Background
Methods
Purpose and specific objectives
Design and setting of the study
Characteristics of participants and sampling
Data collection
Data management and quality control
Definition of variables
Education status
Age
Smoking
Physical inactivity
Hypertension
Body Mass Index (BMI)
Alcohol consumption
Unhealthy diet
Risk factor combination
Statistical analysis
Results
Distribution of study participants by parish in Mukono and Buikwe districts
Distribution of demographic characteristics of study participants by parish
Parishes | All | Buikwe | Busabaga | Kabanga | Katoogo | Kitovu | Kyabakadde | Kyabazaala | Lugala | Mawotto | Misindye | Mpunge | Nabalanga | Nagojje | Namabu | Namaliga | Namuganga | Njeru West | Nsakya | Seeta-Nazigo | Wakisi | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Sex Female (%) | 60.2 | 69.8 | 61.6 | 56.6 | 61.5 | 62.3 | 58.9 | 59.3 | 53.3 | 69.3 | 67.4 | 63.6 | 57.4 | 48.5 | 53.9 | 72.9 | 49.7 | 72.1 | 52.5 | 57.8 | 63.1 | < 0.001 |
Age in years | ||||||||||||||||||||||
25–40, | 55.5 | 62.5 | 53.1 | 60.1 | 55.3 | 49.8 | 53.9 | 53.9 | 52.8 | 57.0 | 60.3 | 64.5 | 51.7 | 48.9 | 59.8 | 64.4 | 53.3 | 66.1 | 52.0 | 46.0 | 49.5 | < 0.001 |
41–70 (%) | 44.5 | 37.5 | 46.9 | 39.9 | 44.71 | 50.2 | 46.12 | 46.1 | 47.2 | 43.0 | 39.7 | 35.5 | 48.3 | 51.1 | 40.3 | 35.6 | 46.7 | 33.9 | 48.0 | 54.0 | 50.5 | |
Education level | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Primary or none | 67.1 | 51.6 | 65.3 | 68.2 | 70.2 | 67.3 | 64.4 | 67.1 | 71.6 | 73.3 | 44.6 | 65.9 | 77.8 | 78.0 | 74.3 | 61.0 | 76.4 | 37.2 | 85.7 | 64.9 | 66.8 | < 0.001 |
Post Primary | 32.9 | 48.4 | 34.7 | 31.8 | 29.8 | 32.7 | 35.62 | 32.9 | 28.4 | 26.6 | 55.4 | 34.1 | 22.2 | 22.0 | 25.7 | 39.0 | 23.6 | 62.8 | 14.4 | 35.1 | 33.2 | |
Occupation | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Farmer/casual | 76.0 | 63.0 | 77.1 | 71.2 | 85.6 | 72.5 | 80.4 | 77.1 | 75.4 | 83.7 | 48.9 | 82.7 | 80.0 | 80.7 | 81.3 | 58.0 | 83.6 | 50.0 | 93.7 | 84.2 | 79.7 | < 0.001 |
Informal/formal | 24.0 | 37.0 | 22.9 | 28.8 | 14.4 | 27.5 | 19.6 | 22.9 | 24.6 | 16.3 | 51.2 | 17.3 | 20.0 | 19.3 | 18.8 | 42.0 | 16.4 | 50.0 | 6.3 | 15.8 | 20.3 | |
Marital Status | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Never married | 8.1 | 5.2 | 5.3 | 6.9 | 9.1 | 11.2 | 8.2 | 16.4 | 13.1 | 6.1 | 4.0 | 13.6 | 7.8 | 8.7 | 6.2 | 8.5 | 5.6 | 11.5 | 2.7 | 7.6 | 4.2 | < 0.001 |
