Background
Study Site (Citation) | Magnitude of Intestinal helminths | Laboratory Method used | Sample size | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nepal [5] | 27.67% | Direct wet mount | 495 | |
Yemen [6] | 90% | Direct wet mount and Formol-ether | 330 | |
Nigeria [7] | 63.49% | Formol-ether | 252 | |
Sao Tome and Principe [8] | 64.7% | Merthiolate-iodine-formaldehyde | 252 | |
Sudan [9] | 24.9% | Kato-katz | 662 | |
Sudan [10] | 84% | Direct wet mount and Formol-ether | 120 | |
Sudan [11] | 30% | Formol-ether | 200 | |
Kenya [12] | 44.05% | Kato-katz | 377 | |
Ethiopia | Bahir Dar [13] | 65.5% | Formol-ether | 359 |
Zege [14] | 69.1% | Formol-ether | 408 | |
Maksegnit and Enfranz [15] | 66.4% | Kato-katz | 550 | |
Chencha [16] | 36.8% | Kato-katz | 408 | |
Arba Minch zuria [17] | 39.9% | Direct wet mount and Formol-ether | 858 | |
Hawassa [18] | 67.9% | Formol-ether | 374 | |
Wolyta [19] | 72.2% | Kato-katz and Formol-ether | 503 | |
Jimma Zone [20] | 48.4% | Kato-katz | 302 |
Methods
Study design and area
Sample size and sampling technique
Data collection
Socio-demographic characteristics
Stool examination
Statistical analysis
Results
Socio- demographic characteristics of study participants
Variables | Category | Frequency (%) |
---|---|---|
Age Group (In Years) | 5–11 | 254 (65.0) |
12–14 | 137 (35.0) | |
Child Sex | Male | 196 (50.1) |
Female | 195 (49.9) | |
School Enrolment | Enrolled | 223 (57) |
Non enrolled | 168 (43) | |
Grade Level | 1–4 class | 169 (75.8) |
5–8 class | 54 (24.2) | |
Birth Order | ≤ 2 | 200 (51.2) |
> 2 | 191 (48.8) | |
Religion Of Parent/ Care Giver | Protestant | 241 (61.6) |
Orthodox | 142 (36.3) | |
Others | 8 (2.0) | |
Ethnicity Of Parent/ Care Giver | Gamo | 338 (86.4) |
Zeise | 35 (9.0) | |
Wolaita | 11 (2.8) | |
Others | 7 (1.8) | |
Educational Status Of mother | No formal education | 257 (65.7) |
Unable to read and write | 38 (9.7) | |
Primary level | 83 (21.2) | |
Secondary level and above | 13 (3.3) | |
Occupation Of Mother/ Care Giver | Housewife | 370 (94.6) |
Government employee | 1 (0.3) | |
Private employee | 14 (3.6) | |
Others | 6 (1.5) | |
Family Size | < 4 | 18 (4.6) |
≥4 | 373 (95.4) | |
Climatic Zone In Which The Household Is Located | Lowland | 163 (41.7) |
Midland | 44 (11.3) | |
Highland | 184 (47.1) | |
Illness in the last 2 weeks | Yes | 16 (4.1) |
No | 375 (95.9) | |
Habit of eating row fruits and vegetables | Yes | 208 (53.2) |
No | 183 (46.8) | |
wash fruits and vegetables before consumption | Yes | 113 (54.3) |
No | 95 (45.7) | |
Habit of swimming | Yes | 108 (27.6) |
No | 283 (72.4) | |
Habit of hand washing after contact with soil | Yes | 229 (58.6) |
No | 162 (41.4) | |
Habit of hand washing before meal | Yes | 277 (70.8) |
No | 114 (29.2) | |
Habit of hand washing after toilet | Yes | 265 (67.8) |
No | 126 (32.2) | |
Habit of wearing shoe | Yes | 362 (92.5) |
No | 29 (7.5) | |
