Background
Methods
Sample
Survey instrument
Cancer Awareness
Socio-demographic characteristics
Analysis
Ethical considerations
Results
Sample
n | % | |
---|---|---|
Gender
| ||
Male | 250 | 52.3 |
Female | 228 | 47.7 |
Age
†
| ||
11 | 1 | 0.2 |
12 | 107 | 23.4 |
13 | 25 | 5.5 |
14 | 193 | 42.1 |
15 | 99 | 21.6 |
16 | 29 | 6.3 |
17 | 4 | 0.9 |
Ethnicity
‡
| ||
White | 438 | 93.2 |
Other ethnic backgrounds | 32 | 6.8 |
Mixed
|
17
|
3.6
|
Asian
|
7
|
1.5
|
Black
|
2
|
0.4
|
Other
|
6
|
1.3
|
Knew someone with cancer
§
| ||
Yes | 292 | 66.2 |
No | 149 | 33.8 |
Region
| ||
Scottish Highlands | 155 | 32.4 |
South West England | 156 | 32.6 |
English East Midlands | 29 | 6.1 |
North West England | 138 | 28.9 |
Country
| ||
Scotland | 155 | 32.4 |
England | 323 | 67.6 |
Recall of cancer warning signs
Yes | ||
---|---|---|
n | % | |
Lump or swelling | 308 | 64.4 |
Did not know | 125 | 26.2 |
Hair loss | 69 | 14.4 |
Pain | 66 | 13.8 |
Change in appearance of mole | 66 | 13.8 |
Nausea/Sickness | 45 | 9.4 |
Headache/Migraine | 45 | 9.4 |
Bleeding | 40 | 8.4 |
Cough | 39 | 8.2 |
Tiredness/Fatigue | 33 | 6.9 |
Generally unwell | 32 | 6.7 |
Weight loss | 31 | 6.5 |
Tumour/Growth | 17 | 3.6 |
Breathing problems | 16 | 3.3 |
Spots/rashes | 14 | 2.9 |
Feeling weak | 10 | 2.1 |
Bruising | 8 | 1.7 |
Bowel/Bladder Habits | 7 | 1.5 |
Dizziness | 7 | 1.5 |
Sore that doesn't heal | 6 | 1.3 |
Blurred vision | 5 | 1.0 |
Flu symptoms | 5 | 1.0 |
Swallowing | 4 | 0.8 |
Stomach ache | 4 | 0.8 |
Sore throat | 4 | 0.8 |
Loss of appetite | 3 | 0.6 |
Cramps | 3 | 0.6 |
Infection | 3 | 0.6 |
Weight gain | 2 | 0.4 |
Recognition of cancer warning signs
Cancer warning sign % Yes (n) | Gender (n = 478) | Ethnicity (n = 470) | Age (n = 458) | Knew someone with cancer (n = 441) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | Significance* | White | Other | Significance* | Child | Teenager | Significance* | Yes | No | Significance* | |
(n = 250) | (n = 228) | (n = 438) | (n = 32) | (n = 108) | (n = 350) | (n = 292) | (n = 149) | |||||
Lump or swelling | 88.3 (219) | 91.2 (208) | χ2(1, 476) = 1.10 | 89.7 (391) | 90.6 (29) | χ2(1, 468) = 0.03 |
80.4 (86)
|
93.7 (327)
|
χ
2
(1, 456) = 17.02
|
93.1 (271)
|
85.8 (127)
|
χ
2
(1, 439) = 6.20
|
p = 0.295 | p = 1.000† |
p < 0.001
|
p = 0.013
| |||||||||
Unexplained pain | 47.6 (118) | 44.7 (101) | χ2(1, 474) = 0.40 | 46.0 (200) | 45.2 (14) | χ2(1, 466) = 0.01 | 38.3 (41) | 48.1 (167) | χ2(1, 454) = 3.17 | 48.1 (139) | 41.9 (62) | χ2(1, 437) = 1.52 |
p = 0.528 | p = 0.930 | p = 0.075 | p = 0.218 | |||||||||