Married | 63.9 | 63.5 | 65.7 | 66.1 | 63.5 | 62.3 | 63.5 | 55.7 | 59.0 | 62.3 | 66.5 | 58.9 | 60.4 | 63.3 | 73.0 | 60.5 | 65.6 | 71.0 | 73.5 | 62.6 | 60.8 | |
Widowed or separated | 28.0 | 31.3 | 29.0 | 27.0 | 27.4 | 26.5 | 28.3 | 27.9 | 28.0 | 31.6 | 29.5 | 27.6 | 31.7 | 28.0 | 20.8 | 31.1 | 28.7 | 17.5 | 23.8 | 29.9 | 35.1 | |
Religion | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Catholics | 35.2 | 30.5 | 36.3 | 40.8 | 31.3 | 24.7 | 39.0 | 30.1 | 32.7 | 36.3 | 33.9 | 39.7 | 31.3 | 54.9 | 21.2 | 29.4 | 40.1 | 26.2 | 49.8 | 35.4 | 35.5 | < 0.001 |
Protestant | 29.6 | 25.8 | 30.6 | 24.5 | 28.4 | 35.0 | 24.8 | 22.8 | 43.4 | 35.0 | 39.7 | 30.8 | 37.0 | 28.0 | 13.7 | 24.3 | 31.8 | 25.7 | 27.8 | 40.2 | 21.0 | |
Moslems | 19.3 | 26.3 | 12.7 | 15.5 | 22.6 | 26.9 | 15.1 | 23.3 | 8.4 | 12.4 | 11.6 | 11.2 | 20.4 | 6.4 | 51.5 | 32.8 | 9.9 | 32.8 | 13.0 | 4.8 | 34.6 | |
Others | 15.9 | 17.4 | 20.4 | 19.3 | 17.8 | 13.5 | 21.1 | 23.7 | 15.5 | 16.4 | 14.7 | 18.2 | 11.3 | 10.6 | 13.7 | 13.6 | 18.2 | 15.3 | 9.4 | 19.6 | 8.9 |
Distribution of prevalence of risk factors by parish
Hypertension
BP | BMI | PA | Smoking | Alcohol | Multiple | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parish | ||||||
Buikwe | 1.18(0.75–1.85) | 1.30(0.94–1.79) | 3.53(0.37–33.47) | 1.87(0.54–6.40) | 1.08(0.63–1.84) | 0.91(0.54–1.51) |
Busabaga | 1.98(1.33–2.93)*** | 1.15(0.84–1.56) | 7.25(0.91–57.13) | 3.29(1.05–10.25)* | 2.78(1.82–4.25)*** | 1.95(1.29–2.94)*** |
Kabanga | 1.66(1.11–2.47)* | 1.07(0.77–1.47) | 1.82(0.16–19.75) | 3.65(1.19–11.19)* | 2.39(1.55–3.68)*** | 1.47(0.96–2.25) |
Katoogo | 1.38(0.89–2.12) | 1.08(0.78–1.50) | 7.46(0.93–59.50) | 2.8(0.88–8.85) | Ref | 0.84(0.50–1.39) |
Kitovu | 1.89(1.27–2.80)** | 1.19(0.87–1.63) | Ref | 3.42(1.11–10.49)* | 1.27(0.76–2.10) | 1.24(0.78–1.94) |
Kyabakadde | 1.19(0.75–1.86) | 1.27(0.93–1.71) | 4.12(0.46–36.19) | 5.32(1.76–16.02)** | 2.09(1.33–3.28)*** | 1.44(0.92–2.26) |
Kyabazaala | 1.62(1.07–2.44)* | 1.02(0.73–1.42) | 22.48(3.07–164.67)** | 2.66(0.82–8.56) | 2.36(1.51–3.65)*** | 1.84(1.21–2.79)** |
Lugala | 1.59(1.06–2.38)* | 1.18(0.87–1.61) | 13.18(1.72–100.81)* | 2.74(0.86–8.73) | 2.91(1.91–4.42)*** | 1.50(0.97–2.30) |
Mawotto | 1.84(1.23–2.74)** | 1.37(1.01–1.85)* | 0.95(0.06–15.10) | 2.95(0.94–9.16) | 2.52(1.63–3.87)*** | 1.53(1.00–2.33) |
Misindye | 1.82(1.21–2.72)** | 1.15(0.83–1.58) | 21.79(2.98–159.34)** | Ref | 1.71(1.06–2.75)* | 1.53(0.98–2.38) |
Mpunge | 1.52(0.99–2.32) | 1.30(0.95–1.77) | 1.00(0.06–15.82) | 4.19(1.37–12.79)* | 1.75(1.09–2.80)* | 1.19(0.75–1.91) |
