Introduction
Materials and methods
Study population
Study design
Exposure assessment
Echocardiographic evaluation
CRT-d implant
Anthropometrics determination
Laboratory analysis
Inflammatory markers
Study endpoints
Ethical committee and clinical trial registration
Statistical methods
Results
Parameters | Overall population (n 559) | GLP-1 receptor agonist therapy (n 288) | No GLP-1 agonist therapy (n 271) | p value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 72 ± 6 | 72 ± 7 | 72 ± 6 | – |
Male (%) | 403 (72.1) | 206 (71.5) | 197 (72.6) | – |
Smokers (%) | 108 (52.4) | 49 (49.5) | 59 (55.1) | – |
Hypertension (%) | 394 (70.5) | 200 (69.4) | 194 (71.6) | – |
Dyslipidemia (%) | 193 (34.5) | 101 (35.1) | 92 (33.9) | – |
Plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 197.4 ± 21.4 | 197.4 ± 24.6 | 197.8 ± 23.2 | – |
HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 58.1 ± 16.1 | 58.2 ± 16.2 | 58.0 ± 16.0 | – |
Basal GLP-1 (pmol/L) | 6.29 ± 0.65 | 5.86 ± 0.68 | 5.82 ± 0.62 | – |
Postprandial GLP-1 (pmol/L) | 14.49 ± 2.79 | 13.17 ± 2.76 | 12.5 ± 2.83 | – |
BMI > 30 kg/m2 (%) | 35 (6.3) | 18 (6.2) | 17 (6.3) | – |
COPD (%) | 96 (17.2) | 50 (17.4) | 46 (17) | – |
Renal disease (%) | 107 (19.1) | 56 (19.4) | 51 (18.9) | – |
Ischemic heart failure (%) | 381 (68%) | 195 (67.7) | 186 (68.6) | – |
II NYHA class (%) | 133 (23.8) | 67 (23.3) | 66 (24.4) | – |
III NYHA class (%) | 426 (76.2) | 221 (76.7) | 205 (75.6) | – |
QRS duration (ms) | 138.5 ± 9.4 | 137.8 ± 9.2 | 139.2 ± 9.6 | – |
6MWT | 187.90 ± 26.10 | 188.82 ± 26.45 | 186.93 ± 25.74 | – |
CRTd bipolar pacing (%) | 121 (21.6) | 65 (22.6) | 56 (20.6) | – |
CRTd multipolar pacing (%) | 438 (78.4) | 227 (78.8) | 211 (77.8) | – |
Echocardiographic parameters | 288 | 271 | ||
LVEF (%) | 27 ± 5 | 27 ± 6 | 28 ± 4 | – |
LVEDd (mm) | 67 ± 8 | 69 ± 6 | 66 ± 9 | – |
LVESd (mm) | 43 ± 7 | 42 ± 6 | 44 ± 8 | – |
LVEDv (mL) | 197 ± 39 | 194 ± 29 | 200 ± 48 | – |
LVESv (mL) | 135 ± 28 | 133 ± 21 | 138 ± 35 | – |
Mitral insufficiency | ||||
+ (%) | 280 (50.1) | 131 (45.5) | 133 (49.2) | – |
++ (%) | 217 (38.8) | 110 (38.2) | 106 (39.1) | – |
+++ (%) | 62 (11.1) | 47 (16.3) | 32 (11.8) | – |
Medications at baseline | ||||
Amiodarone (%) | 117 (20.9) | 60 (20.8) | 57 (21) | – |
Aspirin (%) | 225 (40.2) | 119 (41.3) | 106 (39.1) | – |
ACE inhibitors (%) | 152 (27.2) | 132 (45.8) | 120 (44.2) | – |
ARS blockers (%) | 168 (30) | 85 (29.5) | 83 (30.6) | – |
