Background
Methods
Study overview
Data sources and exposure levels
Relative risks
Attributable mortality and DALYs and uncertainties
Results
Burden of disease attributable to CMU, DRs, MRs and LPA in 2015, Ethiopia (crude estimates)
Risk factors | Causes | Metric | Both sexes | Males | Females |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Deaths | |||||
Child and maternal undernutrition | All causes | Number | 58,783 (43,653–76,020) | 31,016 (22,624–40,885) | 27,768 (19,541–37,070) |
Rate per 100,000 | 59 (44–76) | 62 (46–82) | 56 (39–74) | ||
Proportion (%) | 8.9% (6.1–12.5) | 9% (5.5–13.4) | 9.1% (5.5–14.1) | ||
Communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases | Proportion (%) | 17.7% (12.8–23.0) | 17.9% (12.5–24.3) | 17.7% (11.9–24.4) | |
Dietary risks | All causes | Number | 66,269 (39,367–106,512) | 35,122 (19,540–66,193) | 31,147 (14,959–58,347) |
Rate per 100,000 | 67 (40–107) | 71 (39–133) | 63 (30–117) | ||
Proportion (%) | 9.7% (7.4–12.3) | 9.5% (7.2–12.8) | 9.6% (6.9–13.0) | ||
Non-communicable diseases | Proportion (%) | 23.1% (18.6–28.5) | 23.9% (19.1–29.4) | 22.1% (17.2–27.9) | |
Metabolic risks | All causes | Number | 105,057 (66,167–157,071) | 52,270 (30,895–93,837) | 52,787 (26,896–94,624) |
Rate per 100,000 | 106 (67–158) | 105 (62–189) | 106 (54–190) | ||
Proportion (%) | 15.4% (12.8–17.6) | 14.2% (11.6–17.1) | 16.3% (12.8–19.4) | ||
Non-communicable diseases | Proportion (%) | 34.3% (31.3–37.3) | 33.2% (29.9–36.6) | 35.3% (31.5–39.0) | |
Communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases | Proportion (%) | 0.8% (0.5–1.4) | 1.0% (0.5–1.9) | 0.6% (0.3–1.0) | |
Low physical activity | All causes | Number | 5808 (3449–9359) | 3640 (1982–6519) | 2168 (1017–4232) |
Rate per 100,000 | 6 (4–9) | 7 (4–13) | 4 (2–9) | ||
Proportion (%) | 0.9% (0.59–1.12) | 1.0% (0.7–1.3) | 0.7% (0.4–1.0) | ||
Non-communicable diseases | Proportion (%) | 2.0% (1.4–2.7) | 2.5% (1.8–3.2) | 1.5% (1.0–2.1) | |
Disability-adjusted life years
| |||||
Child and maternal undernutrition | All causes | Number | 5,312,975 (4,068,319–6,720,367) | 2,835,570 (2,124,837–3,684,776) | 2,477,404 (1,813,335–3,274,603) |
Rate per 100,000 | 5343 (4092–6759) | 5713 (4281–7424) | 4975 (3641–6576) | ||
Proportion (%) | 13.0% (9.7–16.8) | 13.0% (9.1–17.7) | 13.2% (9.0–18.0) | ||
Communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases | Proportion (%) | 23.2% (17.5–29.0) | 23.4% (17.4–29.8) | 23.1% (16.5–30.0) | |
Dietary risks | All causes | Number | 1,698,099 (1,026,366–2,736,469) | 947,273 (525785–1,796,933) | 750,826 (380840–1,398,001) |
Rate per 100,000 | 1708 (1032–2752) | 1909 (1059–3620) | 1508 (765–2807) | ||
Proportion (%) | 4.1% (2.8–5.7) | 4.2% (2.8–6.5) | 3.9% (2.4–5.8) | ||
Non-communicable diseases | Proportion (%) | 11.3% (8.1–15.2) | 12.1% (8.4–17.3) | 10.2% (6.5–14.8) | |
Metabolic risks | All causes | Number | 2,706,312 (1,755,853–4,005,055) | 1,449,061 (879,099–2,577,821) | 1,257,252 (708,492–2,172,528) |
Rate per 100,000 | 2722 (1766–4028) | 2920 (1771–5194) | 2525 (1423–4363) | ||
Proportion (%) | 6.5% (4.9–8.3) | 6.4% (4.8–9.0) | 6.5% (4.4–9.0) | ||
Non-communicable diseases | Proportion (%) | 16.9% (13.5–20.7) | 17.2% (13.3–22.5) | 16.1% (11.5–21.3) | |
Communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases | Proportion (%) | 0.4% (0.2–0.7) | 0.5% (0.2–1.0) | 0.3% (0.1–0.5) | |
Low physical activity | All causes | Number | 140,484 (84,760–224,637) | 91,637 (51,409–163,588 | 48,847 (25,132–91,957) |
Rate per 100,000 | 141 (85–226) | 185 (104–330) | 98 (51–185) | ||
