Background
Methods
Patient selection and CSF sampling
CSF iron quantification
CSF transferrin quantification
CSF H-ferritin quantification
Serum iron biomarker measurement
Functional integrity of the blood–CSF barrier
Statistical analyses
Results
CSF iron-related biomarkers in CHARTER study participants
Variable at baseline visit | All participants N = 403 |
---|---|
Age (years), median (IQR) | 43 (39, 49) |
Sex (N, % women) | 78 (19) |
Race/ethnicity by self-report (N, %) | |
Non-Hispanic Black | 174 (43.2) |
Non-Hispanic White | 178 (44.2) |
Hispanic | 42 (10.4) |
Other | 9 (2.2) |
Estimated duration of HIV infection (months), median (IQR) | 118 (57, 183) |
Nadir CD4+ T-cell count, median (IQR) | 180 (56, 315) |
AIDS status (N, %) | 245 (61) |
Virus detectability in plasma (N, % >LLQ) | 215 (54) |
Virus detectability in CSF (N, % >LLQ) | 126 (31)a
|
CSF VL (log10 HIV RNA copies/mL), median (IQR) | 1.7 (1.7, 2.2)a
|
ZDV use (N, % yes) | 79 (20) |
Comorbidity (% mild to moderate) | 134 (33) |
Current alcohol abuse (N, % yes) | 10 (2.5) |
Hemoglobin, mean ± SD | 14.1 ± 1.5 |
Anemia (N, %) | 54 (14) |
CSF iron (µg/dL), median (IQR)b
| 3.1 (1.6, 5.7) |
CSF transferrin (µg/mL), median (IQR)b
| 17.2 (10.3, 27.6) |
CSF ferritin (ng/mL), median (IQR)b
| 2.7 (1.4, 4.2) |
CSF biomarker (units) | Men (N = 325) | Women (N = 78) |
p
-value |
---|---|---|---|
Iron (µg/dL) | 3.25 (1.60, 5.63) | 2.84 (1.60, 5.88) | n.s. |
Transferrin (µg/mL) | 18.07 (10.80, 28.74) | 14.47 (6.99, 24.03) |
0.01
|
H-ferritin (ng/mL) | 2.94 (1.69, 4.55) | 1.72 (0.61, 3.05) |
<0.0001
|
CSF biomarker | Age ≤ 35 (N = 65) | Age > 50 (N = 69) |
p
-value |
---|---|---|---|
Iron (µg/dL) | 3.00 (1.75, 6.37) | 3.88 (2.30, 6.25) | n.s. |
Transferrin (µg/mL) | 14.51 (9.96, 23.16) | 19.29 (13.21, 33.42) |
<0.01
|
H-ferritin (ng/mL) | 2.24 (1.22, 4.01) | 3.37 (2.47, 5.21) |
<0.01
|
CSF biomarker | Whites (N = 178) Median (IQR)
| Blacks (N = 174) Median (IQR)
| Hispanics (N = 42) Median (IQR)
|
p-value, (compared groups) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Iron (µg/dL) | 3.50 (2.12, 6.13) | 2.60 (1.00, 4.88) | 4.57 (2.00, 6.63) |
<0.01 (W/B)a
n.s. (W/H)b
0.01 (H/B)c
|
Transferrin (µg/mL) | 18.91 (11.26, 29.53) | 16.64 (9.49, 26.63) | 16.71 (10.69, 27.56) | 0.06 (W/B)a
n.s. (W/H)b
n.s. (H/B)c
|
H-ferritin (ng/mL) | 3.02 (1.44, 4.84) | 2.41 (1.42, 3.86) | 2.61 (1.24, 4.00) |
0.04 (W/B)a
n.s. (W/H)b
n.s. (H/B)c
|
Partially adjusted (age, sex, race/ethnicity) | Multivariable-adjusted β (95% CI) |
p-value |
---|---|---|
CSF iron | ||
Age | 0.004 (−0.007, 0.015) | n.s. |
Sex (women vs. men) | 0.102 (−0.134, 0.337) | n.s. |
Race/ethnicitya
| 0.104 (0.037, 0.171) |
<0.01
|
W compared to B | 0.329 (0.130, 0.529) |
<0.01
|
W compared to H | −0.014 (−0.318, 0.289) | n.s. |
H compared to B | 0.327 (−0.019, 0.674) |
0.01
|
Fully adjusted (age, sex, race/ethnicity, ART, ZDV use, plasma virus detectability, and CSF VL) | Multivariable-adjusted β-estimate (95% CI) |
p-value |
---|---|---|
CSF iron | ||
Detectable plasma virus (Y vs. N) | 0.003 (−0.222, 0.230) | n.s. |
CSF HIV RNA concentration (VL) | 0.072 (−0.079, 0.223) | n.s. |
ART (on vs. off) | 0.141 (−0.149, 0.431) | n.s. |
