Background
Methods
Study population
Data collection
Identification of psychotropic drug use and alcohol consumption
Co-variables
Statistical analyses
Results
Characteristics of study-populations
GNHIES98a (N = 1606) | DEGS1a (N = 2501) |
P value | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n
| % | 95% C |
n
| % | 95% CI | ||||
Sex | |||||||||
Men | 727 | 47.0 | 44.7 | 49.3 | 1227 | 46.9 | 44.5 | 49.3 | .962 |
Women | 879 | 53.0 | 50.7 | 55.3 | 1274 | 53.1 | 50.7 | 55.5 | |
Age groups | |||||||||
60–69 years | 1031 | 52.5 | 49.9 | 55.1 | 1393 | 52.6 | 50.6 | 54.5 | .970 |
70–79 years | 575 | 47.5 | 44.9 | 50.1 | 1108 | 47.4 | 45.5 | 49.4 | |
Living alone | |||||||||
Yes | 355 | 24.2 | 21.0 | 27.7 | 506 | 21.3 | 19.2 | 23.6 | .084 |
No | 1174 | 75.8 | 72.3 | 79.0 | 1983 | 78.7 | 76.4 | 80.8 | |
Urbanityb
| |||||||||
Rural | 382 | 19.9 | 13.2 | 29.0 | 428 | 16.3 | 11.0 | 23.6 | .113 |
Small city | 333 | 18.9 | 12.4 | 27.8 | 586 | 25.6 | 19.0 | 33.6 | |
Medium sized city | 406 | 28.1 | 20.0 | 37.9 | 733 | 27.8 | 21.2 | 35.6 | |
Large city | 485 | 33.1 | 24.1 | 43.4 | 754 | 30.2 | 23.3 | 38.2 | |
Region of residencec
| |||||||||
Northern Germany | 375 | 26.0 | 18.0 | 35.9 | 641 | 25.6 | 19.1 | 33.5 | .979 |
Central Germany | 781 | 40.7 | 31.5 | 50.7 | 1137 | 41.4 | 33.6 | 49.6 | |
Southern Germany | 450 | 33.3 | 24.3 | 43.7 | 723 | 33.0 | 25.7 | 41.2 | |
Social status | |||||||||
Lower | 374 | 26.1 | 22.8 | 29.6 | 436 | 24.1 | 21.2 | 27.3 | .393 |
Middle | 935 | 59.1 | 55.8 | 62.4 | 1489 | 59.3 | 56.3 | 62.3 | |
Upper | 233 | 14.8 | 12.1 | 17.9 | 562 | 16.5 | 14.6 | 18.7 | |
Officially certified disability | |||||||||
Yes | 371 | 26.0 | 23.3 | 29.0 | 647 | 29.1 | 26.4 | 31.9 | .079 |
No | 1168 | 74.0 | 71.0 | 76.7 | 1797 | 70.9 | 68.1 | 73.6 | |
Self-assed health status | |||||||||
Better | 781 | 47.8 | 44.4 | 51.1 | 1498 | 58.1 | 55.5 | 60.7 |
<.0001
|
Worse | 825 | 52.2 | 48.9 | 55.6 | 985 | 41.9 | 39.3 | 44.5 | |
Polypharmacyd
| |||||||||
Yes | 466 | 30.0 | 27.1 | 33.0 | 993 | 38.8 | 36.5 | 41.2 |
<.0001
|
No | 1140 | 70.0 | 67.0 | 72.9 | 1508 | 61.2 | 58.8 | 63.5 |
Changes in psychotropic drug use, alcohol consumption and combined use of both substances
GNHIES98a
| DEGS1a