Proportion (%) | 0.3% (0.2–0.5) | 0.4% (0.3–0.6) | 0.3% (0.2–0.4) | ||
Non-communicable diseases | Proportion (%) | 0.9% (0.6–1.3) | 1.2% (0.8–1.7) | 0.7% (0.4–1.0) |
Risk factors | Proportion (%) (95% UI) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Deaths | Disability-adjusted life years | |||
All causes | Communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases | All causes | Communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases | |
Child and maternal undernutrition
| 8.9 (6.1–12.5) |
17.7 (12.8–23)
|
13.0 (9.7–16.8)
|
23.2 (17.5–29.0)
|
Childhood undernutrition | 7.5 (4.8–11.0) | 15.0 (10.3–20.2) | 10.8 (7.7–14.4) | 19.2 (14–24.7) |
Childhood wasting | 6.7 (4.2–9.7) | 13.4 (8.9–18.1) | 9.7 (6.8–12.9) | 17.2 (12.2–22.3) |
Childhood underweight | 2.6 (1.4–4.5) | 5.2 (3.0–8.5) | 3.8 (2.3–6.1) | 6.8 (4.2–10.6) |
Childhood stunting | 1.7 (0.6–3.5) | 3.3 (1.3–6.6) | 2.4 (1.0–4.6) | 4.2 (1.7–7.9) |
Suboptimal breastfeeding | 1.7 (0.9–3.0) | 3.5 (1.8–5.8) | 2.5 (1.3–4.1) | 4.4 (2.3–7.2) |
Non-exclusive breastfeeding | 1.6 (0.8–2.9) | 3.3 (1.6–5.5) | 2.3 (1.1–3.9) | 4.1 (2.0–6.8) |
Discontinued breastfeeding | 0.1 (0.0–0.3) | 0.3 (0.1–0.6) | 0.2 (0.1–0.5) | 0.3 (0.1–0.8) |
Iron deficiency | 1.0 (0.7–1.6) | 2.1 (1.3–3.2) | 1.8 (1.3–2.4) | 3.2 (2.3–4.2) |
Vitamin A deficiency | 0.6 (0.2–2.0) | 1.2 (0.4–3.7) | 0.9 (0.3–2.6) | 1.5 (0.5–4.4) |
Zinc deficiency | 0.2 (0.0–0.5) | 0.3 (0.0–1.0) | 0.2 (0.0–0.7) | 0.4 (0.0–1.2) |
Metabolic risks
|
0.6 (0.5–0.7)
|
0.8 (0.5–1.4)
|
0.2 (0.2–0.2)
|
0.4 (0.2–0.7)
|
High fasting plasma glucose | 4.5 (3.5–5.4) | 0.8 (0.5–1.4) | 2.4 (1.8–2.9) | 0.4 (0.2–0.7) |
All causes
|
Non-communicable diseases
|
All causes
|
Non-communicable diseases
| |
Dietary risks
|
9.7 (7.4–12.3)
|
23.1 (18.6–28.5)
|
4.1 (2.8–5.7)
|
11.3 (8.1–15.2)
|
Diet low in fruits | 3.4 (2.2–4.7) | 8.1 (5.5–10.9) | 1.5 (0.9–2.3) | 4.2 (2.6–6.1) |
Diet low in vegetables | 2.2 (1.1–3.4) | 5.2 (2.7–8.0) | 0.9 (0.4–1.5) | 2.5 (1.2–4.1) |
Diet low in whole grains | 2.1 (1.3–3.1) | 5.0 (3.1–7.2) | 1.0 (0.6–1.6) | 2.8 (1.6–4.4) |
Diet high in sodium | 1.9 (0.3–4.9) | 4.5 (0.8–11.9) | 0.8 (0.1–2.0) | 2.1 (0.4–5.5) |
Diet low in nuts and seeds | 1.8 (1.1–2.7) | 4.3 (2.7–6.3) | 0.8 (0.5–1.3) | 2.2 (1.3–3.4) |
Diet low in seafood omega-3 fatty acids | 1.4 (0.6–2.3) | 3.4 (1.4–5.4) | 0.5 (0.2–1.0) | 1.5 (0.6–2.7) |
Diet high in processed meat | 0.6 (0.2–1.0) | 1.4 (0.5–2.3) | 0.3 (0.1–0.5) | 0.8 (0.4–1.4) |
Diet high in trans fatty acids | 0.4 (0.1–0.7) | 0.9 (0.3–1.7) | 0.2 (0.1–0.4) | 0.5 (0.2–1.0) |
Diet suboptimal in calcium | 0.1 (0.1–0.2) | 0.3 (0.2–0.5) | 0.1 (0.0–0.1) | 0.2 (0.1–0.2) |
Diet high in sugar-sweetened beverages | 0.0 (0.0–0.1) | 0.1 (0.1–0.1) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.1 (0.0–0.1) |
Diet low in milk | 0.1 (0.0–0.2) | 0.2 (0.1–0.4) | 0.0 (0.0–0.1) | 0.1 (0.0–0.2) |
Diet high in red meat | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.1) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.1) |
Diet low in fiber | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.1) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.1) |
Diet low in polyunsaturated fatty acids | 0.0 (0.0–0.1) | 0.1 (0.0–0.1) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.1) |
Metabolic risks
|
15.4 (12.8–17.6)
|
34.3 (31.3–37.3)
|
6.5 (4.9–8.3)
|
16.9 (13.5–20.7)
|
High systolic blood pressure | 9.6 (7.9–11.3) | 23.1 (20.4–25.8) | 3.6 (2.5–4.8) | 9.9 (7.4–12.9) |
High fasting plasma glucose | 9.7 (8.0–11.5) | 5.9 (4.9–7.1) | ||
High body-mass index | 2.6 (1.4–4.0) | 6.2 (3.6–9.4) | 1.4 (0.7–2.1) | 3.7 (2.1–5.8) |
