Background
Methods
Ethics
Procedure
Sample
Social environmental | Individual behavior | Genetics |
p value*
| Census Dataa
| |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | 0.170 | ||||
Male, n | 63 | 62 | 47 | 49 | |
(%) | 45.7 | 45.3 | 35.6 | ||
Age (n, Mean) | 53.7 | 53.4 | 51.2 | 0.512 | n/a |
Age Categories | 0.497 | ||||
18–44 (%) | 26.8 | 24.8 | 33.6 | 48 | |
45–64 (%) | 49.3 | 47.5 | 45.0 | 35 | |
65 and older (%) | 23.9 | 27.7 | 21.4 | 17 | |
Education | 0.542 | ||||
No or below high school diploma, n | 7 | 3 | 6 | ||
(%) | 5.1 | 2.2 | 4.9 | 14 | |
Diploma and/or some college, n | 58 | 65 | 53 | ||
(%) | 42.0 | 48.5 | 40.5 | 59 | |
College Degree or PHD, nb
| 73 | 66 | 72 | ||
(%) | 52.9 | 49.3 | 55.0 | 27 | |
Ethnicity | 0.030 | ||||
White, Non-Hispanic | 108 | 111 | 113 | ||
(%) | 78.3 | 81.0 | 86.3 | 72 | |
Black, Non-Hispanic | 15 | 16 | 3 | ||
(%) | 10.9 | 11.7 | 2.3 | 13 | |
Other, Non-Hispanic | 6 | 2 | 1 | ||
(%) | 4.4 | 1.5 | 0.8 | 12 | |
Hispanic | 8 | 6 | 10 | ||
(%) | 5.8 | 4.4 | 7.6 | 16 | |
More than 2 races | 1 | 2 | 4 | ||
(%) | 0.7 | 1.5 | 3.1 | 3 | |
BMIc
| 0.313 | ||||
Normal-weight, BMI < 24.9 | 6 | 4 | 9 | ||
(%) | 8.6 | 5.6 | 15.3 | 31.6 | |
Overweight, BMI 25–29.9 | 20 | 18 | 11 | ||
(%) | 28.6 | 25.4 | 18.6 | 33.9 | |
Obese all classes, BMI > 30 | 44 | 49 | 39 | ||
(%) | 62.9 | 69.0 | 66.1 | 32.6 | |
Obese Class I, BMI 30–34.9 | 16 | 22 | 17 | ||
(%) | 22.9 | 31.0 | 28.8 | ||
Obese Class II, BMI 35–39.9 | 13 | 16 | 12 | ||
(%) | 18.6 | 22.5 | 20.3 | ||
Obese Class III, BMI > 40 | 15 | 11 | 10 | ||
(%) | 21.4 | 15.5 | 17.0 |
Independent variables
Experimentally manipulated cause
Personal belief about cause
Potential confounding and moderating variables
Dependent variables
Data analysis
Results
Characteristics of vignettes
Social environmental | Individual behavior | Genetics | Neutral Vignette |
p value* | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vignette remembered correctly | 0.001 | ||||
Yes (%) | 78.4 | 88.2 | 92.2 | n/a | |
Vignette biased and inaccurate | 0.050 | ||||
Strongly agree, (%) | 10.3 | 3.7 | 6.9 | 7.1 | |
Agree (%) | 25.7 | 23.0 | 37.7 | 27.0 | |
Disagree (%) | 30.9 | 35.6 | 33.9 | 36.2 | |
Strongly disagree (%) | 33.1 | 37.8 | 21.5 | 29.8 | |
Mean, SD | 2.13, 0.99 | 1.93, 0.87 | 2.30, 0.89 | 2.11, 0.92 | 0.012a
|
Vignette content | 0.001 | ||||
Strongly overemphasized (%) | 12.6 | 5.2 | 15.4 | n/a | |
Somewhat overemphasized (%) | 23.7 | 11.2 | 35.9 | n/a | |
Right amount of emphasis (%) | 56.3 | 69.4 | 45.4 | n/a | |
Somewhat underemphasized (%) | 6.7 | 11.2 | 2.3 | n/a | |