Sacubitril/valsartan (%) | 140 (25) | 73 (25.3) | 67 (24.7) | – |
Beta blockers | ||||
Carvedilol (%) | 171 (30.6) | 89 (30.9) | 82 (30.3) | – |
Bisoprolol (%) | 82 (39.8) | 37 (37.4) | 45 (42) | – |
Warfarin (%) | 196 (35.1) | 97 (33.7) | 99 (36.5) | – |
NOAC (%) | 111 (19.9) | 57 (19.8) | 54 (19.9) | – |
Tiklopidine (%) | 10 (1.8) | 5 (1.7) | 5 (1.8) | – |
Calcium antagonist (%) | 19 (3.4) | 11 (3.8) | 8 (3.0) | – |
Ivabradine (%) | 165 (29.5) | 89 (30.9) | 76 (28) | – |
Digoxin (%) | 176 (31.5) | 87 (30.2) | 89 (32.8) | – |
Loop diuretics (%) | 506 (90.5) | 265 (92) | 241 (88.9) | – |
Aldosterone blockers (%) | 361 (64.6) | 180 (62.5) | 181 (66.8) | – |
Statins (%) | 397 (71) | 202 (70.1) | 195 (72) | – |
Anti diabetic drugs, n (%) | ||||
Insulins (%) | 63 (11.3) | 33 (11.5) | 30 (11.1) | – |
Metformin (%) | 175 (31.3) | 87 (30.2) | 90 (33.2) | – |
Sulfonylureas (%) | 109 (19.5) | 56 (19.4) | 53 (19.6) | – |
Thiazolidinediones (%) | 41 (7.3) | 22 (7.6) | 19 (7.1) | – |
GLP-1 agonist (%) | 288 (48.1) | 288 (100) | – | – |
GLP1 agonist (%) | ||||
Liraglutide | 71 (12) | 68 (23.6) | – | – |
Lixenatide | 117 (21) | 220 (76.4) | – | – |
DPP4 inhibitors (%) | ||||
Sitagliptin | – | – | – | – |
Linagliptin | – | – | – | – |
Biomarkers | ||||
Lymphocytes | 7.92 ± 2.13 | 7.92 ± 2.12 | 7.62 ± 2.36 | – |
Neutrophiles | 5.31 ± 1.81 | 5.32 ± 1.80 | 5.26 ± 2.07 | – |
BNP (pg/mL) | 365.5 ± 9.98 | 353.71 ± 13.45 | 378.03 ± 14.8 | – |
CRP (mg/L) | 9.39 ± 0.51 | 9.43 ± 0. 57 | 9.14 ± 0.56 | – |
IL6 (pg/mL) | 6.65 ± 0.03 | 6.58 ± 0.02 | 6.74 ± 0.05 | – |
TNFa (pg/mL) | 6.37 ± 0.01 | 6.36 ± 0.02 | 6.37 ± 0.02 | – |
Parameters | GLP-1 agonist therapy (n 288) | No GLP-1 agonist therapy (n 271) | p value |
---|---|---|---|
(a) 6 months follow up | |||
Plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 189.2 ± 16.4 | 189.6 ± 15.1 | n.s. |
HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 54.1 ± 12.3 | 54.0 ± 12.1 | n.s |
Basal GLP-1 (pmol/L) | 6.84 ± 0.71 | 6.02 ± 0.65 | < 0.05* |
Postprandial GLP-1 (pmol/L) | 19.7 ± 2.4 | 11.5 ± 2.3 | < 0.05* |
I NYHA class | 17 (5.9) | 7 (2.6) | < 0.05* |
II NYHA class | 117 (40.6) | 79 (29.1) | < 0.05* |
III NYHA class | 143 (49.6) | 172 (63.5) | < 0.05* |
IV NYHA class | 11 (3.8) | 13 (4.8) | n.s |
QRS duration | 121.8 ± 9.8 | 123.5 ± 9.4 | n.s. |
6MWT | 309.7 ± 24.6 | 226.9 ± 26.7 | < 0.05* |
Echocardiographic parameters | |||