High total cholesterol | 2.1 (1.4–3.1) | 5.1 (3.4–7.2) | 0.9 (0.5–1.3) | 2.4 (1.5–3.6) |
Impaired kidney function | 1.7 (1.3–2.1) | 4.1 (3.3–5.0) | 0.8 (0.6–1.0) | 2.3 (1.8–2.8) |
Trend of disease burden attributable to CMU, DRs, MRs and LPA between 1990 and 2015, Ethiopia
Risk factors | Age-standardized rate per 100,000 (95% UI) | Age-standardized proportion (%) (95% UI) | Age-standardized proportion (%) (95% UI) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1990 | 2015 | 1990 | 2015 | Change in proportion (%) | 1990 | 2015 | |
Deaths | |||||||
All causes | Communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases | ||||||
Child and maternal undernutrition
|
231 (185–294)
|
44 (33–56)
|
8.6 (6.8–11)
|
3.6 (2.5–5.1)*
|
−58.5 (−72.4 to − 39.7)
|
18.4 (14.7–23.6)
|
9.9 (7.3–13.4)*
|
Childhood undernutrition | 195 (150–254) | 30 (22–40) | 7.3 (5.5–9.5) | 2.5 (1.5–3.9)* | −65.4 (−80.1 to − 43.5) | 15.5 (11.8–20.4) | 7.0 (4.4–10.3)* |
Childhood wasting | 162 (113–230) | 27 (19–36) | 6.0 (4.1–8.7) | 2.2 (1.3–3.4)* | −62.8 (−78.8 to −37.4) | 12.9 (8.9–18.5) | 6.2 (3.9–9)* |
Childhood underweight | 85 (50–148) | 10 (6–17) | 3.2 (1.8–5.5) | 0.9 (0.4–1.5)* | −72.6 (−87.4 to − 43.7) | 6.8 (3.9–11.5) | 2.4 (1.3–4.2) |
Childhood stunting | 55 (24–108) | 7 (3–13) | 2.0 (0.9–4.1) | 0.6 (0.2–1.2) | −72.7 (−89.9 to − 41.2) | 4.4 (2.0–8.7) | 1.6 (0.6–3.2) |
Suboptimal breastfeeding | 31 (15–49) | 7 (4–12) | 1.1 (0.5–1.8) | 0.6 (0.3–1.0) | −49.9 (− 75.6 to 3.2) | 2.5 (1.2–4.0) | 1.6 (0.8–2.7) |
Non-exclusive breastfeeding | 28 (14–45) | 7 (3–11) | 1.0 (0.5–1.7) | 0.5 (0.2–1.0) | −47.7 (− 74.8 to 5.7) | 2.2 (1.1–3.6) | 1.5 (0.7–2.6) |
Discontinued breastfeeding | 4 (1–9) | 1 (0–1) | 0.1 (0.0–0.3) | 0.0 (0.0–0.1) | − 68.8 (− 88.2 to 4.8) | 0.3 (0.1–0.7) | 0.1 (0–0.3) |
Iron deficiency | 30 (19–44) | 12 (7–20) | 1.1 (0.7–1.6) | 1.0 (0.6–1.4) | − 12.3 (− 35.5 to 24.2) | 2.4 (1.5–3.4) | 2.7 (1.8–3.9) |
Vitamin A deficiency | 36 (12–86) | 2 (1–7) | 1.3 (0.5–3.2) | 0.2 (0.1–0.7) | − 84.9 (− 96.2 to − 35.5) | 2.9 (1.0–6.8) | 0.6 (0.2–1.9) |
Zinc deficiency | 5 (0–14) | 1 (0–2) | 0.2 (0.0–0.5) | 0.1 (0.0–0.2) | −68.5 (− 90.6 to 17.1) | 0.4 (0.0–1.1) | 0.2 (0.0–0.5) |
Metabolic risks
|
16 (9–25)
|
6 (3–12)
|
17.0 (15.4–18.7)
|
24.2 (22.2–26.1)*
|
42.5 (27.1 to 58.3)
|
1.2 (0.7–1.9)
|
1.4 (0.8–2.3)
|
High fasting plasma glucose | 16 (9–25) | 6 (3–12) | 4.5 (3.8–5.3) | 6.7 (5.6–8.0)* | 48.1 (23.9 to 72) | 1.2 (0.7–1.9) | 1.4 (0.8–2.3) |
All causes
|
Change in proportion (%)
|
Non-communicable diseases
| |||||
Dietary risks
|
290 (231–364)
|
182 (112–282)
|
10.8 (8.8–13.3)
|
14.5 (11.7–18.0)
|
35.0 (14.1 to 53.9)
|
25.6 (21.4–31.3)
|
25.6 (20.6–31.6)
|
Diet low in fruits | 105 (71–141) | 61 (33–99) | 3.9 (2.7–5.3) | 4.9 (3.3–6.5) | 25 (2.5 to 45.3) | 9.3 (6.5–12.1) | 8.6 (5.8–11.4) |
Diet low in vegetables | 65 (35–101) | 40 (17–72) | 2.4 (1.3–3.7) | 3.2 (1.7–4.9) | 32.5 (6.3 to 55.7) | 5.7 (3.1–8.8) | 5.6 (3.0–8.7) |
Diet low in whole grains | 61 (38–88) | 37 (18–66) | 2.3 (1.4–3.3) | 2.9 (1.8–4.3) | 29.8 (4.5 to 51.3) | 5.4 (3.4–7.6) | 5.2 (3.3–7.5) |
Diet high in sodium | 58 (10–155) | 35 (5–105) | 2.2 (0.4–5.9) | 2.8 (0.5–7.5) | 28.7 (− 0.6 to 57.4) | 5.2 (0.9–13.7) | 4.9 (0.9–13.3) |
Diet low in nuts and seeds | 50 (30–72) | 34 (18–59) | 1.8 (1.2–2.6) | 2.7 (1.7–3.9) | 47.8 (19.2 to 73.0) | 4.4 (2.8–6.2) | 4.8 (2.9–6.9) |
Diet low in seafood omega-3 fatty acids | 39 (16–64) | 26 (10–50) | 1.4 (0.6–2.4) | 2.1 (0.9–3.4) | 43.5 (15.0 to 70.0) | 3.4 (1.5–5.6) | 3.7 (1.6–5.9) |
Diet high in processed meat | 16 (6–26) | 10 (3–19) | 0.6 (0.2–1.0) | 0.8 (0.3–1.4) | 36.3 (8.8 to 62.2) | 1.4 (0.5–2.3) | 1.4 (0.5–2.4) |