Presence of domestic animals at home | Yes | 338 (86.4) |
No | 53 (13.6) | |
Dewormed in last year national deworming campaign | Yes | 128 (32.7) |
No | 263 (67.3) | |
Number of times taking deworming in the last year | Once | 102 (79.7) |
Twice | 26 (20.3) | |
Latrine availability | Yes | 374 (95.7) |
No | 17 (4.3) | |
Source of drinking water | Pipe water | 303 (77.5) |
Protected well/ spring | 36 (9.2) | |
Unprotected well/ spring | 37 (9.5) | |
River | 15 (3.8) |
Prevalence of intestinal Helminths
Parasites | Frequency | ||
---|---|---|---|
Number | Percentage | ||
Helminths |
Ascaris lumbricoides
| 56 | 14.3 |
Hookworms
| 55 | 14.1 | |
Hymenolepis nana
| 17 | 4.3 | |
Schistosoma mansoni
| 12 | 3.1 | |
Trichuris trichuria
| 10 | 2.6 | |
Taenia species
| 4 | 1.0 | |
Entrobius vermicularis
| 3 | 0.8 | |
Protozoa | Giardia lamblia cyst | 1 | 0.3 |
Number of helminth Species per child | 1 | 158 | 40.4 |
≥2 | 24 | 6.1 | |
Total Prevalence | Helminth | 181 | 46.3 |
Protozoa | 1 | 0.2 | |
Helminth + Protozoa | 182 | 46.5 |
Factors associated with intestinal Helminth infection
Variables | Category | Number examined | Rate of helminth infection N (%) | COR (95%CI) | p-value | AOR (95%CI) | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age group (in years) | 6–11 | 254 | 124(48.8) | 0.77 (0.51–1.17) | 0.221 | 0.59 (0.32–1.11) | 0.103 |
12–14 | 137 | 58 (42.3) | 1 | 1 | |||
Child sex | Male | 196 | 90 (45.9) | 1 | |||
Female | 195 | 92 (47.2) | 0.95 (0.64–1.41) | 0.803 | |||
School Enrolment | Enrolled | 223 | 109(48.9) | 1 | |||
Non enrolled | 168 | 73 (43.5) | 1.24 (0.83–1.86) | 0.287 | |||
Wash fruits and vegetables before consumption | Yes | 113 | 63 (55.8) | 1 | 1 | ||
No | 95 | 44 (46.3) | 1.46 (0.84–2.53 | 0.176 | 2.16 (1.10–4.25) | 0.026 | |
Habit of swimming | Yes | 108 | 61 (56.5) | 1.15 (1.03–1.69) | 0.015 | 1.17 (1.03–1.95) | 0.045 |
No | 283 | 121 (42.8) | 1 | 1 | |||
Habit of hand washing after toilet | Yes | 265 | 118 (44.5) | 1 | 1 | ||
No | 126 | 64 (50.8) | 0.78 (0.51–1.19) | 0.246 | 0.73 (0.35–1.54) | 0.408 | |
Hand washing habit before meal | Yes | 308 | 130 (46.9) | 1 | 1 | ||
No | 114 | 52 (45.6) | 1.05 (0.68–1.63) | 0.812 | 0.74 (0.31–1.75) | 0.493 | |
Habit of wearing shoe | Yes | 362 | 167 (46.1) | 1 | |||
No | 29 | 15 (51.7) | 0.97 (0.44–2.13) | 0.933 | |||
Presence of tame animals at home | Yes | 338 | 161 (47.6) | 0.72 (0.40–1.30) | 0.278 | ||
No | 53 | 21 (39.6) | 1 | ||||
Dewormed in last year national deworming campaign | Yes | 128 | 68 (53.1) | 1 | 1 | ||
No | 263 | 114 (43.3) | 1.48 (0.97–2.26) | 0.070 | 1.23 (0.68–2.22) | 0.496 | |
Latrine availability | Yes | 374 | 169 (45.2) | 1 | 1 | ||
No | 17 | 13 (76.5) | 1.25 (1.08–1.79) | 0.018 | 1.43 (0.10–1.95) | 0.275 | |
Source of drinking water | Safe | 339 | 158 (46.6) | 1 | 1 | ||
Unsafe | 52 | 24 (46.2) | 1.02 (0.57–1.83) | 0.951 | 1.42 (0.54–3.73) | 0.481 |