LVEF (%) | 32 ± 8 | 28 ± 6 | < 0.05* |
LVEDd (mm) | 66 ± 4 | 63 ± 7 | n.s. |
LVESd (mm) | 36 ± 4 | 38 ± 5 | n.s. |
LVEDv (mL) | 165 ± 24 | 170 ± 40 | n.s. |
LVESv (mL) | 111 ± 16 | 119 ± 32 | < 0.05* |
Mitral insufficiency | |||
+ (%) | 141 (48.9) | 135 (49.8) | n.s. |
++ (%) | 114 (39.6) | 101 (37.3) | < 0.05* |
+++ (%) | 33 (11.5) | 35 (12.9) | n.s. |
CRTd responders (%) | 193 (67.4) | 155 (57.2) | < 0.05* |
Biomarkers | |||
Lymphocytes | 7.89 ± 2.17 | 7.52 ± 2.39 | n.s. |
Neutrophiles | 5.37 ± 1.82 | 5.67 ± 2.12 | n.s. |
BNP (pg/mL) | 153.58 ± 12.64 | 271.43 ± 13.7 | < 0.05* |
CRP (mg/L) | 7.25 ± 0.69 | 8.66 ± 0. 94 | < 0.05* |
IL6 (pg/mL) | 5.53 ± 0.02 | 6.24 ± 0.04 | < 0.05* |
TNFa (pg/mL) | 5.36 ± 0.02 | 6.32 ± 0.02 | < 0.05* |
(b) 12 months follow up | |||
Plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 185.3 ± 15.8 | 186.6 ± 15.5 | n.s. |
HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 52.7 ± 12.5 | 53.1 ± 12.4 | n.s. |
Basal GLP-1 (pmol/L) | 6.76 ± 0.74 | 6.02 ± 0.67 | n.s. |
Postprandial GLP-1 (pmol/L) | 19.9 ± 2.5 | 11.5 ± 2.3 | < 0.05* |
I NYHA class | 17 (5.9) | 7 (2.6) | < 0.05* |
II NYHA class | 115 (39.9) | 80 (29.5) | < 0.05* |
III NYHA class | 144 (50) | 170 (62.7) | < 0.05* |
IV NYHA class | 12 (4.2) | 14 (5.2) | n.s |
QRS duration | 121.8 ± 9.8 | 123.5 ± 9.4 | n.s. |
6MWT | 311.5 ± 25.2 | 228.2 ± 26.5 | < 0.05* |
Echocardiographic parameters | |||
LVEF (%) | 32 ± 8 | 28 ± 6 | < 0.05* |
LVEDd (mm) | 66 ± 4 | 63 ± 7 | n.s. |
LVESd (mm) | 36 ± 4 | 38 ± 5 | n.s. |
LVEDv (mL) | 165 ± 24 | 170 ± 40 | n.s. |
LVESv (mL) | 111 ± 16 | 119 ± 32 | < 0.05* |
Mitral insufficiency | |||
+ (%) | 144 (50) | 137 (50.6) | n.s. |
++ (%) | 116 (40.3) | 102 (37.6) | < 0.05* |
+++ (%) | 28 (9.7) | 32 (11.8) | n.s. |
CRTd responders (%) | 193 (67.4) | 155 (57.2) | < 0.05* |
Biomarkers | |||
Lymphocytes | 7.90 ± 2.14 | 7.66 ± 2.36 | n.s. |
Neutrophiles | 5.35 ± 1.81 | 5.56 ± 2.09 | n.s. |
BNP (pg/mL) | 146.38 ± 14.14 | 262.22 ± 12.95 | < 0.05* |
CRP (mg/L) | 7.23 ± 0.57 | 8.32 ± 0. 87 | < 0.05* |
IL6 (pg/mL) | 5.49 ± 0.02 | 6.32 ± 0.04 | < 0.05* |
TNFa (pg/mL) | 5.34 ± 0.02 | 6.28 ± 0.02 | < 0.05* |
Study outcomes | Overall population (n 559) | GLP-1 agonist therapy (n 288) | No GLP-1 agonist therapy (n 271) | p value |
---|---|---|---|---|
All cause deaths (%) | 35 (6.3) | 19 (6.6) | 16 (5.9) | n.s. |
Cardiac deaths (%) | 28 (5.0) | 15 (5.2) | 13 (4.8) | n.s. |
