Background
Methods
Subjects
C-section and perinatal information
Anthropometric and body composition information
Statistical analyses
Results
2004 cohort | 1993 cohort | 1982 cohort | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6 years | 18 years | 30 years | ||||
Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | |
Past categorical variables (at birth) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) |
Maternal skin colour | ||||||
White | 1267 (74.2) | 1166 (72.5) | 1519 (77.3) | 1529 (76.7) | 1429 (81.5) | 1538 (83.0) |
Brown/Black | 441 (25.8) | 443 (27.5) | 446 (22.7) | 465 (23.3) | 324 (18.5) | 315 (17.0) |
Maternal schooling (years) | ||||||
0–4 | 254 (15.0) | 241 (15.2) | 517 (26.3) | 536 (26.9) | 558 (31.9) | 595 (32.1) |
5–8 | 697 (41.1) | 680 (42.8) | 940 (47.9) | 947 (47.5) | 766 (43.7) | 782 (42.3) |
≥ 9 | 746 (43.9) | 669 (42.1) | 507 (25.8) | 511 (25.6) | 428 (24.4) | 474 (25.6) |
Maternal BMI (pre-gestational)a
| ||||||
Normal | 978 (57.3) | 897 (56.4) | 1480 (77.7) | 1491 (76.2) | 1181 (77.9) | 1201 (76.3) |
Overweight | 486 (28.5) | 446 (28.1) | 325 (17.1) | 366 (18.7) | 266 (17.6) | 297 (18.9) |
Obese | 242 (14.2) | 247 (15.5) | 101 (5.3) | 99 (5.1) | 69 (4.6) | 77 (4.9) |
Financing of delivery | ||||||
Public | 1383 (81.0) | 1311 (81.6) | 1708 (86.9) | 1734 (86.9) | 1611 (91.9) | 1678 (90.6) |
Private | 324 (19.0) | 295 (18.4) | 257 (13.1) | 262 (13.1) | 143 (8.1) | 175 (9.4) |
Birth weight (grams) | ||||||
< 2500 | 123 (7.2) | 159 (9.9) | 148 (7.5) | 209 (10.5) | 103 (5.9) | 156 (8.4) |
≥ 2500 | 1585 (92.8) | 1450 (90.1) | 1817 (92.5) | 1787 (89.5) | 1651 (94.1) | 1696 (91.6) |
Type of delivery | ||||||
Normal | 905 (53.0) | 905 (56.3) | 1353 (68.9) | 1376 (68.9) | 1258 (71.7) | 1348 (72.8) |
C-section | 803 (47.0) | 704 (43.7) | 612 (31.2) | 620 (31.1) | 496 (28.3) | 505 (27.3) |
Current continuous variables | Mean (sd) | Mean (sd) | Mean (sd) | Mean (sd) | Mean (sd) | Mean (sd) |
Fat mass index (kg/m2) | 3.3 (2.3) | 4.2 (2.5) | 4.2 (3.0) | 8.4 (3.6)a
| 6.7 (3.2)a
| 10.6 (4.3)a
|
BMI Z-score | 0.71 (1.5) | 0.66 (1.4) | 0.29 (1.2)a
| 0.45 (1.2)a
| 0.03 (0.9)a
| −0.02 (1.1)a
|
Height (cm) | 121.6 (5.6) | 120.3 (5.6) | 173.8 (6.9) | 161.0 (6.4) | 174.4 (6.9) | 161.4 (6.2) |
All | 1708 (51.5) | 1609 (48.5) | 1965 (49.6) | 1996 (50.4) | 1754 (48.6) | 1853 (51.4) |
Type of delivery | All (N = 3317) | Males (N = 1708) | Females (N = 1609) |
---|---|---|---|
Coeff. (CI 95%) | Coeff. (CI 95%) | Coeff. (CI 95%) | |
Fat mass index at age 6 | |||
Crude effect |
p < 0.001
|
p < 0.001
|