Diet high in trans fatty acids | 10 (3–20) | 6 (2–14) | 0.4 (0.1–0.7) | 0.5 (0.2–1.0) | 33.0 (1.4 to 61.8) | 0.9 (0.3–1.7) | 0.9 (0.3–1.8) |
Diet low in milk | 3 (1–5) | 2 (1–4) | 0.1 (0.0–0.2) | 0.2 (0.1–0.3) | 62.4 (37.3 to 95.4) | 0.2 (0.1–0.4) | 0.3 (0.1–0.5) |
Diet suboptimal in calcium | 4 (2–5) | 3 (2–5) | 0.1 (0.1–0.2) | 0.2 (0.1–0.3) | 61.2 (36.3 to 94.4) | 0.3 (0.2–0.5) | 0.4 (0.3–0.5) |
Diet high in red meat | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 31.7 (2.3 to 66.5) | 0.0 (0.0–0.1) | 0.0 (0.0–0.1) |
Diet high in sugar-sweetened beverages | 1 (0–1) | 1 (0–1) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.1) | 51.6 (19.4 to 98.2) | 0.1 (0.0–0.1) | 0.1 (0.1–0.1) |
Diet low in fiber | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 54.7 (−4.8 to 137.7) | 0.0 (0.0–0.1) | 0.0 (0.0–0.1) |
Diet low in polyunsaturated fatty acids | 1 (0–1) | 1 (0–1) | 0.0 (0.0–0.1) | 0.0 (0.0–0.1) | 42.9 (14.3 to 69.3) | 0.1 (0.0–0.1) | 0.1 (0.0–0.1) |
Metabolic risks
|
419 (357–483)
|
283 (185–413)
|
17.0 (15.4–18.7)
|
24.2 (22.2–26.1)*
|
42.5 (27.1 to 58.3)
|
37.1 (34.6–39.7)
|
39.8 (36.8–42.8)
|
High systolic blood pressure | 286 (238–339) | 193 (124–284) | 10.6 (9.1–12.2) | 15.4 (13.5–17.4)* | 45.5 (28.4 to 64.3) | 25.3 (22.4–28.4) | 27.2 (24.0–30.5) |
High fasting plasma glucose | 106 (86–129) | 77 (49–117) | 4.5 (3.8–5.3) | 6.7 (5.6–8.0)* | 48.1 (23.9 to 72.0) | 9.4 (8.1–11.0) | 10.9 (9.1–13.2) |
High body-mass index | 33 (14–58) | 45 (21–81) | 1.2 (0.5–2.2) | 3.6 (2.0–5.6) | 196.8 (110.6 to 367.1) | 2.9 (1.3–5.1) | 6.4 (3.6–9.6) |
High total cholesterol | 73 (51–101) | 41 (21–71) | 2.7 (2.0–3.7) | 3.3 (2.1–4.8) | 20.4 (− 10.6 to 51.1) | 6.5 (4.8–8.7) | 5.8 (3.8–8.4) |
Impaired kidney function | 52 (41–63) | 34 (21–52) | 1.9 (1.5–2.3) | 2.7 (2.2–3.4) | 42.7 (20.9 to 61.6) | 4.6 (3.7–5.5) | 4.8 (3.8–5.9) |
Low physical activity
|
24 (17–31)
|
17 (10–27)
|
0.9 (0.6–1.2)
|
1.4 (1.0–1.8)
|
54.1 (27.3 to 80.1)
|
2.1 (1.5–2.7)
|
2.4 (1.7–3.2)
|
Disability-adjusted life years
| |||||||
All causes
|
Change in proportion (%)
|
Communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases
| |||||
Child and maternal undernutrition
|
19,040 (15,070–24,312)
|
3445 (2648–4359)
|
17.3 (13.8–22.3)
|
7.4 (5.4–9.9)*
|
− 57.2 (− 71.3 to − 39.9)
|
31.0 (25.0–38.4)
|
17.2 (12.8–22.0)*
|
Childhood undernutrition | 16,719 (12,967–21,821) | 2667 (1971–3462) | 15.2 (11.7–19.8) | 5.8 (3.9–8.1)* | −62.1 (− 76.1 to − 43.9) | 27.2 (21.2–34.5) | 13.3 (9.3–17.9)* |
Childhood wasting | 13,916 (9775–19,748) | 2393 (1683–3178) | 12.7 (8.9–18.1) | 5.2 (3.4–7.3)* | −59.2 (− 74.6 to − 36.9) | 22.7 (15.6–31.8) | 12.0 (8.1–16.2) |
Childhood underweight | 7301 (4350–12,675) | 946 (594–1495) | 6.6 (4.0–11.5) | 2.0 (1.2–3.4)* | −69.2 (− 84.8 to − 43.8) | 11.9 (7.1–20.0) | 4.7 (2.9–7.7) |
Childhood stunting | 4700 (2097–9260) | 583 (241–1157) | 4.3 (1.9–8.4) | 1.3 (0.5–2.5) | −70.5 (− 88.6 to − 42) | 7.6 (3.5–14.5) | 2.9 (1.2–5.7) |
Suboptimal breastfeeding | 2654 (1277–4248) | 600 (308–1007) | 2.4 (1.2–3.9) | 1.3 (0.6–2.2) | −46.4 (− 71.6 to 6) | 4.3 (2.0–7.0) | 3.0 (1.5–5.0) |
Non-exclusive breastfeeding | 2387 (1180–3871) | 562 (282–951) | 2.2 (1.1–3.5) | 1.2 (0.6–2.1) | −44.2 (− 70.9 to 8.6) | 3.9 (1.8–6.4) | 2.8 (1.4–4.8) |
Discontinued breastfeeding | 328 (74–771) | 48 (13–110) | 0.3 (0.1–0.7) | 0.1 (0.0–0.3) | − 65.3 (− 85.3 to 15) | 0.5 (0.1–1.3) | 0.2 (0.1–0.6) |
Iron deficiency | 1699 (1227–2338) | 665 (445–956) | 1.5 (1.1–2.1) | 1.4 (1.1–1.9) | −8.5 (− 27.9 to 17.8) | 2.8 (2.0–3.8) | 3.3 (2.5–4.4) |
