Skip to main content
Erschienen in: International Journal of Health Economics and Management 2/2018

19.10.2017 | Management and Policy Paper

Challenges for nationwide vaccine delivery in African countries

verfasst von: Mario Songane

Erschienen in: International Journal of Health Economics and Management | Ausgabe 2/2018

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Vaccines are very effective in providing individual and community (herd) immunity against a range of diseases. In addition to protection against a range of diseases, vaccines also have social and economic benefits. However, for vaccines to be effective, routine immunization programmes must be undertaken regularly to ensure individual and community protection. Nonetheless, in many countries in Africa, vaccination coverage is low because governments struggle to deliver vaccines to the most remote areas, thus contributing to constant outbreaks of various vaccine-preventable diseases. African governments fail to deliver vaccines to a significant percentage of the target population due to many issues in key areas such as policy setting, programme management and financing, supply chain, global vaccine market, research and development of vaccines. This review gives an overview of the causes of these issues and what is currently being done to address them. This review will discuss the role of philanthropic organisations such as the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and global partnerships such as the global alliance for vaccines and immunizations in the development, purchase and delivery of vaccines.
Anhänge
Nur mit Berechtigung zugänglich
Literatur
Zurück zum Zitat Barrett, A. D. T. (2016). Yellow fever in Angola and beyond—The problem of vaccine supply and demand. New England Journal of Medicine, 375, 301–303.CrossRefPubMed Barrett, A. D. T. (2016). Yellow fever in Angola and beyond—The problem of vaccine supply and demand. New England Journal of Medicine, 375, 301–303.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Belongia, E. A., Sundaram, M. E., Mcclure, D. L., et al. (2015). Waning vaccine protection against influenza A (H3N2) illness in children and older adults during a single season. Vaccine, 33, 246–251.CrossRefPubMed Belongia, E. A., Sundaram, M. E., Mcclure, D. L., et al. (2015). Waning vaccine protection against influenza A (H3N2) illness in children and older adults during a single season. Vaccine, 33, 246–251.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Bishai, D. M., Champion, C., Steele, M. E., & Thompson, L. (2011). Product development partnerships hit their stride: Lessons from developing a meningitis vaccine for Africa. Health Affairs, 30, 1058–1064.CrossRefPubMed Bishai, D. M., Champion, C., Steele, M. E., & Thompson, L. (2011). Product development partnerships hit their stride: Lessons from developing a meningitis vaccine for Africa. Health Affairs, 30, 1058–1064.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Brisson, M., & Edmunds, W. (2003). Economic evaluation of vaccination programs: The impact of herd-immunity. Medical Decision Making, 23, 76–82.CrossRefPubMed Brisson, M., & Edmunds, W. (2003). Economic evaluation of vaccination programs: The impact of herd-immunity. Medical Decision Making, 23, 76–82.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Bustreo, F., Okwo-Bele, J.-M., & Kamara, L. (2015). World Health Organization perspectives on the contribution of the global alliance for vaccines and immunization on reducing child mortality. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 100, S34–S37.CrossRefPubMed Bustreo, F., Okwo-Bele, J.-M., & Kamara, L. (2015). World Health Organization perspectives on the contribution of the global alliance for vaccines and immunization on reducing child mortality. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 100, S34–S37.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Charles, R. C., Hilaire, I. J., Mayo-Smith, L. M., et al. (2014). Immunogenicity of a killed bivalent (O1 and O139) whole cell oral cholera vaccine, Shanchol, in Haiti. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 8, e2828.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Charles, R. C., Hilaire, I. J., Mayo-Smith, L. M., et al. (2014). Immunogenicity of a killed bivalent (O1 and O139) whole cell oral cholera vaccine, Shanchol, in Haiti. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 8, e2828.