p < 0.001
|
C-section | 0.51 (0.34;0.68) | 0.60 (0.38;0.82) | 0.48 (0.23;0.73) |
Adjusted (model 1)a
|
p = 0.002
|
p = 0.018
|
p = 0.008
|
C-section | 0.29 (0.11;0.47) | 0.28 (0.05;0.52) | 0.37 (0.09;0.64) |
Adjusted (model 2)b
|
p = 0.277
|
p = 0.532
|
p = 0.167
|
C-section | 0.10 (−0.08;0.28) | 0.07 (−0.16;0.31) | 0.18 (−0.08;0.44) |
Adjusted (model 3)c
|
p = 0.326
|
p = 0.574
|
p = 0.127
|
C-section | 0.09 (−0.09;0.27) | 0.07 (−0.17;0.30) | 0.20 (−0.06;0.46) |
BMI Z-score at age 6 | |||
Crude effect |
p < 0.001
|
p < 0.001
|
p < 0.001
|
C-section | 0.32 (0.22;0.42) | 0.39 (0.25;0.53) | 0.24 (0.11;0.38) |
Adjusted (model 1)a
|
p < 0.001
|
p = 0.007
|
p = 0.011
|
C-section | 0.20 (0.10;0.31) | 0.21 (0.06;0.37) | 0.19 (0.04;0.33) |
Adjusted (model 2)b
|
p = 0.083
|
p = 0.331
|
p = 0.166
|
C-section | 0.09 (−0.01;0.20) | 0.08 (−0.08;0.23) | 0.10 (−0.04;0.24) |
Adjusted (model 3)c
|
p = 0.138
|
p = 0.567
|
p = 0.139
|
C-section | 0.08 (−0.03;0.18) | 0.04 (−0.11;0.20) | 0.11 (−0.03;0.24) |
Height (cm) at age 6 | |||
Crude effect |
p < 0.001
|
p = 0.001
|
p = 0.002
|
C-section | 0.92 (0.53;1.30) | 0.88 (0.35;1.40) | 0.88 (0.32;1.43) |
Adjusted (model 1)a
|
p = 0.795
|
p = 0.839
|
p = 0.751
|
C-section | 0.05 (−0.35;0.46) | −0.06 (−0.62;0.50) | 0.10 (−0.50;0.69) |
Adjusted (model 2)b
|
p = 0.161
|
p = 0.256
|
p = 0.253
|
C-section | −0.29 (−0.71;0.12) | −0.33 (−0.90;0.24) | −0.35 (−0.94;0.25) |
Adjusted (model 3)c
|
p = 0.637
|
p = 0.391
|
p = 0.960
|
C-section | −0.10 (−0.49;0.30) | −0.24 (−0.79;0.31) | −0.02 (−0.60;0.57) |
Type of delivery | All (N = 3961) | Males (N = 1965) | Females (N = 1996) |
---|---|---|---|
Coeff. (CI 95%) | Coeff. (CI 95%) | Coeff. (CI 95%) | |
Fat mass index at age 18 | |||
Crude effect |
p = 0.001
|
p < 0.001
|
p = 0.137
|
C-section | 0.45 (0.18; 0.72) | 0.66 (0.36; 0.96) | 0.26 (−0.08; 0.60) |
Adjusted (model 1)a
|
p = 0.018
|
p = 0.009
|
p = 0.126
|
C-section | 0.34 (0.06; 0.62) | 0.41 (0.10; 0.72) | 0.28 (−0.08; 0.64) |
Adjusted (model 2)b
|
p = 0.364
|
p = 0.106
|
p = 0.806
|
C-section | 0.13 (−0.15; 0.41) | 0.25 (−0.05; 0.56) | 0.04 (−0.30; 0.39) |
Adjusted (model 3)c
|
p = 0.583
|
p = 0.123
|
p = 0.990
|
C-section | 0.08 (−0.20; 0.36) | 0.24 (−0.07; 0.56) | −0.01 (−0.35; 0.34) |
BMI Z-score at age 18 | |||
Crude effect |
p < 0.001
|
p < 0.001
|
p = 0.209
|
C-section | 0.17 (0.09; 0.25) | 0.27 (0.15; 0.38) | 0.07 (−0.04; 0.19) |
Adjusted (model 1)a
|
p < 0.001
|
p = 0.001
|
p = 0.104
|
C-section | 0.15 (0.07; 0.24) | 0.20 (0.08; 0.31) | 0.10 (−0.02; 0.22) |
Adjusted (model 2)b
|