Hospitalization for heart failure (%) | 124 (22.2) | 48 (16.7) | 76 (28.0) | < 0.05* |
CRTd responders rate (%) | 348 (62.2) | 193 (67) | 155 (57.2) | < 0.05* |
AF events n of events | 64 | 23 | 41 | < 0.05* |
VT events n of events | 135 | 55 | 75 | < 0.05* |
Stroke (%) | 11 (2) | 6 (2.1) | 5 (1.8) | n.s |
ATP n of events | 105 | 37 | 68 | < 0.05* |
CRTd shocks n of events | 52 | 9 | 43 | < 0.05* |
Appropriate therapy n of events | 112 | 74 | 38 | < 0.05* |
Inappropriate therapy n of events | 43 | 12 | 21 | < 0.05* |
Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
HR (95% CI) |
p value
| HR (95% CI) |
p value
| |
a. Multivariate cox regression analysis for parameters associated with all cause deaths | ||||
LVEF | 1.060 [0.978–1.148] | 0.157 | 0.994 [0.608–1.625] | 0.981 |
6MWT | 0.989 [0.974–1.003] | 0.131 | 0.975 [0.869–1.093] | 0.661 |
BNP | 1.001 [0.999–1.020] | 0.233 | 0.989 [0.963–1.016] | 0.463 |
TNF alpha | 1.666 [0.650–4.273] | 0.288 | 2.253 [0.001–2.671] | 0.939 |
GLP-1 | 2.980 [0.904–9.824] | 0.073 | 5.127 [0.002–12.548] | 0.445 |
CRP | 0.977 [0.933–1.024] | 0.336 | 0.867 [0.002–12.548] | 0.548 |
IL-6 | 1.254 [0.811–1.939] | 0.308 | 0.004 [0.545–1.380] | 0.961 |
GLP-1 agonist | 2.373 [1.087–5.182] | 0.030 | 7.619 [0.004–14.031] | 0.597 |
Age | 1.140 [1.082–1.201] | 0.001 | 1.063 [0.805–1.404] | 0.665 |
Obesity | 0.045 [0.001–2.916] | 0.347 | 1.139 [0.001–3.434] | 0.945 |
NYHA 3 | 1.518 [0.731–3.151] | 0.263 | 0.037 [0.001–1.358] | 0.273 |
COPD | 3.793 [1.827–7.874] | 0.001 | 0.107 [0.001–1.297] | 0.529 |
QRS duration | 1.005 [0.967–1.044] | 0.810 | 0.981 [0.608–1.128] | 0.081 |
Hypertension | 1.686 [0.689–4.125] | 0.252 | 0.005 [0.001–2.492] | 0.087 |
Dyslipidemia | 0.957 [0.391–2.341] | 0.923 | 0.872 [0.401–4.951] | 0.331 |
Renal dysfunction | 1.054 [0.320–3.476] | 0.931 | 3.854 [0.015–8.201] | 0.095 |
Hb1Ac | 0.756 [0.435–1.347] | 0.354 | 0.416 [0.072–2.415] | 0.328 |
b. Multivariate cox regression analysis for parameters associated with cardiac deaths | ||||
LVEF | 0.952 [0.902–1.006] | 0.080 | 0.438 [0.001–8.345] | 0.831 |
6MWT | 0.998 [0.987–1.009] | 0.733 | 1.141 [0.778–1.673] | 0.510 |
BNP | 1.001 [0.989–1.010] | 0.853 | 0.993 [0.935–1.054] | 0.831 |
TNF alpha | 2.277 [1.091–4.752] | 0.028 | 0.201 [0.011–8.955] | 0.727 |
GLP-1 | 2.980 [0.904–9.824] | 0.073 | 5.127 [0.002–12.548] | 0.445 |
CRP | 0.961 [0.920–1.004] | 0.075 | 4.282 [0.035–5.287] | 0.554 |