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Chen, C.-J., Lee, P.-I., Hsieh, Y.-C., et al. (2012). Waning population immunity to measles in Taiwan. Vaccine, 30, 6721–6727.CrossRefPubMed Chen, C.-J., Lee, P.-I., Hsieh, Y.-C., et al. (2012). Waning population immunity to measles in Taiwan. Vaccine, 30, 6721–6727.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Cunliffe, N. A., Witte, D., Ngwira, B. M., et al. (2012). Efficacy of human rotavirus vaccine against severe gastroenteritis in Malawian children in the first two years of life: A randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Vaccine, 30, A36–A43.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Cunliffe, N. A., Witte, D., Ngwira, B. M., et al. (2012). Efficacy of human rotavirus vaccine against severe gastroenteritis in Malawian children in the first two years of life: A randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Vaccine, 30, A36–A43.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Dimasi, J. A., & Grabowski, H. G. (2007). The cost of biopharmaceutical R&D: Is biotech different? Managerial and Decision Economics, 28, 469–479.CrossRef Dimasi, J. A., & Grabowski, H. G. (2007). The cost of biopharmaceutical R&D: Is biotech different? Managerial and Decision Economics, 28, 469–479.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Domingo, C., Yactayo, S., Agbenu, E., et al. (2011). Detection of yellow fever 17D genome in urine. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 49, 760–762.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Domingo, C., Yactayo, S., Agbenu, E., et al. (2011). Detection of yellow fever 17D genome in urine. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 49, 760–762.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Gilchrist, S. A. N., & Nanni, A. (2013). Lessons learned in shaping vaccine markets in low-income countries: A review of the vaccine market segment supported by the GAVI Alliance. Health Policy and Planning, 28, 838–846.CrossRefPubMed Gilchrist, S. A. N., & Nanni, A. (2013). Lessons learned in shaping vaccine markets in low-income countries: A review of the vaccine market segment supported by the GAVI Alliance. Health Policy and Planning, 28, 838–846.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Griffiths, U. K., Bozzani, F. M., Chansa, C., et al. (2016). Costs of introducing pneumococcal, rotavirus and a second dose of measles vaccine into the Zambian immunisation programme: Are expansions sustainable? Vaccine, 34, 4213–4220.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Griffiths, U. K., Bozzani, F. M., Chansa, C., et al. (2016). Costs of introducing pneumococcal, rotavirus and a second dose of measles vaccine into the Zambian immunisation programme: Are expansions sustainable? Vaccine, 34, 4213–4220.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Grobbelaar, A. A., Weyer, J., Moolla, N., et al. (2016). Resurgence of yellow fever in Angola, 2015–2016. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 22, 1854–1855.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Grobbelaar, A. A., Weyer, J., Moolla, N., et al. (2016). Resurgence of yellow fever in Angola, 2015–2016. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 22, 1854–1855.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Guichard, S., Hymbaugh, K., Burkholder, B., et al. (2010). Vaccine wastage in Bangladesh. Vaccine, 28, 858–863.CrossRefPubMed Guichard, S., Hymbaugh, K., Burkholder, B., et al. (2010). Vaccine wastage in Bangladesh. Vaccine, 28, 858–863.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Hardt, K., Bonanni, P., King, S., et al. (2016). Vaccine strategies: Optimising outcomes. Vaccine, 34, 6691–6699.CrossRefPubMed Hardt, K., Bonanni, P., King, S., et al. (2016). Vaccine strategies: Optimising outcomes. Vaccine, 34, 6691–6699.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Henderson, D. A. (2011). The eradication of smallpox—An overview of the past, present, and future. Vaccine, 29. Supplement, 4, D7–D9. Henderson, D. A. (2011). The eradication of smallpox—An overview of the past, present, and future. Vaccine, 29. Supplement, 4, D7–D9.
Zurück zum Zitat Hill, M., & Cohen, M. (2015). Once feted Zambia now snubbed as power cuts worsen crisis. Bloomberg business. New York: Bloomberg. Hill, M., & Cohen, M. (2015). Once feted Zambia now snubbed as power cuts worsen crisis. Bloomberg business. New York: Bloomberg.