Vitamin A deficiency | 3069 (1044–7297) | 216 (78–620) | 2.8 (0.9–6.7) | 0.5 (0.2–1.5) | −83.2 (− 95.2 to − 32.9) | 5.0 (1.7–11.5) | 1.1 (0.4–3.3) |
Zinc deficiency | 416 (26–1200) | 60 (5–161) | 0.4 (0.0–1.1) | 0.1 (0.0–0.4) | −65.4 (− 87.4 to 30.1) | 0.7 (0.0–2.0) | 0.3 (0.0–0.9) |
Metabolic risks |
450 (257–709)
|
172 (81–331)
|
9.1 (8.1–10.1)
|
13.1 (10.9–15.3)
|
43.9 (16.6 to 74)
|
0.7 (0.4–1.1)
|
0.8 (0.5–1.5)
|
High fasting plasma glucose | 450 (257–709) | 172 (81–331) | 2.8 (2.5–3.3) | 4.4 (3.7–5.2) | 55.4 (27.4 to 84.3) | 0.7 (0.4–1.1) | 0.8 (0.5–1.5) |
All causes
|
Change in proportion (%)
|
Non-communicable diseases
| |||||
Dietary risks
|
6678 (5308–8507)
|
3856 (2344–6154)
|
6.1 (5–7.4)
|
8.1 (6.1–10.5)
|
33.6 (3.5 to 68.3)
|
19.2 (16–23.1)
|
16.5 (12.7–21.2)
|
Diet low in fruits | 2563 (1729–3470) | 1394 (763–2261) | 2.3 (1.6–3.1) | 2.9 (1.9–4.1) | 25.8 (− 7.5 to 62.3) | 7.4 (5.2–9.8) | 6.0 (3.9–8.2) |
Diet low in whole grains | 1572 (997–2282) | 891 (449–1579) | 1.4 (0.9–2) | 1.9 (1.1–2.8) | 31.1 (− 3.4 to 68) | 4.5 (2.9–6.4) | 3.8 (2.3–5.6) |
Diet low in vegetables | 1520 (817–2380) | 838 (365–1537) | 1.4 (0.7–2.1) | 1.8 (0.9–2.8) | 27.3 (− 8.4to 66.9) | 4.4 (2.4–6.7) | 3.6 (1.8–5.7) |
Diet high in sodium | 1326 (247–3482) | 733 (125–2106) | 1.2 (0.2–3.2) | 1.5 (0.3–3.9) | 27.4 (− 8.9 to 68.4) | 3.8 (0.7–10.0) | 3.1 (0.6–8.0) |
Diet low in nuts and seeds | 1175 (731–1660) | 736 (399–1256) | 1.1 (0.7–1.5) | 1.5 (0.9–2.3) | 44.8 (7.9 to 86.9) | 3.4 (2.2–4.7) | 3.2 (2.0–4.7) |
Diet low in seafood omega-3 fatty acids | 879 (370–1408) | 510 (184–1021) | 0.8 (0.3–1.3) | 1.1 (0.4–1.9) | 33.7 (− 5.0 to 82.8) | 2.5 (1.1–4.1) | 2.2 (0.9–3.8) |
Diet high in processed meat | 426 (176–682) | 264 (111–468) | 0.4 (0.2–0.6) | 0.6 (0.3–0.9) | 43.5 (10.1 to 81.1) | 1.2 (0.5–1.9) | 1.1 (0.5–1.8) |
Diet high in trans fatty acids | 270 (97–530) | 152 (46–346) | 0.2 (0.1–0.5) | 0.3 (0.1–0.6) | 30.2 (− 9.8 to 77.7) | 0.8 (0.3–1.5) | 0.7 (0.2–1.3) |
Diet low in milk | 53 (18–94) | 37 (12–72) | 0.1 (0.0–0.1) | 0.1 (0.0–0.1) | 58.9 (15.7 to 114.9) | 0.2 (0.1–0.3) | 0.2 (0.1–0.3) |
Diet suboptimal in calcium | 75 (46–109) | 51 (27–91) | 0.1 (0.0–0.1) | 0.1 (0.1–0.2) | 56.9 (14.7 to 113.2) | 0.2 (0.1–0.3) | 0.2 (0.1–0.3) |
Diet high in sugar-sweetened beverages | 23 (14–35) | 16 (9–28) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.1) | 67.1 (25.6 to 123.7) | 0.1 (0.0–0.1) | 0.1 (0.1–0.1) |
Diet low in polyunsaturated fatty acids | 19 (8–31) | 11 (4–21) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 36.0 (− 1.3 to 81.2) | 0.1 (0.0–0.1) | 0.1 (0.0–0.1) |
Diet low in fiber | 7 (1–20) | 4 (0–13) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 35.9 (− 22.1 to 128.7) | 0.0 (0.0–0.1) | 0.0 (0.0–0.1) |
Metabolic risks
|
9172 (7725–10,701)
|
5804 (3840–8452)
|
9.1 (8.1–10.1)
|
13.1 (10.9–15.3)*
|
43.9 (16.6 to 74.0)
|
26.4 (24.0–28.8)
|
24.9 (21.2–28.7)
|
High systolic blood pressure | 5715 (4690–6830) | 3582 (2286–5400) | 5.2 (4.4–6.0) | 7.5 (5.9–9.3) | 45.1 (13.2 to 80.5) | 16.4 (14.2–18.7) | 15.4 (12.3–18.5) |
High fasting plasma glucose | 2680 (2224–3207) | 1921 (1310–2753) | 2.8 (2.5–3.3) | 4.4 (3.7–5.2)* | 55.4 (27.4 to 84.3) | 7.7 (6.8–8.8) | 8.3 (7.1–9.7) |
High body-mass index | 910 (383–1584) | 1209 (601–2124) | 0.8 (0.4–1.5) | 2.5 (1.4–3.8) | 207.9 (111.5 to 387.3) | 2.6 (1.2–4.5) | 5.2 (3.0–7.7) |
High total cholesterol | 1780 (1305–2387) | 826 (442–1374) | 1.6 (1.2–2.1) | 1.7 (1.1–2.5) | 7.2 (− 25.9 to 44.4) | 5.1 (3.9–6.5) | 3.5 (2.3–5.1) |