IL-6 | 1.364 [0.976–1.906] | 0.069 | 7.623 [0.002–12.782] | 0.724 |
GLP-1 agonist | 1.691 [0.929–3.087] | 0.085 | 0.001 [0.015–1.491] | 0.687 |
Age | 1.307 [1.237–1.381] | 0.001 | 2.680 [0.562–12.791] | 0.095 |
Obesity | 1.018 [0.316–3.282] | 0.976 | 0.013 [0.005–6.410] | 0.772 |
NYHA 3 | 8.791 [3.474–22.248] | 0.001 | 0.010 [0.001–7.279 | 0.633 |
COPD | 2.041 [1.143–3.646] | 0.016 | 0.421 [0.001–1.760] | 0.863 |
QRS duration | 0.990 [0.959–1.021] | 0.528 | 2.797 [0.333–23.510] | 0.344 |
Hypertension | 1.744 [0.842–3.614] | 0.135 | 0.031 [0.001–2.310] | 0.868 |
Dyslipidemia | 3.473 [1.078–11.195] | 0.037 | 4.939 [0.001–12.181] | 0.358 |
Renal dysfunction | 0.636 [0.197–2.051] | 0.449 | 0.052 [0.003–1.193] | 0.422 |
Hb1Ac | 1.429 [0.911–2.241] | 0.120 | 3.119 [0.384–4.091] | 0.167 |
c. Multivariate cox regression analysis for parameters associated with hospitalization for heart failure | ||||
LVEF | 0.978 [0.945–1.012] | 0.199 | 0.927 [0.826–1.041] | 0.202 |
6MWT | 1.003 [0.997–1.010] | 0.301 | 1.013 [0.992–1.034] | 0.226 |
BNP | 1.002 [1.001–1.020] | 0.001 |
1.120 [1.001–1.401]
|
0.017*
|
TNF alpha | 1.078 [0.665–1.749] | 0.761 | 0.028 [0.000–1.673] | 0.420 |
GLP-1 | 1.719 [1.077–2.744] | 0.023 | 1.143 [0.451–2.900] | 0.778 |
CRP | 0.987 [0.967–1.007] | 0.207 | 0.981 [0.923–1.042] | 0.530 |
IL-6 | 1.163 [0.926–1.460] | 0.193 | 1.879 [0.017–2.129] | 0.272 |
GLP-1 agonist | 1.914 [1.335–2.744] | 0.001 |
0.119 [0.028–0.508]
|
0.004*
|
Age | 1.005 [0.979–1.033] | 0.691 | 0.977 [0.891–1.072] | 0.624 |
Obesity | 0.997 [0.488–2.039] | 0.994 | 0.923 [0.826–1.742] | 0.983 |
NYHA 3 | 1.680 [1.177–2.397] | 0.004 | 1.43 [0.398–1.041] | 0.562 |
COPD | 1.126 [0.776–1.633] | 0.533 | 6.870 [0.639–7.383] | 0.112 |
QRS duration | 1.005 [0.987–1.024] | 0.578 | 1.031 [0.963–1.102] | 0.383 |
Hypertension | 0.875 [0.606–1.265] | 0.478 | 1.381 [0.342–5.583] | 0.651 |
Dyslipidemia | 1.932 [1.128–3.311] | 0.016 | 0.354 [0.081–1.541] | 0.166 |
Renal dysfunction | 0.889 [0.479–1.649] | 0.709 | 0.565 [0.103–3.098] | 0.510 |
Hb1Ac | 1.255 [0.955–1.649] | 0.103 | 0.967 [0.626–1.493] | 0.879 |
d. Multivariate cox regression analysis for parameters associated with CRT responders | ||||
LVEF | 1.043 [1.019–1.068] | 0.001 | 1.032 [0.979–1.089] | 0.239 |
6MWT | 1.010 [0.996–1.410] | 0.897 | 0.998 [0.987–1.008] | 0.665 |
BNP | 1.001 [0.989–1.001] | 0.487 | 1.012 [0.989–1.189] | 0.962 |