Zurück zum Zitat Hinsch, M., Kaddar, M., & Schmitt, S. (2014). Enhancing medicine price transparency through price information mechanisms. Globalization and Health, 10, 34.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Hinsch, M., Kaddar, M., & Schmitt, S. (2014). Enhancing medicine price transparency through price information mechanisms. Globalization and Health, 10, 34.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Jadhav, S., Gautam, M., & Gairola, S. (2014). Role of vaccine manufacturers in developing countries towards global healthcare by providing quality vaccines at affordable prices. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 20, 37–44.CrossRefPubMed Jadhav, S., Gautam, M., & Gairola, S. (2014). Role of vaccine manufacturers in developing countries towards global healthcare by providing quality vaccines at affordable prices. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 20, 37–44.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Kaddar, M., Milstien, J., & Schmitt, S. (2014). Impact of BRICS? Investment in vaccine development on the global vaccine market. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 92, 436–446.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Kaddar, M., Milstien, J., & Schmitt, S. (2014). Impact of BRICS? Investment in vaccine development on the global vaccine market. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 92, 436–446.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Kaitin, K. I. (2015). Vaccine products in the R&D pipeline have more than tripled since 2005. Tufts Center for the Study of Drug Development Impact Report, 17. Kaitin, K. I. (2015). Vaccine products in the R&D pipeline have more than tripled since 2005. Tufts Center for the Study of Drug Development Impact Report, 17.
Zurück zum Zitat Kallenberg, J., Mok, W., Newman, R., et al. (2016). Gavi’s transition policy: Moving from development assistance to domestic financing of immunization programs. Health Affairs, 35, 250–258.CrossRefPubMed Kallenberg, J., Mok, W., Newman, R., et al. (2016). Gavi’s transition policy: Moving from development assistance to domestic financing of immunization programs. Health Affairs, 35, 250–258.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Karp, C. L., Lans, D., Esparza, J., et al. (2015). Evaluating the value proposition for improving vaccine thermostability to increase vaccine impact in low and middle-income countries. Vaccine, 33, 3471–3479.CrossRefPubMed Karp, C. L., Lans, D., Esparza, J., et al. (2015). Evaluating the value proposition for improving vaccine thermostability to increase vaccine impact in low and middle-income countries. Vaccine, 33, 3471–3479.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Kaufmann, J. R., Miller, R., & Cheyne, J. (2011). Vaccine supply chains need to be better funded and strengthened, or lives will be at risk. Health Affairs, 30, 1113–1121.CrossRefPubMed Kaufmann, J. R., Miller, R., & Cheyne, J. (2011). Vaccine supply chains need to be better funded and strengthened, or lives will be at risk. Health Affairs, 30, 1113–1121.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Kola, I., & Landis, J. (2004). Can the pharmaceutical industry reduce attrition rates? Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 3, 711–716.CrossRefPubMed Kola, I., & Landis, J. (2004). Can the pharmaceutical industry reduce attrition rates? Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 3, 711–716.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Koons, C. (2015). Photographer: Daniel Acker/Bloomberg Pfizer profit tops estimates as Prevnar vaccine sales rise. Bloomberg business. New York: Bloomberg. Koons, C. (2015). Photographer: Daniel Acker/Bloomberg Pfizer profit tops estimates as Prevnar vaccine sales rise. Bloomberg business. New York: Bloomberg.