Strongly underemphasized (%) | 0.7 | 3.0 | 1.5 | n/a | |
Mean, SD | 3.41, 0.82 | 3.04, 0.74 | 3.61, 0.83 | n/a | <0.001b
|
Personal beliefs across vignettes | 0.050 | ||||
Social environmental (%) | 16.9 | 10.4 | 12.3 | 13.4 | |
Individual Behavior (%) | 70.6 | 80.7 | 66.2 | 70.4 | |
Genetics (%) | 12.5 | 8.9 | 21.5 | 16.2 |
Vignette manipulation and personal belief and associations with stigma variables
Outcome negative attitudes | Outcome blame | Outcome social distance | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cause induced by vignette | Cause according to personal belief | Cause induced by vignette | Cause according; to personal belief | Cause induced by vignette | Cause according to personal belief | |||||||
b | CI | b | CI | b | CI | b | CI | b | CI | b | CI | |
Age | −0.008*
| −0.014; −0.002 | −0.008**
| −0.014; −0.002 | −0.002 | −0.006; 0.003 | −0.002 | −0.006; 0.003 | 0.002 | −0.003; 0.007 | 0.001 | −0.004; 0.006 |
Gender (ref Male) | −0.285**
| −0.457; −0.113 | −0.260**
| −0.430; −0.090 | −0.307***
| −0.449; −0.165 | −0.259***
| −0.393; −0.125 | −0.325***
| −0.472; −0.178 | −0.230***
| −0.448; −0.152 |
Education | ||||||||||||
No or below HS (ref.) | ||||||||||||
HS/some college | 0.030 | −0.444; 0.503 | 0.063 | −.0404; 0.530 | −0.089 | −0.461; 0.283 | −0.046 | −0.397; 0.304 | 0.136 | −0.250; 0.522 | 0.125 | −0.261; 0.511 |
College or higher | 0.150 | −0.321; 0.621 | 0.187 | −0.279; 0.652 | −0.082 | −0.452; 0.288 | −0.037 | −0.386; 0.312 | 0.093 | −0.291; 0.477 | 0.095 | −0.290; 0.479 |
Cause | ||||||||||||
Genetic (ref.) | ||||||||||||
Social environmental | 0.029 | −0.178; 0.236 | 0.210 | −0.109; 0.528 | 0.004 | −0.166; 0.174 | −0.097 | −0.154; 0.347 | −0.086 | −0.262; 0.091 | 0.049 | −0.227; 0.325 |
Individual behavior | 0.109 | −0.098; 0.317 | 0.374**
| 0.132; 0.617 | 0.163 | −0.008; 0.334 | 0.597***
| 0.408; 0.787 | −0.183*
| −0.361; −0.006 | 0.163 | −0.457; 0.373 |
Constant | 4.527***
| 4.242***
| 2.766***
| 2.309***
| 1.681***
| 1.478***
| ||||||
R2
| 0.052 | 0.074 | 0.057 | 0.163 | 0.058 | 0.054 | ||||||
N | 381 | 380 | 398 | 397 | 398 | 397 |
Negative attitudes | Blame | Social distance | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
b | CI | b | CI | b | CI | |
Age | −0.007*
| −0.011; −0.002 | −0.002 | −0.006; 0.002 | 0.002 | −0.002; 0.006 |
Gender (ref. male) | −0.272**
| −0.421; −0.123 | −0.315***
| −0.436; −0.194 | −0.313***
| −0.440; −0.189 |
Education | ||||||
No or below HS (ref.) | ||||||
HS/some college | −0.108 | −0.513; 0.296 | −0.177 | −0.488; 0.134 | 0.074 | −0.252; 0.400 |
College or higher | 0.105 | −0.297; 0.507 | −0.186 | −0.495; 0.123 | 0.075 | −0.249; 0.400 |
