Introduction
Methods
Participants
Measurement of lung disease
Measurement of potential plasma mediators
Measurement of coronary artery calcification
Statistical analyses
Mediation analysis
Results
Stratum 1 (n = 75) | Stratum 2 (n = 75) | Stratum 3 (n = 75) | Stratum 4 (n = 75) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 54.3 (9.5) | 59.8 (9.3) | 64.8 (8.5) | 64.8 (6.7) |
Sex, Male (%) | 32 (42.7%) | 56 (74.7%) | 64 (85.3%) | 57 (76.0%) |
Race, White (%) | 49 (65.3%) | 50 (66.7%) | 66 (88.0%) | 63 (84.0%) |
BMI (kg/m2) | 28.4 (5.5) | 28.3 (4.6) | 27.8 (4.0) | 26.6 (4.8) |
Smoking Pack-years | 0 (0) | 40.6 (17.5) | 49.8 (22.4) | 56.5 (21.9) |
Hypertension (%) | 24 (32%) | 31 (41.3%) | 42 (56%) | 40 (53.3%) |
Diabetes mellitus (%) | 4 (5.3%) | 10 (13.3%) | 19 (25.3%) | 10 (13.3%) |
FEV1 (L) | 3.06 (0.69) | 3.24 (0.71) | 2.79 (0.62) | 1.23 (0.26) |
FEV1% pred | 102.2 (12.1) | 101.1 (11.2) | 87.0 (15.8) | 39.8 (8.1) |
FVC (L) | 3.76 (0.90) | 4.18 (0.92) | 4.46 (0.90) | 3.20 (0.76) |
FVC %pred | 97.8 (11.1) | 99.9 (11.1) | 104.9 (15.6) | 77.5 (14.4) |
FEV1/FVC | 0.82 (0.05) | 0.78 (0.05) | 0.62 (0.06) | 0.39 (0.09) |
Percentage Emphysema | 1.6 (1.7) | 2.0 (1.8) | 5.2 (5.1) | 17.6 (11.4) |
Pi10 | 3.67 (0.09) | 3.68 (0.07) | 3.70 (0.08) | 3.74 (0.08) |
CAC | 2.0 (2.8) | 3.6 (3.5) | 6.5 (4.2) | 6.5 (4.0) |
Statinsa (%) | 19 (25.3%) | 25 (33.3%) | 45 (60.0%) | 32 (42.7%) |
Centrilobular Emphysema (%) | ||||
Mild (yes/no) (%) | 3 (4%) | 13 (17.3%) | 20 (26.7%) | 8 (10.7%) |
Moderate (yes/no) (%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (5.3%) | 21 (28%) | 22 (29.3%) |
Advanced/Confluent (yes/no) (%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (5.3%) | 17 (22.7%) | 42 (56%) |
Substantial Paraseptal Emphysema (yes/no) (%) | 0 (0%) | 10 (13.3.%) | 16 (21.3%) | 13 (17.3%) |
Definite Bronchial Wall Thickening (yes/no) (%) | 0 (0%) | 5 (6.7%) | 17 (22.7%) | 29 (38.7%) |
Spirometric airflow obstruction
Univariate | Multivariableb | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
β estimate ±SE | p value | β estimate ±SE | p value | |
FEV1/FVC | −0.723 ± 0.006 | < 0.001 | −0.192 ± 0.093 | 0.039 |
Log Emphysemac | 0.348 ± 0.064 | < 0.001 | −0.075 ± 0.076 | 0.326 |
Pi10 | 0.841 ± 0.207 | < 0.001 | 0.049 ± 0.214 | 0.819 |
Centrilobular Emphysema | 0.245 ± 0.034 | < 0.001 | 0.073 ± 0.036 | 0.042 |
Paraseptal Emphysema | 0.102 ± 0.052 | 0.050 | 0.031 ± 0.039 | 0.429 |
Airway Wall Thickening | 0.195 ± 0.046 | < 0.001 | 0.059 ± 0.037 | 0.112 |
Quantitative emphysema and airway disease
Visual analysis of COPD subtypes
Plasma biomarkers
Mediation analysis
Mediatora | Indirect Effect | Bootstrap Bias Corrected 95% CI for Indirect Effect | Direct Effect | % Effect Mediated | Sobel p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A. Airflow obstruction (FEV1/FVC) and CAC | |||||
MMP3 (ng/mL) | −0.061 | −0.126 to − 0.022 | −0.662 | 8.5 | 0.015 |
VCAM1 (ng/mL) | −0.057 | −0.134 to − 0.020 | −0.666 | 7.9 | 0.019 |
CXCL9 (pg/mL) | −0.114 | −0.194 to − 0.057 | −0.609 | 15.8 | < 0.001 |
CXCL5 (ng/mL) | −0.049 | −0.102 to − 0.015 | −0.673 | 6.8 | 0.040 |
B. Centrilobular Emphysema and CAC | |||||
MMP3 (ng/mL) | 0.019 | 0.006 to 0.042 | 0.226 | 7.9 | 0.033 |
VCAM1 (ng/mL) | 0.018 | 0.004 to 0.041 | 0.227 | 7.3 | 0.041 |
CXCL9 (pg/mL) | 0.042 | 0.022 to 0.074 | 0.203 | 17.0 | 0.001 |