Zurück zum Zitat Kristiansen, P. A., Ba, A. K., Ouédraogo, A.-S., et al. (2014). Persistent low carriage of serogroup A Neisseria meningitidis two years after mass vaccination with the meningococcal conjugate vaccine, MenAfriVac. BMC Infectious Diseases, 14, 1.CrossRef Kristiansen, P. A., Ba, A. K., Ouédraogo, A.-S., et al. (2014). Persistent low carriage of serogroup A Neisseria meningitidis two years after mass vaccination with the meningococcal conjugate vaccine, MenAfriVac. BMC Infectious Diseases, 14, 1.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Kyle, M. K., & Ridley, D. B. (2007). Would greater transparency and uniformity of health care prices benefit poor patients? Health Affairs, 26, 1384–1391.CrossRefPubMed Kyle, M. K., & Ridley, D. B. (2007). Would greater transparency and uniformity of health care prices benefit poor patients? Health Affairs, 26, 1384–1391.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Laforce, F. M., Konde, K., Viviani, S., & Préziosi, M.-P. (2007). The meningitis vaccine project. Vaccine, 25(Supplement 1), A97–A100.CrossRefPubMed Laforce, F. M., Konde, K., Viviani, S., & Préziosi, M.-P. (2007). The meningitis vaccine project. Vaccine, 25(Supplement 1), A97–A100.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Lee, B. Y., Connor, D. L., Wateska, A. R., et al. (2015). Landscaping the structures of GAVI country vaccine supply chains and testing the effects of radical redesign. Vaccine, 33, 4451–4458.CrossRefPubMed Lee, B. Y., Connor, D. L., Wateska, A. R., et al. (2015). Landscaping the structures of GAVI country vaccine supply chains and testing the effects of radical redesign. Vaccine, 33, 4451–4458.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Lee, B. Y., Haidari, L. A., Prosser, W., et al. (2016). Re-designing the Mozambique vaccine supply chain to improve access to vaccines. Vaccine, 34, 4998–5004.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Lee, B. Y., Haidari, L. A., Prosser, W., et al. (2016). Re-designing the Mozambique vaccine supply chain to improve access to vaccines. Vaccine, 34, 4998–5004.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Lee, L. A., Franzel, L., Atwell, J., et al. (2013). The estimated mortality impact of vaccinations forecast to be administered during 2011–2020 in 73 countries supported by the GAVI Alliance. Vaccine, 31, 2, B61–B72.CrossRef Lee, L. A., Franzel, L., Atwell, J., et al. (2013). The estimated mortality impact of vaccinations forecast to be administered during 2011–2020 in 73 countries supported by the GAVI Alliance. Vaccine, 31, 2, B61–B72.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Light, D. W., Andrus, J. K., & Warburton, R. N. (2009). Estimated research and development costs of rotavirus vaccines. Vaccine, 27, 6627–6633.CrossRefPubMed Light, D. W., Andrus, J. K., & Warburton, R. N. (2009). Estimated research and development costs of rotavirus vaccines. Vaccine, 27, 6627–6633.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Lydon, P., Beyai, P. L., Chaudhri, I., et al. (2008). Government financing for health and specific national budget lines: The case of vaccines and immunization. Vaccine, 26, 6727–6734.CrossRefPubMed Lydon, P., Beyai, P. L., Chaudhri, I., et al. (2008). Government financing for health and specific national budget lines: The case of vaccines and immunization. Vaccine, 26, 6727–6734.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Lydon, P., Gandhi, G., Vandelaer, J., & Okwo-Bele, J.-M. (2014a). Health system cost of delivering routine vaccination in low- and lower-middle income countries: what is needed over the next decade? Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 92, 382–384.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Lydon, P., Gandhi, G., Vandelaer, J., & Okwo-Bele, J.-M. (2014a). Health system cost of delivering routine vaccination in low- and lower-middle income countries: what is needed over the next decade? Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 92, 382–384.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Lydon, P., Raubenheimer, T., Arnot-Krüger, M., & Zaffran, M. (2015). Outsourcing vaccine logistics to the private sector: The evidence and lessons learned from the Western Cape Province in South-Africa. Vaccine, 33, 3429–3434.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Lydon, P., Raubenheimer, T., Arnot-Krüger, M., & Zaffran, M. (2015). Outsourcing vaccine logistics to the private sector: The evidence and lessons learned from the Western Cape Province in South-Africa. Vaccine, 33, 3429–3434.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Lydon, P., Zipursky, S., Tevi-Benissan, C., et al. (2014b). Economic benefits of keeping vaccines at ambient temperature during mass vaccination: the case of meningitis A vaccine in Chad. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 92, 86–92.CrossRefPubMed Lydon, P., Zipursky, S., Tevi-Benissan, C., et al. (2014b). Economic benefits of keeping vaccines at ambient temperature during mass vaccination: the case of meningitis A vaccine in Chad. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 92, 86–92.