Cause | ||||||
Neutral vignette (ref.) | ||||||
Social environmental | 0.052 | −0.152; 0.256 | −0.118 | −0.282; 0.046 | −0.010 | −0.182; 0.162 |
Individual behavior | 0.138 | −0.066; 0.343 | 0.043 | −0.122; 0.207 | −0.105 | −0.278; 0.068 |
Genetic causes | 0.023 | −0.183; 0.229 | −0.121 | −0.287; 0.045 | 0.075 | −0.100; 0.249 |
Constant | 4.545***
| 2.891***
| 1.689***
| |||
R2
| 0.059 | 0.060 | 0.052 | |||
N | 514 | 539 | 538 |
Vignette characteristics and associations with stigma variables
Negative attitudes | Blame | Social distance | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
b | CI | b | CI | b | CI | |
Age | −0.008*
| −0.014; −0.002 | −0.002 | −0.006; 0.003 | 0.002 | −0.003; 0.007 |
Gender (ref. male) | −0.261**
| −0.436; −0.086 | −0.303***
| −0.448; −0.159 | −0.296***
| −0.445; −0.147 |
Education | ||||||
No or below HS (ref.) | ||||||
HS/some college | 0.009 | −0.465; 0.483 | −0.082 | −0.456; 0.290 | 0.119 | −0.264; 0.502 |
College or higher | 0.138 | −0.333; 0.608 | −0.079 | −0.450; 0.292 | 0.092 | −0.289; 0.473 |
Cause | ||||||
Genetic (ref.) | ||||||
Social environmental | 0.017 | −0.191; 0.225 | 0.020 | −0.152; 0.192 | −0.080 | −0.257; 0.097 |
Individual behavior | 0.109 | −0.109; 0.326 | 0.199*
| 0.019; 0.379 | −0.167 | −0.352 to −0.018 |
Vignette characteristics | ||||||
Inaccuracy | 0.050 | −0.050; 0.150 | 0.023 | −0.057; 0.105 | 0.123**
| 0.040; 0.207 |
Overemphasis | −0.059 | −0.172; 0.054 | 0.034 | −0.058; 0.126 | −0.078 | −0.172; 0.017 |
Constant | 4.623***
| 2.592***
| 1.663***
| |||
R2
| 0.055 | 0.063 | 0.078 | |||
N | 378 | 395 | 395 |
Outcome blame | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Inaccuracy | Emphasis | |||
b | CI | b | CI | |
Age | −0.002 | −0.007;-0.003 | −.000 | −0.006; 0.004 |
Gender (ref Male) | −0.281***
| −.0424; −0.138 | −0.296***
| −0.439; −0.154 |
Education | ||||
No or below HS (ref.) | ||||
HS/some college | −0.095 | −0.463; 0.272 | −0.099 | −0.468; 0.271 |
College or higher | −0.094 | −0.460; 0.272 | −0.114 | −0.483; 0.254 |
Cause | ||||
Genetic (ref.) | ||||
Social environmental | 0.015 | −0.418; 0.448 | −0.205 | −0.943; 0.534 |
Individual behavior | 0.778**
| 0.338; 1.328 | 0.980**
| 0.237; 1.732 |
Vignette characteristics | ||||
Inaccuracy | 0.120 | −0.015; 0.256 | ||
Overemphasis | -- | -- | 0.092 | −0.054; 0.238 |
Interaction Vignette characteristics | ||||
* Social environmental | 0.006 | −0.174; 0.185 | 0.676 | −0.138; 0.273 |
* Individual behavior | −0.294**
| −0.490; −0.103 | −0.250*
| −0.469; −0.031 |
Constant | 2.495 | 2.412 | ||
R2
| 0.068 | 0.616 | ||
N | 397 | 395 |