p = 0.082
|
p = 0.049
|
p = 0.599
|
C-section | 0.07 (−0.01; 0.16) | 0.11 (0.00; 0.23) | 0.03 (−0.09; 0.15) |
Adjusted (model 3)c
|
p = 0.163
|
p = 0.061
|
p = 0.840
|
C-section | 0.06 (−0.02; 0.14) | 0.11 (−0.01; 0.23) | 0.01 (−0.11; 0.13) |
Height (cm) at age 18 | |||
Crude effect |
p = 0.025
|
p = 0.293
|
p = 0.001
|
C-section | 0.70 (0.09; 1.32) | 0.37 (−0.31;1.02) | 1.04 (0.44;1.64) |
Adjusted (model 1)a
|
p = 0.684
|
p = 0.267
|
p = 0.042
|
C-section | 0.13 (−0.50;0.76) | −0.38 (−1.06;0.29) | 0.64 (0.02; 1.27) |
Adjusted (model 2)b
|
p = 0.613
|
p = 0.045
|
p = 0.196
|
C-section | −0.17 (−0.82; 0.48) | −0.71 (−1.40; −0.02) | 0.42 (−0.22; 1.05) |
Adjusted (model 3)c
|
p = 0.932
|
p = 0.080
|
p = 0.130
|
C-section | −0.02 (−0.65; 0.59) | −0.59 (−1.25; 0.07) | 0.47 (−0.14; 1.09) |
Type of delivery | All (N = 3607) | Males (N = 1754) | Females (N = 1853) |
---|---|---|---|
Coeff. (CI 95%) | Coeff. (CI 95%) | Coeff. (CI 95%) | |
Fat mass index at age 30 | |||
Crude effect |
p < 0.001
|
p < 0.001
|
p < 0.001
|
C-section | 0.68 (0.35;1.00) | 0.58 (0.23;0.93) | 0.90 (0.44;1.36) |
Adjusted (model 1)a
|
p < 0.001
|
p = 0.021
|
p < 0.001
|
C-section | 0,66 (0.33;0.99) | 0.41 (0.06;0.77) | 1.10 (0.63;1.57) |
Adjusted (model 2)b
|
p = 0.077
|
p = 0.621
|
p = 0.001
|
C-section | 0.32 (−0.03;0.68) | 0.09 (−0.28;0.47) | 0.82 (0.32;1.32) |
Adjusted (model 3)c
|
p = 0.075
|
p = 0.619
|
p = 0.001
|
C-section | 0.32 (−0.03;0.68) | 0.10 (−0.28;0.47) | 0.82 (0.32;1.32) |
BMI Z-score at age 30 | |||
Crude effect |
p < 0.001
|
p = 0.012
|
p = 0.015
|
C-section | 0.13 (0.06;0.21) | 0.12 (0.03;0.21) | 0.14 (0.03;0.26) |
Adjusted (model 1)a
|
p < 0.001
|
p = 0.065
|
p < 0.001
|
C-section | 0.15 (0.08;0.23) | 0.09 (−0.01;0.18) | 0.22 (0.10;0.34) |
Adjusted (model 2)b
|
p = 0.021
|
p = 0.426
|
p = 0.018
|
C-section | 0.09 (0.01;0.17) | 0.04 (−0.06;0.14) | 0.15 (0.03;0.28) |
Adjusted (model 3)c
|
p = 0.019
|
p = 0.415
|
p = 0.018
|
C-section | 0.09 (0.01;0.17) | 0.04 (−0.06;0.14) | 0.15 (0.03;0.28) |
Height (cm) at age 30 | |||
Crude effect |
p = 0.399
|
p = 0.527
|
p = 0.947
|
C-section | 0.29 (−0.39;0.97) | 0.23 (−0.49;0.96) | 0.02 (−0.62;0.67) |
Adjusted (model 1)a
|
p = 0.383
|
p = 0.193
|
p = 0.054
|
C-section | −0.31 (−0.99;0.38) | −0.47 (−1.18;0.24) | −0.63 (−1.27;0.01) |
Adjusted (model 2)b
|
p = 0.602
|
p = 0.150
|
p = 0.068
|
C-section | −0.21 (−0.96;0.55) | −0.57 (−1.36;0.21) | −0.65 (−1.35;0.05) |
Adjusted (model 3)c
|
p = 0.560
|
p = 0.145
|
p = 0.053
|
C-section | −0.22 (−0.95;0.51) | −0.56 (1.32;0.19) | −0.67 (−1.34;0.01) |