Unexplained bleeding | 48.0 (119) | 49.6 (113) | χ2(1, 476) = 0.12 | 49.2 (215) | 41.9 (13) | χ2(1, 468) = 0.61 | 43.5 (47) | 50.6 (176) | χ2(1, 456) = 1.64 |
54.3 (158)
|
37.8 (56)
|
χ
2
(1, 439) = 10.64
|
p = 0.731 | p = 0.434 | p = 0.200 |
p = 0.001
| |||||||||
Cough or hoarseness |
36.7 (91)
|
26.8 (61)
|
χ
2
(1, 476) = 5.40
| 31.8 (139) | 25.8 (8) | χ2(1, 468) = 0.48 |
23.1 (25)
|
34.2 (119)
|
χ
2
(1, 456) = 4.66
| 35.4 (103) | 28.4 (42) | χ2(1, 439) = 2.18 |
p = 0.020
| p = 0.487 |
p = 0.031
| p = 0.139 | |||||||||
Change in bowel/bladder habits | 54.4 (135) | 53.3 (121) | χ2(1, 475) = 0.06 |
55.5 (242)
|
35.5 (11)
|
χ
2
(1, 467) = 4.67
| 56.5 (61) | 53.9 (187) | χ2(1, 455) = 0.22 |
60.3 (175)
|
41.9 (62)
|
χ
2
(1, 438) = 13.44
|
p = 0.805 |
p = 0.031
| p = 0.637 |
p < 0.001
| |||||||||
Difficulty swallowing | 36.6 (90) | 35.2 (80) | χ2(1, 473) = 0.09 | 35.4 (154) | 41.9 (13) | χ2(1, 466) = 0.54 |
26.9 (29)
|
38.4 (133)
|
χ
2
(1, 454) = 4.82
| 36.2 (105) | 33.6 (49) | χ2(1, 436) = 0.30 |
p = 0.761 | p = 0.464 |
p = 0.028
| p = 0.585 | |||||||||
Change in appearance of a mole |
54.5 (134)
|
64.5 (147)
|
χ
2
(1, 474) = 4.90
|
60.8 (265)
|
41.9 (13)
|
χ
2
(1, 467) = 4.27
| 51.9 (56) | 62.5 (217) | χ2(1, 455) = 3.92 |
66.7 (194)
|
50.0 (73)
|
χ
2
(1, 437) = 11.36
|
p = 0.027
|
p = 0.039
| p = 0.048 |
p = 0.001
| |||||||||
Sore that does not heal |
28.0 (69)
|
19.7 (45)
|
χ
2
(1, 474) = 4.48
| 24.5 (107) | 22.6 (7) | χ2(1, 467) = 0.06 | 20.4 (22) | 25.6 (89) | χ2(1, 455) = 1.24 | 25.9 (75) | 22.4 (33) | χ2(1, 437) = 0.61 |
p = 0.034
| p = 0.806 | p = 0.265 | p = 0.435 | |||||||||
Unexplained weight loss | 42.1 (104) | 39.5 (90) | χ2(1, 475) = 0.34 | 41.3 (180) | 32.3 (10) | χ2(1, 467) = 0.98 | 36.1 (39) | 42.4 (147) | χ2(1, 455) = 1.33 | 43.8 (127) | 35.8 (53) | χ2(1, 438) = 2.58 |
p = 0.560 | p = 0.323 | p = 0.248 | p = 0.108 |
Awareness of relationship between cancer and age
Awareness of common cancers
Anticipated delay
Barriers to help-seeking
Barrier % Yes (n) | Gender (n = 478) | Ethnicity (n = 470) | Age (n = 458) | Knew someone with cancer (n = 441) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | Significance* | White | Other | Significance* | Child | Teenager | Significance* | Yes | No | Significance* | |
(n = 250) | (n = 228) | (n = 438) | (n = 32) | (n = 108) | (n = 350) | (n = 292) | (n = 149) | |||||
Emotional Barriers
| ||||||||||||
Worried about what the doctor might find |
62.7 (156)
|
82.4 (187)
|
χ
2
(1, 476) = 22.95
| 72.5 (316) | 62.5 (20) | χ2(1, 468) = 1.47 | 75.9 (82) | 71.3 (248) | χ2(1, 456) = 0.90 | 74.7 (218) | 68.7 (101) | χ2(1, 439) = 1.74 |