| Change in % (GNHIES98-DEGS1) | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n
| % | 95% CI |
n
| % | 95% CI | Unadjusteda
| 95% CI |
p value | Adjusteda,b
| 95% CI |
p value | |||||
All psychotropic drugs (synthetics & phytoceuticals)
| 313 | 20.5 | 18.2 | 22.9 | 518 | 21.4 | 19.3 | 23.7 | 1.0 | -2.2 | 4.1 | .554 | -0.3 | -5.4 | 4.8 | 0.897 |
All phytoceuticals | 107 | 6.7 | 5.4 | 8.3 | 158 | 6.5 | 5.4 | 7.8 | -0.2 | -1.9 | 1.5 | .827 | -0.1 | -2.3 | 2.2 | 0.956 |
All synthetics | 223 | 14.6 | 12.6 | 16.9 | 404 | 16.9 | 14.9 | 19.1 | 2.3 | -0.8 | 5.3 | .145 | 1.5 | -4.3 | 7.2 | 0.622 |
Weekly alcohol use (at least once a week) | 739 | 48.8 | 45.5 | 52.2 | 1295 | 51.0 | 48.1 | 53.9 | 2.1 | -2.0 | 6.2 | .305 | 4.0 | -3.8 | 11.8 | 0.319 |
Daily alcohol use (at least once a day) | 185 | 13.2 | 11.1 | 15.5 | 468 | 18.4 | 16.3 | 20.7 |
5.2
| 2.4 | 8.1 |
.001
|
9.6
| 5.7 | 13.6 |
<.001
|
Moderate drinkingc
| 919 | 58.0 | 54.6 | 61.3 | 1659 | 66.9 | 64.1 | 69.5 |
8.9
| 4.9 | 13.0 |
<.001
|
8.9
| 4.6 | 13.1 |
<.001
|
Risky drinkingd
| 240 | 16.6 | 14.2 | 19.4 | 459 | 17.0 | 14.9 | 19.2 | 0.3 | -2.7 | 3.3 | .836 | 0.4 | -2.0 | 2.9 | 0.724 |
Psychotropic drugs + daily drinking | 25 | 1.8 | 1.2 | 2.7 | 76 | 2.7 | 2.0 | 3.7 | 0.9 | -0.2 | 2.1 | .122 | 1.3 | -0.3 | 2.8 | 0.105 |
Psychotropic drugs + daily risky drinking | 20 | 1.5 | .9 | 2.4 | 59 | 2.1 | 1.5 | 2.9 | 0.6 | -0.4 | 1.6 | .274 | 0.7 | -0.5 | 1.9 | 0.258 |
Changes in the use of specific psychotropic drug groups
GNHIES98a
| DEGS1a
| Change in % (GNHIES98-DEGS1) | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n
| % | 95% CI |
n
| % | 95% CI | Unadjusteda
| 95% CI |
p value | Adjusteda,b
| 95% CI |
p value | |||||
1. All anti-depressants (St. John’s wort and all synthetical antidepressants) | 96 | 6.4 | 5.2 | 7.9 | 173 | 7.9 | 6.5 | 9.5 | 1.4 | -0.6 | 3.4 | .157 | 1.7 | -1.8 | 5.2 | 0.343 |
1.1 St. John’s wort (N06AP) | 47 | 2.9 | 2.1 | 3.9 | 27 | 1.1 | 0.8 | 1.7 | -1.7 | -2.7 | -0.8 |
<.001
| -5.0 | -7.9 | -2.0 |
0.001
|
1.2 All synthetical antidepressants | 54 | 3.9 | 2.9 | 5.2 | 151 | 6.9 | 5.5 | 8.5 | 3.0 | 1.2 | 4.8 |
.001
| 6.0 | 2.5 | 9.4 |
0.001
|
1.2.1. NSMRIsc (N06AA) | 45 | 3.6 | 2.6 | 4.8 | 80 | 3.8 | 2.8 | 5.2 | 0.3 | -1.3 | 1.8 | .741 | 0.4 | -2.7 | 3.5 | 0.806 |
