6.4) | 0.31 (0.65) − 0.23 (0.68) |
Model 1a | Model 2b | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
SBP (mmHg) | DBP (mmHg) | SBP (mmHg) | DBP (mmHg) | |
COPSAC2000 | − 1.81 (− 4.67, 1.06) | − 1.75 (− 3.50, − 0.003) | − 2.37 (− 5.28, 0.54) | − 1.66 (− 3.45, 0.12) |
COPSAC2010 | 1.33 (− 0.82, 3.49) | 1.25 (− 0.38, 2.88) | 1.52 (− 0.72, 3.75) | 1.51 (− 0.18, 3.20) |
CU Trial | − 1.42 (− 4.11, 1.27) | 0.64 (− 1.16, 2.43) | − 0.57 (− 3.73, 2.59) | 1.18 (− 0.92, 3.28) |
EDEN | − 2.17 (− 4.40, 0.06) | − 3.06 (− 5.32, − 0.80) | − 1.64 (− 4.02, 0.73) | − 3.09 (− 5.48, − 0.71) |
KOALA | − 3.83 (− 17.1, 9.45) | 3.92(− 7.03, 14.9) | − 9.65 (− 24.3, 5.04) | − 3.03 (− 14.78, 8.71) |
OCC | − 2.84 (− 7.27, 1.59) | − 2.01 (− 5.61, 1.58) | − 3.14 (− 8.23, 1.95) | − 1.52 (− 5.86, 2.82) |
PIAMA | − 4.26 (− 11.39, 2.87) | 3.03 (− 2.05, 8.11) | − 5.40 (− 13.91, 3.11) | 1.94 (− 3.99, 7.87) |
Pooled | − 1.29 (− 3.21, 0.62) | − 0.42(− 2.45, 1.60) | − 1.19 (− 3.31, 0.94) | − 0.44 (− 2.57, 1.70) |