Introduction
Materials and methods
Anatomy and function of the vagina and supportive connective tissue
Pelvic floor connective tissue
Collagen synthesis
Maturation and physiological ageing of collagen
Degradation of collagen
Elastin
Pelvic floor connective tissue in POP
Collagen synthesis and subtypes in POP
Study | Target population and sample size | Tissue analysed | Analytic methods | Findings: patients with POP compared to controls |
---|---|---|---|---|
Makinen 1987 [61] | 5 women with uterine prolapse | Vaginal fascia | Collagen I mRNA in fibroblasts cultured from vaginal biopsies | No difference in collagen I mRNA |
5 controls | ||||
Jackson 1996 [13] | 8 premenopausal women with POP | Vaginal epithelium | Hydroxyproline assay, protein analysis of collagen a chains | Decreased total collagen No difference in ratio collagen I/III |
10 controls | ||||
Kökçü 2001 [58] | 24 premenopausal women with POP | Vaginal fascia in precervical region, cardinal, uterosacral and round ligaments | Histology with haematoxylin and eosine, Gomori’s trichome and Verhoeff elastic stains followed by light microscopy | Increased total collagen |
21 controls | ||||
Liapis 2001 [96] | 34 women with SUI and POP | Paravaginal fascia and the uterosacral ligaments | Immunohistochemical analysis and light microscopy | Decreased collagen III in SUI and POP, no significant difference in women with POP alone compared with controls |
32 women with POP | ||||
28 controls | ||||
Takano 2002 [38] | 10 premenopausal women with POP | Lateral parametrium and vaginal apex | Histology with picrosirius | Decreased collagen in lateral parametrium in POP in women with POP compared with controls |
23 postmenopausal women with POP | ||||
22 controls | ||||
Ewies 2003 [42] | 33 women with POP | Cardinal ligaments | Histological confirmation immunohistochemistry | Increased collagen III, but suppressed effect by HT |
25 controls | ||||
Goepel 2003 [97] | 15 postmenopausal women with POP | Periurethral ligaments | Immunohistochemistry and light microscopy | Decreased collagen I, III and VI in women with SUI |
14 postmenopausal women with POP and SUI | Decreased total collagen in women with POP | |||
Moalli 2004 [40] | 10 premenopausal women | ATFP | Laser scanning confocal microscopy and immunofluorescence | Decreased collagen I in postmenopausal women Increased collagen I in postmenopausal women with HT |
5 postmenopausal women | Decreased ratio collagen I/III in postmenopausal women and increased with HT | |||
12 postmenopausal women with HT | ||||
Wong 2003 [39] | 14 women with POP | Uterine cervix | Hydroxyproline assay | Decreased total collagen |
17 controls | ||||
Soderberg 2004 [11] | 22 women with POP | Paraurethral ligaments | Hydroxyproline assay | Decreased total collagen in women with POP <53 years; no difference in POP and controls >53 years |
13 women without POP | ||||
Gabriel 2005 [83] | 25 women with POP | Uterosacral ligaments | Immunohistochemistry | Increased collagen III |
16 controls | ||||
Moalli 2005 [41] | 31 premenopausal women: 16 women with POP, 15 controls | Full thickness vaginal apex | Histology, laser scanning confocal microscopy and immunofluorescence, gelatin zymography | Increased total collagen in premenopausal women with POP and postmenopausal women without HT |
46 postmenopausal women with POP: 23 women on HT, 23 women without HT | Decreased total collagen in women with POP and SUI | |||
Increased collagen III in women with POP | ||||
No difference in collagen I and V in women with POP |
Cross-linking of collagen in POP
Collagen degradation, matrix metalloproteinase and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase
Study | Target population and sample size | Tissue analysed | Analytic methods | Findings: patients with POP compared to controls |
---|---|---|---|---|
Jackson 1996 [13] | 8 premenopausal women with POP and 10 controls | Vaginal epithelium | Hydroxyproline assay | Increase of pro MMP-2, active MMP-2 and MMP-9 |
Chen 2002 [47] | 7 women with POP and SUI and 15 controls | Anterior vaginal wall | Quantitative competitive reverse transcription PCR | Decreased TIMP-1 mRNA and increased MMP-1 mRNA |
No difference in TIMP-2 and TIMP-3 mRNA or MMP-2, MMP-9 | ||||
Moalli 2005 [41] | 31 premenopausal women: 16 women with POP, 15 controls | Full thickness vaginal apex | Histology, laser scanning confocal microscopy and immunofluorescence, gelatin zymography | Increased active MMP-9 in premenopausal women with POP and in postmenopausal women with HT |
46 postmenopausal women with POP: 23 women on HT, 23 women without HT | No difference in the expression of pro-MMP-2, active MMP-2 or pro-MMP 9 | |||
Gabriel 2005 [43] | 17 women with POP | Uterosacral ligaments | Immunohistochemistry | Increased expression of MMP-2 |
18 controls | No difference in expression of MMP-1 | |||
Philips 2006 [50] | 14 women with POP | Uterosacral ligaments and vaginal epithelial tissue | Immunohistochemistry | In vaginal epithelium: increased expression of pro-MMP-2 |
14 controls | No difference in active MMP-2, MMP-9 and TIMP-2 |
Elastin metabolism in POP
Study | Target population and sample size | Tissue analysed | Analytic methods | Findings: patients with POP compared to controls |
---|---|---|---|---|
Yamamoto 1997 [57] | 4 postmenopausal women with POP | Cultured fibroblasts from cardinal ligaments | mRNA by Northern blot analysis | Decreased mRNA and tropo-elastin production by fibroblast |
4 controls | Tropo-elastin by Western blot analysis | |||
Ewies 2003 [42] | 33 women with POP | Cardinal ligaments | Histological confirmation immunohistochemistry | Decreased elastin content |
25 controls | ||||
Chen 2004 [55] | 12 women with SUI and or POP 15 controls | Periurethral vaginal wall | Quantitative competitive-PCR mRNA and confirmatory Western blot analyses | Decrease in endogenous inhibitors of elastases with increase in elastolytic activity resulting in decrease in elastin content |
Goepel 2007 [56] | 29 postmenopausal with POP | Uterosacral ligaments | Immunofluorescence microscopy elastin/tenascin | Decreased elastin content, increased tenascin content |
30 controls | ||||
Karam 2007 [53] | 33 women with POP | Anterior vaginal wall | Histological confirmation immunohistochemistry | Decreased elastin content |
10 controls | ||||
Klütke 2008 [98] | 31 women with POP | Uterosacral ligaments | Desmosine by radioimmunoassay; quantitative real-time PCR mRNA levels of LOX, LOXL1, LOXL2 and (FIB-5) | Decreased desmosine content |
29 controls | Suppression of mRNA for LOX and two LOX isoenzymes | |||
Lin 2006 [99] | 23 women with POP | Anterior vaginal wall | Immunohistochemistry | No difference |
15 controls | ||||
Jackson 1996 [13] | 8 premenopausal women with POP | Vaginal epithelium | Desmosine by modified ion-exchange method | No difference |
10 controls |