1.2.2. SSRIsd (N06AB) | 3 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 47 | 2.0 | 1.4 | 2.7 | 1.7 | 1.0 | 2.4 | .001
| 4.1 | 2.4 | 5.8 |
<.0001
|
2. All hypnotics & sedatives (synth., antihistamines and phytoceuticals) | 62 | 3.6 | 2.8 | 4.8 | 98 | 3.3 | 2.6 | 4.3 | -0.3 | -1.6 | 1.0 | .644 | -1.3 | -3.5 | 0.9 | 0.234 |
2.1 All synth. (N05C) and antihistamines (N05CM) | 31 | 1.6 | 1.1 | 2.4 | 52 | 1.6 | 1.1 | 2.2 | 0.0 | -0.9 | 0.8 | .921 | -0.1 | -1.7 | 1.4 | 0.861 |
2.1.1. Hypnotics & sedatives (N05C) | 31 | 1.6 | 1.1 | 2.4 | 42 | 1.3 | 0.9 | 1.9 | -0.3 | -1.1 | 0.5 | .430 | -0.6 | -2.2 | 0.9 | 0.412 |
2.2. All phytoceuticals | 32 | 2.1 | 1.4 | 3.0 | 51 | 1.9 | 1.3 | 2.6 | -0.2 | -1.2 | 0.8 | .703 | -0.6 | -1.9 | 0.6 | 0.307 |
2.2.1. Valerian (N05CP) | 28 | 1.8 | 1.2 | 2.7 | 42 | 1.5 | 1.0 | 2.1 | -0.3 | -1.2 | 0.6 | .453 | -0.5 | -1.7 | 0.7 | 0.408 |
3. Benzodiazepines and benzodiazepine-related drugs | 64 | 3.9 | 2.9 | 5.2 | 84 | 3.3 | 2.4 | 4.4 | -0.6 | -2.1 | 0.8 | .389 | -2.0 | -5.0 | 0.9 | 0.176 |
3.1. Benzodiazepines (N05BA, N05CD, N03AE01) | 57 | 3.7 | 2.8 | 5.0 | 57 | 2.5 | 1.8 | 3.5 | -1.2 | -2.6 | 0.2 | .081 | -3.4 | -6.3 | -0.4 |
0.024
|
3.2. Benzodiazepine-related drugs (Z-drugs) (N05CF) | 8 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 28 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 1.3 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 1.0 |
.003
| 1.3 | 0.6 | 2.1 |
<0.001
|
4. All anti-dementia drugs incl. ginkgo biloba | 34 | 2.2 | 1.4 | 3.4 | 97 | 4.2 | 3.3 | 5.4 | 2.0 | 0.7 | 3.3 |
.005
| 3.2 | 1.3 | 5.1 |
0.001
|
4.1. Ginkgo biloba (N06DP01) | 34 | 2.2 | 1.4 | 3.4 | 88 | 3.8 | 2.9 | 4.8 | 1.6 | 0.3 | 2.8 |
.022
| 2.4 | 1.0 | 3.8 |
0.001
|
5. Narcotic analgesics (N02A) | 39 | 3.0 | 2.1 | 4.2 | 96 | 4.1 | 3.2 | 5.3 | 1.2 | -0.3 | 2.6 | .121 | 3.9 | 0.5 | 7.3 |
0.026
|
6. Anti-epileptics (N03) | 14 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 1.7 | 63 | 2.3 | 1.7 | 3.3 | 1.4 | 0.4 | 2.3 |
.008
| 3.6 | 1.7 | 5.5 |
<0.001
|
7. Antiparkinson drugs (N04) | 19 | 1.1 | .7 | 1.8 | 32 | 1.2 | 0.7 | 2.0 | 0.1 | -0.7 | 0.9 | .806 | -0.1 | -1.4 | 1.3 | 0.934 |
8. Anxiolytics (N05B) | 34 | 2.4 | 1.6 | 3.5 | 48 | 2.2 | 1.5 | 3.1 | -0.2 | -1.4 | 1.0 | .751 | -1.2 | -3.2 | 0.9 | 0.268 |