Current ZDV use (Y vs. N) | 0.037 (−0.206, 0.280) | n.s. |
Partially adjusted (age, sex, race/ethnicity, ZDV use) | Multivariable-adjusted β (95% CI) |
p-value |
---|---|---|
CSF transferrin | ||
Age | 0.012 (0.001, 0.022) |
0.03
|
Sex (women vs. men) | −0.225 (−0.445, 0.006) |
0.04
|
Race/ethnicitya
| 0.036 (−0.025, 0.097) | n.s. |
W compared to B | 0.110 (−0.078, 0.297) | n.s. |
W compared to H | 0.103 (−0.185, 0.390) | n.s. |
H compared to B | 0.070 (−0.233, 0.372) | n.s. |
Current ZDV use (Y vs. N) | −0.254 (−0.467, −0.040) |
0.03
|
Fully adjusted (age, sex, race/ethnicity, ART, ZDV use, plasma virus detectability and CSF VL) | Multivariable-adjusted β (95% CI) |
p-value |
---|---|---|
CSF transferrin | ||
Detectable plasma virus (Y vs. N) | −0.172 (−0.376, 0.032) | n.s. |
CSF HIV RNA concentration (VL) | 0.297 (0.145, 0.450) |
<0.01
|
ART (on vs. off) | 0.153 (−0.107, 0.413) | n.s. |
Partially adjusted (age, sex, race/ethnicity, ZDV use) | Multivariable-adjusted β (95% CI) |
p-value |
---|---|---|
CSF ferritin | ||
Age | 0.017 (0.006, 0.027) |
<0.01
|
Sex (women vs. men) | −0.324 (−0.550, −0.097) |
<0.01
|
Race/ethnicitya
| 0.020 (−0.042, 0.081) | n.s. |
W compared to B | 0.072 (−0.121, 0.264) | n.s. |
W compared to H | 0.017 (−0.297, 0.332) | n.s. |
H compared to B | 0.049 (−0.235, 0.333) | n.s. |
Current ZDV use (Y/N) | −0.196 (−0.413, 0.021) | n.s. |
Fully adjusted (age, sex, race/ethnicity, ART, ZDV use, plasma virus detectability, and CSF VL) | Multivariable-adjusted β (95% CI) |
p-value |
---|---|---|
CSF ferritin | ||
Detectable plasma virus (Y vs. N) | −0.242 (−0.449, −0.035) |
0.02
|
CSF HIV RNA concentration (VL) | 0.142 (−002, 0.286) |
0.05
|
ART (on vs. off) | −0.017 (−0.285, 0.251) | n.s. |
Iron biomarker or covariate | Multivariable-adjusted β (95% CI) |
p-value |
---|---|---|
CSF iron | ||
Age | −0.014 (−0.055, 0.027) | n.s. |
Sex (women vs. men) | 0.258 (−0.347, 0.864) | n.s. |
Race/ethnicitya
| 0.732 (0.108, 1.36) |
0.02
|
Detectable plasma virus (Y vs. N) | 0.611 (−0.022, 1.24) | 0.06b
|
Log10 (CSF HIV RNA concentration) | −0.581 (−1.09, −0.072) |
0.03
|
ART on vs. off | 0.234 (−0.544, 1.01) | n.s. |
QAlb
| 0.215 (0.023, 0.407) |
0.03
|
Comorbidity (mild-moderate vs. minimal) | 0.098 (−0.466, 0.661) | n.s. |
CSF transferrin | ||
Age | 0.005 (−0.016, 0.025) | n.s. |
Sex (women vs. men) | −0.389 (−0.750, −0.029) |
0.03
|
Race/ethnicity | −0.100 (−0.202, 0.002) |
0.06
b
|
Detectable plasma virus (Y vs. N) | −0.322 (−0.736, 0.090) | n.s. |
Log10 (CSF HIV RNA concentration) | 0.380 (0.001, 0.760) |
0.05
c
|
ART on vs. off | 0.801 (0.067, 1.54) |
0.03
|
Current ZDV use (Y vs. N) | 0.009 (−0.364, 0.381) | n.s. |
QAlb
| 0.723 (0.346, 1.10) |
<0.01
|
Comorbidity (mild-moderate vs. minimal) | 0.007 (−0.299, 0.313) | n.s. |
CSF H-ferritin | ||
Age | 0.734 (−0.438, 1.91) | n.s. |
Sex (women vs. men) | 0.022 (−0.482, 0.487) | n.s. |
Race/ethnicity | −0.036 (−0.378, 0.305) | n.s. |
Detectable plasma virus (Y vs. N) | −0.407 (−0.780, −0.033) |
0.03
|
Log10 (CSF HIV RNA concentration) | 0.277 (−0.129, 0.683) | n.s. |
ART on vs. off | 0.688 (−0.197,1.57) | n.s. |
QAlb
| 0.084 (−0.006, 0.173) | n.s. |
Comorbidity (mild-moderate vs. minimal) | 0.416 (0.038, 0.793) |
0.03
|