Impaired kidney function | 1143 (937–1388) | 703 (471–1025) | 1.0 (0.9–1.2) | 1.5 (1.2–1.8) | 43.0 (17.4 to 68.1) | 3.3 (2.8–3.8) | 3.0 (2.5–3.6) |
Low physical activity
|
502 (351–672)
|
339 (210–531)
|
0.5 (0.3–0.6)
|
0.7 (0.5–1.0)
|
56.9 (22.5 to 95.7)
|
1.4 (1.0–1.9)
|
1.5 (1.0–1.9)
|
Comparison with other East African countries
Risk factors | Deaths | Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1990 | 2015 | 1990 | 2015 | ||||||||
Proportion (%) of all deaths (95% UI) | Rank | Proportion (%) of all deaths (95% UI) | Rank | Change (%) (95% UI) | Proportion (%) of all DALYs (95% UI) | Rank | Proportion (%) of all DALYs (95% UI) | Rank | Change (%) (95% UI) | ||
Child and maternal undernutrition | Somalia | 11.8 (7.1–19.4) | 2 | 7.5 (4.7–12.6) | 1 | −36.6 (− 68.1 to 20.5) | 21.8 (14.2–30.1) | 2 | 15.5 (9.6–22.7) | 1 | −28.8 (−58.5 to 19.3) |
South Sudan | 13.7 (7.5–22.2) | 1 | 6.9 (3.9–11.3) | 2 | −49.3 (−75.0 to 2.7) | 23.6 (15.1–32.8) | 1 | 13.3 (7.7–19.2) | 2 | −43.4 (−66.6 to −5.8) | |
Eritrea | 9.9 (8.3–12.0) | 4 | 5.0 (3.6–7.2)* | 3 | −49.2 (−64.1 to −24) | 20.5 (17.5–24.4) | 3 | 10.9 (7.7–14.8)* | 3 | −46.9 (−62.7 to − 25.3) | |
Djibouti | 9.3 (7.0–12.2) | 5 | 4.9 (3.1–7.2) | 4 | −47.5 (−68.8 to −14.3) | 18.3 (14.6–22.4) | 5 | 10.6 (7.1–14.4)* | 4 | −42.1 (−62.6 to −14.7) | |
Madagascar | 10.2 (8.8–12.4) | 3 | 4.7 (3.3–6.6)* | 5 | −54.1 (−68 to −35) | 20.1 (17.5–23.9) | 4 | 10.4 (7.7–13.8)* | 5 | −48.2 (−62.6 to − 30.1) | |
Burundi | 5.8 (4.4–7.6) | 14 | 4.7 (3.2–6.9) | 6 | −19.3 (−49.6 to 25.3) | 11.2 (8.4–14.5) | 14 | 9.2 (6.5–13.0) | 6 | −17.9 (−46.7 to 25.1) | |
Malawi | 9.2 (6.9–11.8) | 6 | 4.4 (3.2–6.0)* | 7 | −52.3 (−67.6 to − 28.1) | 15.9 (12.0–20.3) | 8 | 8.4 (6.4–10.8)* | 7 | −47.5 (− 63.2 to − 23.9) | |
Rwanda | 6.9 (5.2–8.6) | 12 | 4.2 (2.9–5.9) | 8 | −39.2 (−59.2 to −8.9) | 13.5 (10.2–17.1) | 12 | 8.3 (6.2–11.1) | 8 | −38.6 (− 57.5 to − 10.7) | |
Ethiopia
|
8.6 (6.8–11.0)
|
8
|
3.6 (2.5–5.1)*
|
9
|
−58.5 (−72.4 to − 39.7)
|
17.3 (13.8–22.3)
|
6
|
7.4 (5.4–9.9)*
|
12
|
− 57.2 (− 71.3 to − 39.9)
| |
Tanzania | 8.7 (7.1–10.6) | 7 | 3.5 (2.6–4.8)* | 10 | − 59.6 (−71.3to − 42.9) | 17.1 (14.2–20.2) | 7 | 7.6 (5.8–9.9)* | 9 | − 55.4 (−68 to − 40.3) | |
Kenya | 6.4 (5.7–7.3) | 13 | 3.5 (2.9–4.1)* | 11 | −45.8 (− 53.1 to − 37.9) | 13.5 (12.2–15) | 13 | 7.5 (6.6–8.6)* | 10 | −44.3 (− 50.5 to − 37.8) | |
Comoros | 7.9 (5.9–11.1) | 10 | 3.4 (2.4–4.8)* | 12 | −56.7 (− 72.4 to − 31.1) | 15.8 (12.2–20.4) | 9 | 7.5 (5.4–10.1)* | 11 | − 52.6 (− 67.9 to − 27.8) | |
Uganda | 4.8 (3.7–6.2) | 15 | 2.9 (2.1–4.2) | 13 | − 39.7 (− 60.3 to − 8.5) | 9.4 (7.3–11.6) | 15 | 6.1 (4.5–8.2) | 13 | −35.2 (− 56.0 to − 6.4) | |
Zambia | 8.0 (6.4–9.8) | 9 | 2.8 (2.1–3.6)* | 14 | − 65.4 (− 74.7 to − 52.8) | 14.8 (11.8–17.8) | 10 | 5.2 (4.0–6.7)* | 14 | −64.7 (− 74.2 to − 51.5) | |
Mozambique | 7.8 (6.1–10.1) | 11 | 2.0 (1.5–2.8)* | 15 | −74.0 (− 82.2 to −62.0) | 14.1 (11.2–17.9) | 11 | 4.5 (3.4–5.8)* | 15 | −68.1 (− 77.6 to −55.3) | |
Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa | 8.1 (7.1–9.2) | 3.7 (3.2–4.3)* | −54.1 (−61.3 to − 45.6) | 15.8 (13.9–17.9) | 7.8 (6.9–8.9)* | −50.8 (− 58.3 to − 42.7) | |||||
Dietary risks | Madagascar | 14.2 (11.6–18.1) | 2 | 16.1 (12.6–20.7) | 1 | 13.2 (0.0 to 24.6) | 7.7 (6.3–9.5) | 1 | 9.7 (6.9–13.0) | 1 | 25.9 (− 3.4 to 56.5) |
Tanzania | 13.7 (11.0–16.6) | 3 | 15.9 (12.7–19.3) | 2 | 16.4 (2.3 to 31.6) | 6.6 (5.4–8.0) | 6 | 8.4 (6.1–11.0) | 3 | 27.1 (−4.1 to 65.6) | |
Djibouti | 14.4 (11.8–17.8) | 1 | 15.0 (12.2–18.5) | 3 | 4.0 (−10 to 22.2) | 7.5 (5.6–9.8) | 3 | 8.6 (6.0–11.6) | 2 | 13.8 (−21.6 to 67.8) | |
Ethiopia
|
10.8 (8.8–13.3)