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Madhi, S. A., Kirsten, M., Louw, C., et al. (2012). Efficacy and immunogenicity of two or three dose rotavirus-vaccine regimen in South African children over two consecutive rotavirus-seasons: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Vaccine, 30, A44–A51.CrossRefPubMed Madhi, S. A., Kirsten, M., Louw, C., et al. (2012). Efficacy and immunogenicity of two or three dose rotavirus-vaccine regimen in South African children over two consecutive rotavirus-seasons: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Vaccine, 30, A44–A51.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Marzetta, C. A., Lee, S. S., Wrobel, S. J., et al. (2010). The potential global market size and public health value of an HIV-1 vaccine in a complex global market. Vaccine, 28, 4786–4797.CrossRefPubMed Marzetta, C. A., Lee, S. S., Wrobel, S. J., et al. (2010). The potential global market size and public health value of an HIV-1 vaccine in a complex global market. Vaccine, 28, 4786–4797.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Masresha, B. G., Fall, A., Eshetu, M., et al. (2011). Measles mortality reduction and pre-elimination in the African region, 2001–2009. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 204, S198–S204.CrossRefPubMed Masresha, B. G., Fall, A., Eshetu, M., et al. (2011). Measles mortality reduction and pre-elimination in the African region, 2001–2009. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 204, S198–S204.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Mihigo, R. M., Okeibunor, J. C., O’malley, H., et al. (2016). Investing in life saving vaccines to guarantee life of future generations in Africa. Vaccine, 34, 5827–5832. Mihigo, R. M., Okeibunor, J. C., O’malley, H., et al. (2016). Investing in life saving vaccines to guarantee life of future generations in Africa. Vaccine, 34, 5827–5832.
Zurück zum Zitat Ngabo, F., Levin, A., Wang, S. A., et al. (2015). A cost comparison of introducing and delivering pneumococcal, rotavirus and human papillomavirus vaccines in Rwanda. Vaccine, 33, 7357–7363.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Ngabo, F., Levin, A., Wang, S. A., et al. (2015). A cost comparison of introducing and delivering pneumococcal, rotavirus and human papillomavirus vaccines in Rwanda. Vaccine, 33, 7357–7363.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Outterson, K. (2005). Pharmaceutical arbitrage: Balancing access and innovation in international prescription drug markets. Yale Journal of Health Policy, Law, and Ethics, 5, 193–291.PubMed Outterson, K. (2005). Pharmaceutical arbitrage: Balancing access and innovation in international prescription drug markets. Yale Journal of Health Policy, Law, and Ethics, 5, 193–291.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Outterson, K., & Kesselheim, A. S. (2008). Market-based licensing for HPV vaccines in developing countries. Health Affairs, 27, 130–139.CrossRefPubMed Outterson, K., & Kesselheim, A. S. (2008). Market-based licensing for HPV vaccines in developing countries. Health Affairs, 27, 130–139.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Ovadia, J. S. (2014). Local content and natural resource governance: The cases of Angola and Nigeria. The Extractive Industries and Society, 1, 137–146.CrossRef Ovadia, J. S. (2014). Local content and natural resource governance: The cases of Angola and Nigeria. The Extractive Industries and Society, 1, 137–146.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Oyston, P., & Robinson, K. (2012). The current challenges for vaccine development. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 61, 889–894.CrossRefPubMed Oyston, P., & Robinson, K. (2012). The current challenges for vaccine development. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 61, 889–894.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Parmar, D., Baruwa, E. M., Zuber, P., & Kone, S. (2010). Impact of wastage on single and multi-dose vaccine vials: Implications for introducing pneumococcal vaccines in developing countries. Human Vaccines, 6, 270–278.CrossRef Parmar, D., Baruwa, E. M., Zuber, P., & Kone, S. (2010). Impact of wastage on single and multi-dose vaccine vials: Implications for introducing pneumococcal vaccines in developing countries. Human Vaccines, 6, 270–278.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Plahte, J. (2005). Tiered pricing of vaccines: A win–win–win situation, not a subsidy. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 5, 58–63.CrossRefPubMed Plahte, J. (2005). Tiered pricing of vaccines: A win–win–win situation, not a subsidy. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 5, 58–63.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Plotkin, S. A., Mahmoud, A. A. F., & Farrar, J. (2015). Establishing a global vaccine-development fund. New England Journal of Medicine, 373, 297–300.CrossRefPubMed Plotkin, S. A., Mahmoud, A. A. F., & Farrar, J. (2015). Establishing a global vaccine-development fund. New England Journal of Medicine, 373, 297–300.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Poy, A., Masresha, B., Shaba, K., et al. (2015). Immunization monitoring and vaccine-preventable diseases surveillance data management in the African Region. Africa Health Monitor, 1, 46–50. Poy, A., Masresha, B., Shaba, K., et al. (2015). Immunization monitoring and vaccine-preventable diseases surveillance data management in the African Region. Africa Health Monitor, 1, 46–50.