TNF alpha | 0.950 [0.688–1.312] | 0.755 | 0.508 [0.007–3.712] | 0.757 |
GLP-1 | 0.840 [0.660–1.069] | 0.156 | 0.757 [0.510–1.123] | 0.166 |
CRP | 0.997 [0.986–1.008] | 0.601 | 0.997 [0.966–1.029] | 0.851 |
IL-6 | 1.007 [0.857–1.183] | 0.930 | 0.823 [0.010–6.662] | 0.953 |
GLP-1 agonist | 1.041 [0.841–1.288] | 0.714 |
3.707 [1.226–14.570]
|
0.026*
|
Age | 0.988 [0.972–1.005] | 0.154 | 1.010 [0.957–1.045] | 0.992 |
Obesity | 1.394 [0.934–2.080] | 0.104 | 0.564 [0.192–1.656] | 0.297 |
NYHA 3 | 0.711 [0.573–0.881] | 0.020 | 1.222 [0.646–2.313] | 0.538 |
COPD | 0.796 [0.624–1.015] | 0.066 | 2.474 [0.965–6.343] | 0.059 |
QRS duration | 0.989 [0.978–1.001] | 0.053 | 0.999 [0.971–1.027] | 0.059 |
Hypertension | 1.073 [0.850–1.355] | 0.554 | 0.774 [0.430–1.394] | 0.394 |
Dyslipidemia | 0.848 [0.653–1.102] | 0.218 | 1.135 [0.632–2.039] | 0.671 |
Renal dysfunction | 0.937 [0.651–1.349] | 0.727 | 1.685 [0.666–4.260] | 0.270 |
Hb1Ac | 1.028 [0.864–1.222] | 0.756 | 1.170 [0.949–1.442] | 0.141 |
e. Multivariate cox regression analysis for parameters associated with strokes | ||||
LVEF | 0.931 [0.866–1.002] | 0.055 | 0.449 [0.033–7.319] | 0.758 |
6MWT | 0.989 [0.973–1.006] | 0.203 | 1.065 [0.232–4.894] | 0.935 |
BNP | 1.001 [0.989–1.020] | 0.297 | 0.991 [0.809–1.214] | 0.932 |
TNF alpha | 1.062 [0.347–3.250] | 0.917 | 0.016 [0.001–6.694] | 0.988 |
GLP-1 | 2.315 [0.69–7.761] | 0.174 | 0.020 [0.001–7.072] | 0.862 |
CRP | 0.983 [0.935–1.033] | 0.502 | 1.215 [0.002–7.735] | 0.953 |
IL-6 | 0.617 [0.273–1.394] | 0.245 | 2.159 [0.001–3.829] | 0.991 |
GLP-1 agonist | 1.691 [0.740–3.864] | 0.213 | 1.320 [0.001–6.473] | 0.913 |
Age | 0.946 [0.885–1.012] | 0.104 | 1.263 [0.004–4.136] | 0.937 |
Obesity | 5.241 [2.080–13.205] | 0.001 | 0.031 [0.001–2.678] | 0.771 |
NYHA 3 | 0.994 [0.447–2.213] | 0.989 | 0.129 [0.001–5.426] | 0.960 |
COPD | 1.764 [0.784–3.972] | 0.170 | 0.212 [0.001–1.878] | 0.896 |
QRS duration | 1.001 [0.960–1.045] | 0.951 | 1.315 [0.059–2.940] | 0.960 |
Hypertension | 1.264 [0.502–3.185] | 0.619 | 2.066 [0.001–11.954] | 0.982 |
Dyslipidemia | 0.699 [0.277–1.762] | 0.448 | 0.948 [0.001–3.020] | 0.794 |
Renal dysfunction | 0.043 [0.001–16.543] | 0.301 | 0.880 [0.001–1.003] | 0.880 |
Hb1Ac | 1.115 [0.412–3.021] | 0.830 | 4.248 [0.001–5.346] | 0.752 |
f. Multivariate cox regression analysis for parameters associated with VT events | ||||
LVEF | 1.041 [0.985–1.100] | 0.157 |
1.160 [1.012–1.290]
|
0.047*