|
7
|
14.5 (11.7–18.0)
|
4
|
35.0 (14.1 to 53.9)
|
6.1 (5.0–7.4)
|
7
|
8.1 (6.1–10.5)
|
4
|
33.6 (3.5 to 68.3)
| |
Comoros | 13.5 (10.9–17.0) | 4 | 13.4 (10.6–17.3) | 5 | −0.7 (− 13.6 to 13.8) | 7.7 (5.7–10.2) | 2 | 7.9 (6.0–10.2) | 5 | 2.6 (− 23.7 to 37.6) | |
Eritrea | 11.4 (9.1–14.5) | 6 | 12.8 (10.3–16.2) | 6 | 12.5 (−0.3 to 25.3) | 6.6 (5.4–8.4) | 5 | 7.8 (5.6–10.2) | 6 | 17.5 (−13.6 to 45.2) | |
Zambia | 9.1 (7.2–11.5) | 11 | 12.7 (10.5–15.5) | 7 | 39.4 (19.3 to 62.8) | 4.5 (3.5–5.7) | 11 | 7.7 (5.9–9.7)* | 7 | 71.5 (31.4 to 117.5) | |
Burundi | 11.8 (9.1–15.4) | 5 | 11.5 (8.7–14.8) | 8 | −2.9 (− 23.6 to 16.9) | 7.4 (5.4–9.9) | 4 | 6.8 (4.9–9.1) | 8 | −7.9 (−33.9 to 27.1) | |
Mozambique | 8.9 (6.6–11.5) | 12 | 11.4 (8.6–14.7) | 9 | 28.5 (3.6 to 56.6) | 4.1 (3.1–5.3) | 12 | 6.3 (4.2–8.7) | 9 | 52.5 (6.0 to 103.2) | |
Somalia | 10.5 (7.2–13.8) | 8 | 10.6 (7.9–13.3) | 10 | 0.6 (−20.7 to 33.3) | 5.7 (2.9–8.5) | 8 | 6.2 (3.5–8.9) | 10 | 9.1 (−37.5 to 113.7) | |
Rwanda | 9.6 (7.2–13.2) | 9 | 10.2 (7.2–13.9) | 11 | 5.3 (−12.9 to 23.1) | 5.5 (4.1–7.4) | 9 | 5.4 (3.7–7.7) | 11 | −0.5 (−25.6 to 33.3) | |
South Sudan | 9.6 (6.8–12.9) | 10 | 9.9 (7.2–13.2) | 12 | 2.3 (−22.7 to 36.2) | 4.8 (2.6–7.5) | 10 | 5.4 (3.3–8.4) | 12 | 14.5 (−38.3 to 120.3) | |
Uganda | 6.7 (4.8–9.0) | 14 | 9.0 (6.8–11.8) | 13 | 35.5 (13.0 to 60.1) | 3.4 (2.3–4.7) | 13 | 5.2 (3.4–7.0) | 13 | 51.7 (9.5 to 101.4) | |
Malawi | 6.9 (5.5–8.4) | 13 | 8.3 (6.3–10.2) | 14 | 19.8 (−0.6 to 43.3) | 3.3 (2.5–4.0) | 15 | 4.4 (3.1–5.9) | 14 | 35.2 (0.6 to 82.5) | |
Kenya | 6.0 (5.1–7.2) | 15 | 6.7 (5.6–7.9) | 15 | 10.5 (3.9 to 18.4) | 3.4 (2.8–4.0) | 14 | 3.9 (3.2–4.6) | 15 | 15.1 (4.6 to 26.7) | |
Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa | 10.2 (8.5–12.5) | 12.4 (10.2–15.1) | 21.2 (10.8 to 31.2) | 5.5 (4.6–6.6) | 6.9 (5.7–8.5) | 26.8 (10.2 to 43.4) | |||||
Metabolic risks | Madagascar | 24 (22.2–25.7) | 2 | 28.3 (25.6–30.6) | 1 | 17.9 (8.2 to 26.9) | 12.3 (11.2–13.4) | 2 | 16.1 (12.9–19.0) | 1 | 31.2 (5.5 to 56.9) |
Djibouti | 23.7 (21.5–26.1) | 3 | 26.9 (24.5–29.5) | 2 | 13.8 (2.0 to 27.5) | 12.0 (9.7–14.6) | 3 | 15.0 (11.8–18.5) | 2 | 25.2 (−7.1 to 68.5) | |
Comoros | 24.4 (22.1–26.7) | 1 | 25.8 (23.3–28.1) | 3 | 5.4 (−5.9 to 18.0) | 13.3 (10.5–15.8) | 1 | 14.7 (12.5–17.1) | 3 | 10.8 (−12.7 to 40.9) | |
Ethiopia
|
17.0 (15.4–18.7)
|
12
|
24.2 (22.2–26.1)*
|
4
|
42.5 (27.1 to 58.3)
|
9.1 (8.1–10.1)
|
8
|
13.1 (10.9–15.3)*
|
4
|
43.9 (16.6 to 74)
| |
Rwanda | 20.4 (17.9–23.2) | 4 | 22.3 (19.9–25.1) | 5 | 9.4 (−5.0 to 25.1) | 10.8 (9.2–12.4) | 5 | 11.5 (9.5–13.7) | 10 | 6.6 (−15.4 to 34.2) | |
Tanzania | 18.2 (16.6–19.8) | 8 | 22.2 (19.6–24.8) | 6 | 21.9 (7.2 to 37.2) | 8.8 (7.8–9.7) | 9 | 11.9 (9.5–14.7) | 8 | 35.5 (6.8 to 69.6) | |
Mozambique | 17.5 (15.7–19.2) | 10 | 22 (18.7–25.0) | 7 | 26.1 (5.8 to 47.1) | 7.8 (7.0–8.8) | 12 | 11.8 (8.8–14.6)* | 9 | 50.0 (10.8 to 89.7) | |
Eritrea | 19.0 (17.1–21.1) | 6 | 21.7 (19.3–24.2) | 8 | 14.1 (1.8 to 27.9) | 10.5 (9.3–11.8) | 6 | 12.6 (9.8–14.9) | 6 | 20.1 (−6.8 to 42.3) | |
Zambia | 16.2 (14.3–18.3) | 13 | 21.7 (19.5–23.6)* | 9 | 33.3 (16.6 to 52.9) | 7.7 (6.5–8.9) | 13 | 12.7 (10.5–14.5)* | 5 | 64.3 (32.1 to 101.2) | |
Burundi | 20.3 (17.6–24.0) | 5 | 21.4 (19.0–23.9) | 10 | 5.2 (−10.9 to 22.4) | 11.8 (9.6–14.5) | 4 | 11.9 (9.7–14.1) | 7 | 0.9 (−22.2 to 31.4) | |
Uganda | 17.0 (14.5–19.1) | 11 | 21.2 (18.5–23.7) | 11 | 24.2 (8.2 to 43.7) | 8.1 (6.3–9.5) | 11 | 11.4 (8.7–13.8) | 11 | 40.4 (8.0 to 77.7) | |
Somalia | 18.4 (14.1–21.3) | 7 | 19.2 (16.1–21.7) | 12 | 4.7 (−12.8 to 32.8) | 9.5 (5.5–12.8) | 7 | 10.8 (7.2–13.7) | 12 | 14.6 (−27.8 to 103.4) | |