Zurück zum Zitat Qazi, S., Aboubaker, S., Maclean, R., et al. (2015). Ending preventable child deaths from pneumonia and diarrhoea by 2025. Development of the integrated global action plan for the prevention and control of pneumonia and diarrhoea. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 100, S23–S28.CrossRefPubMed Qazi, S., Aboubaker, S., Maclean, R., et al. (2015). Ending preventable child deaths from pneumonia and diarrhoea by 2025. Development of the integrated global action plan for the prevention and control of pneumonia and diarrhoea. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 100, S23–S28.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Rodgers, G. L., & Klugman, K. P. (2016). Surveillance of the impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in developing countries. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 12, 417–420.CrossRef Rodgers, G. L., & Klugman, K. P. (2016). Surveillance of the impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in developing countries. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 12, 417–420.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Roemer-Mahler, A. (2014). The rise of companies from emerging markets in global health governance: Opportunities and challenges. Review of International Studies, 40, 897–918.CrossRef Roemer-Mahler, A. (2014). The rise of companies from emerging markets in global health governance: Opportunities and challenges. Review of International Studies, 40, 897–918.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Roush, S. W., Murphy, T. V., & Vaccine-Preventable Disease Table Working Group. (2007). Historical comparisons of morbidity and mortality for vaccine-preventable diseases in the United States. JAMA, 298, 2155–2163.CrossRefPubMed Roush, S. W., Murphy, T. V., & Vaccine-Preventable Disease Table Working Group. (2007). Historical comparisons of morbidity and mortality for vaccine-preventable diseases in the United States. JAMA, 298, 2155–2163.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Saxenian, H., Cornejo, S., Thorien, K., et al. (2011). An analysis of how the GAVI alliance and low- and middle-income countries can share costs of new vaccines. Health Affairs, 30, 1122–1133.CrossRefPubMed Saxenian, H., Cornejo, S., Thorien, K., et al. (2011). An analysis of how the GAVI alliance and low- and middle-income countries can share costs of new vaccines. Health Affairs, 30, 1122–1133.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Schwartz, L. M., Halloran, M. E., Rowhani-Rahbar, A., et al. (2017). Rotavirus vaccine effectiveness in low-income settings: An evaluation of the test-negative design. Vaccine, 35, 184–190.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Schwartz, L. M., Halloran, M. E., Rowhani-Rahbar, A., et al. (2017). Rotavirus vaccine effectiveness in low-income settings: An evaluation of the test-negative design. Vaccine, 35, 184–190.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Shittu, E., Harnly, M., Whitaker, S., & Miller, R. (2016). Reorganizing Nigeria’s vaccine supply chain reduces need for additional storage facilities, but more storage is required. Health Affairs, 35, 293–300.CrossRefPubMed Shittu, E., Harnly, M., Whitaker, S., & Miller, R. (2016). Reorganizing Nigeria’s vaccine supply chain reduces need for additional storage facilities, but more storage is required. Health Affairs, 35, 293–300.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Tao, W., Petzold, M., & Forsberg, B. C. (2013). Routine vaccination coverage in low- and middle-income countries: Further arguments for accelerating support to child vaccination services. Global Health Action, 6, 20343.CrossRefPubMed Tao, W., Petzold, M., & Forsberg, B. C. (2013). Routine vaccination coverage in low- and middle-income countries: Further arguments for accelerating support to child vaccination services. Global Health Action, 6, 20343.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Tate, J. E., Burton, A. H., Boschi-Pinto, C., et al. (2016). Global, regional, and national estimates of rotavirus mortality in children<5 years of age, 2000–2013. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 62, S96–S105.CrossRefPubMed Tate, J. E., Burton, A. H., Boschi-Pinto, C., et al. (2016). Global, regional, and national estimates of rotavirus mortality in children<5 years of age, 2000–2013. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 62, S96–S105.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Timmons, H. (2014). The pharma industry’s blockbuster $29 billion, three-way deal is all about specialization. Quartz.. New York: Atlantic Media Co. Timmons, H. (2014). The pharma industry’s blockbuster $29 billion, three-way deal is all about specialization. Quartz.. New York: Atlantic Media Co.