|
6MWT | 0.993 [0.983–1.040] | 0.203 | 0.993 [0.983–1.004] | 0.194 |
BNP | 1.001 [0.909–1.020] | 0.321 | 1.001 [0.098–1.002] | 0.505 |
TNF alpha | 1.475 [0.749–2.904] | 0.261 | 1.009 [0.484–2.101] | 0.981 |
GLP-1 | 1.839 [0.904–3.739] | 0.093 | 0.878 [0.585–1.317] | 0.529 |
CRP | 0.973 [0.940–1.007] | 0.121 | 0.991 [0.958–1.025] | 0.609 |
IL-6 | 1.384 [1.034–1.853] | 0.029 | 1.076 [0.780–1.485] | 0.654 |
GLP-1 agonist | 0.332 [0.185–0.597] | 0.001 |
0.964 [0.963–0.992]
|
0.012*
|
Age | 1.039 [1.001–1.079] | 0.046 | 1.051 [0.816–1.599] | 0.066 |
Obesity | 5.478 [3.005–9.987] | 0.001 | 0.174 [0.016–1.599] | 0.072 |
NYHA 3 | 2.773 [1.562–4.923] | 0.001 | 0.541 [0.281–1.043] | 0.067 |
COPD | 2.345 [1.404–3.915] | 0.001 | 0.846 [0.466–1.538] | 0.584 |
QRS duration | 0.975 [0.948–1.003] | 0.080 |
1.511 [1.160–1.959]
|
0.026*
|
Hypertension | 0.805 [0.469–1.380] | 0.430 | 1.031 [0.570–1.863] | 0.920 |
Dyslipidemia | 2.619 [1.048–6.548] | 0.039 | 1.232 [0.715–2.122] | 0.452 |
Renal dysfunction | 1.056 [0.454–2.456] | 0.901 | 0.420 [0.012–1.531] | 0.075 |
Hb1Ac | 1.239 [0.760–2.020] | 0.389 | 1.320 [0.021–3.426] | 0.752 |
g. Multivariate cox regression analysis for parameters associated with AF events | ||||
LVEF | 0.964 [0.934–0.994] | 0.021 |
1.593 [1.122–1.986]
|
0.006*
|
6MWT | 1.001 [0.994–1.601] | 0.977 | 1.024 [0.995–1.046] | 0.712 |
BNP | 1.020 [1.001–1.100] | 0.008 |
1.101 [1.001–1.210]
|
0.017*
|
TNF alpha | 1.180 [0.759–1.836] | 0.462 | 1.298 [0.773–2.180] | 0.324 |
GLP-1 | 1.049 [0.720–1.526] | 0.804 | 1.087 [0.829–1.427] | 0.962 |
CRP | 1.010 [0.983–1.180] | 0.561 | 0.997 [0.979–1.015] | 0.732 |
IL-6 | 1.016 [0.808–1.277] | 0.983 | 0.936 [0.703–1.247] | 0.652 |
GLP-1 agonist | 0.577 [0.348–0.957] | 0.033 |
0.603 [0.411–0.884]
|
0.010*
|
Age | 0.989 [0.964–1.014] | 0.388 | 0.982 [0.957–1.008] | 0.182 |
Obesity | 0.941 [0.479–1.846] | 0.859 | 0.952 [0.493–1.841] | 0.885 |
NYHA 3 | 1.044 [0.756–1.441] | 0.795 | 0.942 [0.670–1.324] | 0.730 |
COPD | 1.113 [0.785–1.577] | 0.548 | 1.020 [0.683–1.523] | 0.924 |
QRS duration | 1.020 [1.003–1.037] | 0.020 |
1.182 [1.012–1.552]
|
0.043*
|
Hypertension | 0.929 [0.656–1.316] | 0.680 | 1.519 [0.926–2.492] | 0.098 |
Dyslipidemia | 0.828 [0.560–1.223] | 0.343 | 1.232 [0.715–2.122] | 0.452 |
Renal dysfunction | 0.588 [0.598–1.162] | 0.126 | 0.613 [0.024–1.618] | 0.082 |
Hb1Ac | 1.176 [0.914–1.512] | 0.208 | 1.150 [0.002–2.152] | 0.073 |