Nabalanga | 1.33(0.86–2.04) | 1.33(0.98–1.79) | 18.26(2.48–134.24)** | 3.31(1.07–10.16)* | 1.70(1.07–2.68)* | 1.37(0.89–2.12) |
Nagojje | 1.07(0.69–1.64) | 1.35(1.01–1.81)* | 3.22(0.36–28.48) | 3.90(1.29–11.76) * | 3.47(2.31–5.19)*** | 1.86(1.24–2.78)** |
Namabu | 1.28(0.84–1.96) | 1.35(1.00–1.82)* | 4.67(0.56–39.25) | 3.90(1.28–11.83)* | 1.31(0.80–2.14) | 1.37(0.88–2.11) |
Namuganga | Ref | 1.37(1.00–1.86)* | 2.17(0.19–23.67) | 2.99(0.92–9.63) | 1.75(1.09–2.78)* | Ref |
Namaliga | 1.28(0.81–2.01) | 1.18(0.85–1.64) | 18.32(2.45–136.78)** | 4.05(1.28–12.75)* | 1.65(1.00–2.69)* | 1.37(0.86–2.15) |
Njeru west | 1.37(0.87–2.13) | 1.13(0.81–1.58) | 25.44(3.49–185.55)*** | 1.71(0.46–6.38) | 1.86(1.15–3.01)* | 1.43(0.90–2.26) |
Nsakya | 1.46(0.95–2.21) | 1.28(0.94–1.74) | 12.29(1.57–95.92)* | 1.41(0.40–4.92) | 0.93(0.54–1.59) | 1.03(0.63–1.65) |
Seeta - Nazigo | 1.66(1.10–2.50)* | 1.23(0.89–1.70) | 6.09(0.71–52.13) | 2.12(0.62–7.22) | 1.58(0.98–2.53) | 1.21(0.75–1.94) |
Wakisi | 1.62(1.07–2.43)* | Ref | 6.20(0.76–50.77) | 2.72(0.85–8.63) | 1.48(0.91–2.38) | 1.29(0.82–2.02) |
BP | BMI | PA | Smoking | Alcohol | Multiple | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parish | ||||||
Buikwe | 1.34 (0.85–2.11) | 0.93(0.69–1.26) | 1.40(0.45–4.36) | 1.30(0.81–2.07) | 0.99(0.80–1.21) | |
Busabaga | 1.88 (1.27–2.77)*** | 0.84(0.63–1.12) | 1.51(0.53–4.29) | 2.43(1.70–3.46)*** | 1.34(1.13–1.58)*** | |
Kabanga | 1.76(1.18–2.61)** | 0.77(0.57–1.04) | 1.58(0.54–4.62) | 2.05(1.41–2.97)*** | 1.22(1.02–1.44)* | |
Katoogo | 1.48(0.96–2.26) | 0.79(0.58–1.06) | 1.63(0.57–4.58) | Ref | 0.95(0.78–1.15) | |
Kitovu | 1.87(1.25–2.78)** | 0.86(0.64–1.15) | 2.14(0.76–5.98) | 1.28(0.83–1.97) | 1.07(0.89–1.28) | |
Kyabakadde | 1.22(0.78–1.89) | 0.91(0.68–1.20) | 2.69(0.96–7.50) | 1.84(1.25–2.70)** | 1.17(0.98–1.40) | |
Kyabazaala | 1.56(1.04–2.33)* | 0.72(0.52–0.99)* | 1.24(0.42–3.68) | 2.43(1.70–3.48)*** | 1.22(1.01–1.45)* | |
Lugala | 1.58(1.05–2.35)* | 0.88(0.66–1.17) | 1.11(0.38–3.24) | 2.36(1.65–3.37)*** | 1.24(1.04–1.46)* | |
Mawotto | 1.81(1.21–2.70)** | 1.03(0.78–1.36) | 1.72(0.60–4.87) | 2.31(1.61–3.33)*** | 1.29(1.08–1.53)** | |
Misindye | 1.99(1.34–2.95)*** | 0.87(0.64–1.17) | Ref | 1.69(1.11–2.55)* | 1.29(1.08–1.56)** | |
Mpunge | 1.74(1.14–2.64)** | 0.95(0.71–1.26) | 2.35(0.81–6.80) | 1.55(1.03–2.33)* | 1.23(1.02–1.46)* | |