Zurück zum Zitat Van Panhuis, W. G., Grefenstette, J., Jung, S. Y., et al. (2013). Contagious diseases in the United States from 1888 to the present. New England Journal of Medicine, 369, 2152–2158.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Van Panhuis, W. G., Grefenstette, J., Jung, S. Y., et al. (2013). Contagious diseases in the United States from 1888 to the present. New England Journal of Medicine, 369, 2152–2158.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Walker, C. L. F., Rudan, I., Liu, L., et al. (2013). Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea. The Lancet, 381, 1405–1416.CrossRef Walker, C. L. F., Rudan, I., Liu, L., et al. (2013). Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea. The Lancet, 381, 1405–1416.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Wamala, J. F., Malimbo, M., Okot, C. L., et al. (2012). Epidemiological and laboratory characterization of a yellow fever outbreak in northern Uganda, October 2010–January 2011. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 16, e536–e542.CrossRefPubMed Wamala, J. F., Malimbo, M., Okot, C. L., et al. (2012). Epidemiological and laboratory characterization of a yellow fever outbreak in northern Uganda, October 2010–January 2011. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 16, e536–e542.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Wesolowski, A., O’meara, W. P., Tatem, A. J., et al. (2015). Quantifying the impact of accessibility on preventive healthcare in sub-Saharan Africa using mobile phone data. Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.), 26, 223–228.CrossRef Wesolowski, A., O’meara, W. P., Tatem, A. J., et al. (2015). Quantifying the impact of accessibility on preventive healthcare in sub-Saharan Africa using mobile phone data. Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.), 26, 223–228.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Wicker, S., & Maltezou, H. C. (2014). Vaccine-preventable diseases in Europe: Where do we stand? Expert Review of Vaccines, 13, 979–987.CrossRefPubMed Wicker, S., & Maltezou, H. C. (2014). Vaccine-preventable diseases in Europe: Where do we stand? Expert Review of Vaccines, 13, 979–987.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Yuill, T. M., Woodall, J. P., & Baekeland, S. (2013). Latest outbreak news from ProMED-mail. Yellow fever outbreak—Darfur Sudan and Chad. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 17, e476–e478.CrossRef Yuill, T. M., Woodall, J. P., & Baekeland, S. (2013). Latest outbreak news from ProMED-mail. Yellow fever outbreak—Darfur Sudan and Chad. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 17, e476–e478.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Zaffran, M., Vandelaer, J., Kristensen, D., et al. (2013). The imperative for stronger vaccine supply and logistics systems. Vaccine, 31, 2, B73–B80.CrossRef Zaffran, M., Vandelaer, J., Kristensen, D., et al. (2013). The imperative for stronger vaccine supply and logistics systems. Vaccine, 31, 2, B73–B80.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Zipursky, S., Djingarey, M. H., Lodjo, J.-C., et al. (2014). Benefits of using vaccines out of the cold chain: Delivering Meningitis A vaccine in a controlled temperature chain during the mass immunization campaign in Benin. Vaccine, 32, 1431–1435.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Zipursky, S., Djingarey, M. H., Lodjo, J.-C., et al. (2014). Benefits of using vaccines out of the cold chain: Delivering Meningitis A vaccine in a controlled temperature chain during the mass immunization campaign in Benin. Vaccine, 32, 1431–1435.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Metadaten
Titel
Challenges for nationwide vaccine delivery in African countries
verfasst von
Mario Songane
Publikationsdatum
19.10.2017
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
International Journal of Health Economics and Management / Ausgabe 2/2018
Print ISSN: 2199-9023
Elektronische ISSN: 2199-9031
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10754-017-9229-5

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 2/2018

International Journal of Health Economics and Management 2/2018 Zur Ausgabe