Malawi | 15.8 (13.9–17.7) | 14 | 19 (16.3–21.4) | 13 | 20.0 (2.3 to 41.3) | 7.0 (5.9–8.2) | 15 | 9.5 (7.5–11.8) | 14 | 35.3 (4.6 to 73.3) | |
South Sudan | 17.7 (13.8–20.7) | 9 | 18.6 (15.5–21.3) | 14 | 5.5 (−15.0 to 35.5) | 8.4 (5.2–12.0) | 10 | 10.0 (6.9–13.6) | 13 | 18.9 (−28.6 to 108.2) | |
Kenya | 14.7 (13.5–16.0) | 15 | 16.7 (15.6–17.9) | 15 | 14.1 (7.8 to 21.2) | 7.6 (7.0–8.4) | 14 | 9.2 (8.3–9.9) | 15 | 19.8 (11.0 to 29.2) | |
Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa | 17.7 (16.4–19.0) | 22.1 (20.8–23.4)* | 24.7 (17.6 to 33.1) | 9.0 (8.4–9.8) | 12.0 (10.9–13.2)* | 33.0 (20.3 to 46.2) | |||||
Low physical activity | Djibouti | 1.3 (0.9–1.7) | 1 | 1.8 (1.3–2.3) | 1 | 35.9 (14.9 to 63.2) | 0.6 (0.4–0.9) | 1 | 0.9 (0.7–1.3) | 2 | 48.6 (8.3 to 104.0) |
Zambia | 1.1 (0.8–1.4) | 3 | 1.7 (1.3–2.1) | 2 | 53.7 (33.4 to 78.3) | 0.5 (0.4–0.7) | 3 | 1.0 (0.7–1.3)* | 1 | 89.5 (52.0 to 132.4) | |
Ethiopia
|
0.9 (0.6–1.2)
|
7
|
1.4 (1.0–1.8)
|
3
|
54.1 (27.3 to 80.1)
|
0.5 (0.3–0.6)
|
7
|
0.7 (0.5–1.0)
|
4
|
56.9 (22.5 to 95.7)
| |
Madagascar | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | 2 | 1.3 (0.9–1.8) | 4 | 20.4 (5.1 to 35.6) | 0.5 (0.4–0.7) | 2 | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) | 3 | 36.7 (9.4 to 65.4) | |
Rwanda | 1.0 (0.6–1.3) | 4 | 1.2 (0.8–1.6) | 5 | 24.3 (4.5 to 46.7) | 0.5 (0.3–0.7) | 6 | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) | 7 | 22.5 (−3.2 to 55.5) | |
Comoros | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) | 5 | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | 6 | 20.4 (4.2 to 40.1) | 0.5 (0.3–0.7) | 5 | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) | 5 | 28.9 (1.3 to 62.8) | |
Tanzania | 0.9 (0.6–1.1) | 11 | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | 7 | 34.3 (17.8 to 55.0) | 0.4 (0.3–0.5) | 11 | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) | 8 | 48.0 (17.0 to 87.1) | |
Mozambique | 0.8 (0.5–1.1) | 12 | 1.1 (0.8–1.4) | 8 | 41.9 (16.5 to 72.6) | 0.3 (0.2–0.5) | 13 | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) | 10 | 69.3 (26.4 to 120.2) | |
Eritrea | 0.9 (0.6–1.2) | 10 | 1.1 (0.7–1.4) | 9 | 24.3 (6.7 to 43.2) | 0.5 (0.3–0.6) | 8 | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) | 6 | 34.0 (6.4 to 62.6) | |
Uganda | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) | 14 | 1.1 (0.8–1.4) | 10 | 47.6 (25.2 to 77.0) | 0.3 (0.2–0.5) | 14 | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) | 11 | 68.6 (29.7 to 116.2) | |
Burundi | 0.9 (0.6–1.2) | 6 | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) | 11 | 15.0 (−9.2 to 37.7) | 0.5 (0.3–0.7) | 4 | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) | 9 | 14.5 (−12.9 to 49.2) | |
Malawi | 0.8 (0.5–1.0) | 13 | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) | 12 | 31.9 (11.8 to 57.8) | 0.3 (0.2–0.5) | 12 | 0.5 (0.3–0.7) | 13 | 50.6 (18.1 to 94.7) | |
South Sudan | 0.9 (0.6–1.2) | 8 | 1.0 (0.7–1.3) | 13 | 16.1 (−4.8 to 45.8) | 0.4 (0.2–0.6) | 10 | 0.5 (0.3–0.8) | 12 | 32.7 (−17.5 to 117.6) | |
Somalia | 0.9 (0.6–1.2) | 9 | 0.9 (0.7–1.3) | 14 | 6.3 (−11.5 to 30.6) | 0.4 (0.2–0.6) | 9 | 0.5 (0.3–0.7) | 14 | 18.4 (−21.5 to 96.6) | |
Kenya | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) | 15 | 0.7 (0.5–0.9) | 15 | 16.8 (8.4 to 26.6) | 0.3 (0.2–0.4) | 15 | 0.4 (0.3–0.5) | 15 | 22.3 (11.6 to 33.7) | |
Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa | 0.9 (0.6–1.1) | 1.2 (0.8–1.5) | 36.2 (24.4 to 48.6) | 0.4 (0.3–0.5) | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) | 45.9 (29.8 to 63.7) |