Nabalanga | 1.31(0.85–2.00) | 0.97(0.73–1.28) | 1.74(0.62–4.86) | 1.53(1.04–2.26)* | 1.11(0.93–1.32) | |
Nagojje | 0.95(0.61–1.46) | 1.01(0.77–1.31) | 1.17(0.42–3.22) | 2.48(1.76–3.47)*** | 1.23(1.04–1.45)* | |
Namabu | 1.39(0.91–2.13) | 0.96(0.72–1.26) | 2.05(0.74–5.61) | 1.66(1.09–2.51)* | 1.03(0.85–1.24) | |
Namuganga | Ref | Ref | 1.45(0.48–4.31) | 1.86(1.21–2.83)** | Ref | |
Namaliga | 1.25(0.77–2.02) | 0.82(0.59–1.13) | 3.48(1.18–10.19)* | 1.51(1.01–2.24)* | 1.18(0.97–1.44) | |
Njeru west | 1.54(0.99–2.39) | 0.81(0.58–1.11) | 1.39(0.42–4.51) | 2.51(1.62–3.85)*** | 1.23(1.01–1.50)* | |
Nsakya | 1.52(1.00–2.31)* | 0.94(0.71–1.25) | 0.79(0.24–2.51) | 0.74(0.45–1.19) | 0.93(0.76–1.12) | |
Seeta - Nazigo | 1.62(1.07–2.46)* | 0.92(0.67–1.24) | 1.41(0.45–4.37) | 1.35(0.89–2.02) | 1.02(0.84–1.24) | |
Wakisi | 1.56(1.04–2.35)* | 0.72(0.52–0.98)* | 1.56(0.53–4.51) | 1.46(0.97–2.19) | 1.02(0.84–1.23) | |
Current Smoker | ||||||
No (ref) | ||||||
Yes | 0.94(0.77–1.14) | 1.10(0.92–1.33) | 2.03(1.79–2.30)*** | |||
Alcohol | ||||||
No (ref) | ||||||
Yes | 1.47(1.29–1.68)*** | 0.96(0.84–1.09) | 4.55(3.32–6.24)*** | |||
Sex | ||||||
Female (Ref) | ||||||
Male | 0.93(0.82–1.05) | 1.00(0.89–1.11) | 4.18(3.11–5.61)*** | 1.83(1.63–2.04)*** | 1.38(1.30–1.46)*** | |
Age | ||||||
25- < 40 (Ref) | ||||||
Age (40–70) | 2.35(2.06–2.67)*** | 0.93(0.83–1.03) | 1.43(1.11–1.84)** | 1.09(0.97–1.22) | 1.35(1.27–1.44)*** | |
Education (post Primary) | 0.98(0.86–1.11) | 0.94(0.84–1.04) | 0.63(0.47–0.83)*** | 0.86(0.76–0.98)* | 0.86(0.80–0.92)*** | |
BMI | ||||||
< 25 year (ref) | ||||||
≥ 25 | 1.11(0.88–1.38) | 0.97(0.86–1.08) | ||||
Blood Pressure | ||||||
Normal (Ref) | ||||||
High | 1.00(0.89–1.13) | 0.98(0.77–1.24) | 1.38(1.23–1.54)*** | |||
Religion | ||||||
Catholic (Ref) | ||||||
Protestant | 0.99(0.87–1.13) | 0.96(0.85–1.09) | 0.72(0.55–0.94)* | 0.81(0.72–0.90)*** | ||
Muslim | 1.08(0.91–1.27) | 1.06(0.92–1.22) | 1.72(1.20–2.47)** | 0.19(0.14–0.26)*** | ||
Other | 0.89(0.74–1.06) | 1.08(0.93–1.24) | 0.67(0.39–1.14) | 0.19(0.14–0.26)*** | ||
Marital status | ||||||
Single (Ref) | ||||||
Cohabiting or married | 1.42(1.04–1.92)* | 1.06(0.88–1.27) | 0.67(0.46–0.97)* | 1.09(0.90–1.33) | 1.09(0.96–1.23) | |
Divorced or widowed | 1.65(1.20–2.27)** | 1.10(0.89–1.35) | 1.34(0.89–2.00) | 1.05(0.85–1.31) | 1.23(1.07–1.40)** | |
Occupation | ||||||
Sub-Farming (ref) | ||||||
Informal/formal | 1.01(0.88–1.16) | 1.06(0.94–1.19) | 0.62(0.44–0.87)** | 1.03(0.96–1.11) |