p < 0.001
| p = 0.226 | p = 0.344 | p = 0.187 | |||||||||
Too scared |
43.8 (109)
|
66.8 (151)
|
χ
2
(1, 475) = 25.38
| 55.2 (240) | 50.0 (16) | χ2(1, 467) = 0.32 | 46.7 (50) | 57.8 (201) | χ2(1, 455) = 4.03 |
57.9 (169)
|
47.3 (69)
|
χ
2
(1, 438) = 4.42
|
p < 0.001
| p = 0.570 | p = 0.045 |
p = 0.035
| |||||||||
Too embarrassed |
46.0 (114)
|
67.3 (152)
|
χ
2
(1, 474) = 21.76
| 56.7 (246) | 50.0 (16) | χ2(1, 466) = 0.54 | 49.5 (53) | 58.5 (203) | χ2(1,454) = 2.68 | 58.1 (169) | 50.0 (73) | χ2(1, 437) = 2.57 |
p < 0.001
| p = 0.462 | p = 0.102 | p = 0.109 | |||||||||
Not confident to talk about symptoms |
46.6 (116)
|
61.5 (139)
|
χ
2
(1, 475) = 10.60
| 54.7 (238) | 40.6 (13) | χ2(1, 467) = 2.38 | 54.2 (58) | 54.3 (189) | χ2(1, 455) < 0.01 | 54.1 (158) | 50.7 (74) | χ2(1, 438) = 0.46 |
p = 0.001
| p = 0.123 | p = 0.985 | p = 0.498 | |||||||||
Practical Barriers
| ||||||||||||
Too busy | 23.0 (57) | 23.5 (53) | χ2(1, 474) = 0.01 | 22.4 (97) | 28.1 (9) | χ2(1,466) = 0.57 |
15.0 (16)
|
25.6 (89)
|
χ
2
(1, 454) = 5.26
| 21.2 (62) | 23.4 (34) | χ2(1, 437) = 0.28 |
p = 0.904 | p = 0.452 |
p = 0.022
| p = 0.598 | |||||||||
Other things to worry about | 17.0 (42) | 21.2 (48) | χ2(1, 473) = 1.37 | 18.7 (81) | 19.4 (6) | χ2(1, 465) = 0.01 | 13.1 (14) | 21.1 (73) | χ2(1, 453) = 3.38 | 18.3 (53) | 17.8 (26) | χ2(1, 436) = 0.01 |
p = 0.241 | p = 0.924 | p = 0.066 | p = 0.905 | |||||||||
Difficult to arrange transport | 16.5 (41) | 14.2 (32) | χ2(1, 475) = 0.49 |
13.6 (59)
|
31.3 (10)
|
χ
2
(1, 467) = 7.41
| 16.8 (18) | 14.9 (52) | χ2(1, 455) = 0.22 | 13.4 (39) | 17.1 (25) | χ2(1, 438) = 1.11 |
p = 0.486 |
p = 0.016† | p = 0.637 | p = 0.293 | |||||||||
Service Barriers
| ||||||||||||
Difficult to make an appointment | 19.8 (49) | 21.2 (48) | χ2(1, 473) = 0.14 | 19.4 (84) | 31.3 (10) | χ2(1, 465) = 2.60 | 15.9 (17) | 21.6 (75) | χ2(1, 454) = 1.66 | 20.3 (59) | 17.8 (26) | χ2(1, 436) = 0.40 |
p = 0.706 | p = 0.107 | p = 0.198 | p = 0.528 | |||||||||
Worried about wasting the doctor’s time |
27.3 (68)
|
39.6 (89)
|
χ
2
(1, 474) = 8.00
| 33.8 (147) | 28.1 (9) | χ2(1, 467) = 0.43 | 33.6 (36) | 33.9 (118) | χ2(1, 455) < 0.01 | 32.9 (96) | 31.0 (45) | χ2(1, 437) = 0.15 |
p = 0.005
| p = 0.512 | p = 0.960 | p = 0.698 | |||||||||
Difficult to talk to doctor | 30.6 (76) | 38.5 (87) | χ2(1, 474) = 3.23 | 34.1 (148) | 34.4 (11) | χ2(1, 466) < 0.01 | 37.4 (40) | 33.4 (116) | χ2(1, 454) = 0.57 | 34.4 (100) | 29.5 (43) | χ2(1, 437) = 1.07 |
p = 0.072 | p = 0.975 | p = 0.452 | p = 0.302 |