Background
Methods
Study design, subjects and sample collection
Cytokine, chemokine and growth factor multiplex bead array assay
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Statistical analysis
Results
Malaria prevalence and antibody levels in the 2010 and 2013 surveys
Diagnostic | 2010 | 2013 | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Individuals tested | Infected | Weighted prevalence of infection (%) | Lower 95% CI | Upper 95% CI | Febrile infections | Individuals tested | Infected | Weighted prevalence of infection (%) | Lower 95% CI | Upper 95% CI | Febrile infections | ||
Whole study areaa | Microscopy | 975 | 13 | 1.11 | 0.56 | 2.21 | 3 (23%) | 944 | 45 | 5.22 | 3.64 | 7.42 | 18 (40%) |
qPCR | 970 | 106 | 12.59 | 10.09 | 15.6 | 15 (14%) | 808 | 162 | 23.86 | 20.18 | 27.99 | 43 (26%) | |
Maragra | Microscopy | 224 | 3 | 0.9 | 0.22 | 3.64 | 1 (33%) | 206 | 5 | 3.9 | 1.57 | 9.35 | 4 (80%) |
qPCR | 223 | 33 | 17.31 | 11.85 | 24.6 | 3 (9%) | 171 | 23 | 18.8 | 12.19 | 27.86 | 5 (22%) | |
Manhiça | Microscopy | 297 | 2 | 0.23 | 0.06 | 0.91 | 1 (50%) | 362 | 12 | 3.21 | 1.51 | 6.68 | 2 (17%) |
qPCR | 299 | 27 | 9.27 | 5.84 | 14.42 | 4 (15%) | 298 | 45 | 17.37 | 12.34 | 23.89 | 6 (13%) | |
Malavele | Microscopy | 56 | 1 | 2.55 | 0.36 | 16.13 | 1 (100%) | 52 | 4 | 11.87 | 3.55 | 33.05 | 2 (50%) |
qPCR | 55 | 7 | 13.75 | 5.68 | 29.67 | 2 (28%) | 48 | 10 | 19.49 | 8.35 | 39.17 | 5 (50%) | |
Palmeira | Microscopy | 206 | 3 | 1.11 | 0.27 | 4.46 | 0 (0%) | 195 | 6 | 3.43 | 1.31 | 8.68 | 2 (33%) |
qPCR | 205 | 15 | 8.9 | 4.84 | 15.8 | 1 (7%) | 174 | 42 | 31.19 | 22.91 | 40.87 | 12 (28%) | |
Ilha Josina | Microscopy | 124 | 3 | 4.2 | 1.11 | 14.65 | 0 (0%) | 76 | 17 | 24.47 | 13.94 | 39.33 | 7 (41%) |
qPCR | 120 | 21 | 23.95 | 14.73 | 36.47 | 4 (19%) | 70 | 34 | 52 | 36.98 | 66.67 | 13 (38%) | |
Taninga | Microscopy | 68 | 1 | 0.51 | 0.07 | 3.58 | 0 (0%) | 52 | 1 | 0.5 | 0.07 | 3.56 | 1 (100%) |
qPCR | 68 | 3 | 5.68 | 1.48 | 19.4 | 1 (33%) | 46 | 8 | 22.24 | 10.09 | 42.16 | 2 (25%) |
Description of the subset of participants included in this study
Infected (by qPCR) | Uninfected (by qPCR) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2010 | 2013 | p-value | 2010 | 2013 | p-value | |
N | 96 | 65 | 138 | 78 | ||
Age [median (IQR)] | 9.79 (3.61–35.89) | 10.06 (3.31–27.64) | 0.462 | 28.4 (5.86–64.03) | 7.18 (3.28–36.38) | 0.002 |
Age group (%) | 0.737 | 0.016 | ||||
< 2 years | 8 (8.3) | 10 (15.4) | 15 (10.9) | 14 (17.9) | ||
2–5 years | 29 (30.2) | 16 (24.6) | 15 (10.9) | 15 (19.2) | ||
5–10 years | 12 (12.5) | 6 (9.2) | 15 (10.9) | 14 (17.9) | ||
10–20 years | 15 (15.6) | 12 (18.5) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.3) | ||
20–60 years | 23 (24.0) | 16 (24.6) | 45 (32.6) | 18 (23.1) | ||
> 60 years | 9 (9.4) | 5 (7.7) | 48 (34.8) | 16 (20.5) | ||
Male (%) | 42 (43.8) | 31 (47.7) | 0.632 | 49 (35.5) | 33 (42.3) | 0.381 |
Anaemia (%) | 47 (49.0) | 28 (43.1) | 0.521 | 79 (57.2) | 39 (50.0) | 0.322 |
Area (%) | 0.002 | < 0.001 | ||||
Ilha Josina | 19 (19.8) | 19 (29.2) | 23 (16.7) | 4 (5.1) | ||
Malavele | 7 (7.3) | 9 (13.8) | 12 (8.7) | 11 (14.1) | ||
Manhiça | 26 (27.1) | 11 (16.9) | 45 (32.6) | 25 (32.1) | ||
Maragra | 30 (31.2) | 6 (9.2) | 51 (37.0) | 15 (19.2) | ||
Palmeira | 11 (11.5) | 16 (24.6) | 4 (2.9) | 17 (21.8) | ||
Taninga | 3 (3.1) | 4 (6.2) | 3 (2.2) | 6 (7.7) | ||
Par. dens. qPCR (parasites/µL) [median (IQR)] | 10.46 (1.61–102.94) | 7.61 (1.43–299.84) | 0.999 | NA | NA | |
Clinical malaria (%) | 0.026 | NA | NA | |||
No | 93 (96.9) | 55 (84.6) | ||||
Yes | 3 (3.1) | 8 (12.3) | ||||
NA | 0 (0.0) | 2 (3.1) |
Cytokine, chemokine and growth factor profiles differed between 2010 and 2013
Correlations of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors with antibodies differ between 2010 and 2013
Analyte | IgG to AMA-1 | IgG to MSP-1 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Univariable | Multivariable & interaction with year | Univariable | Multivariable & interaction with year | |||||||
Coefficient (CI) | p-value | Coefficient (CI) | p-value | p-value Int | Coefficient (CI) | p-value | Coefficient (CI) | p-value | p-value Int | |
FGF | − 0.024 (− 0.048, 0) | 0.047 | − 0.068 (− 0.261, 0.125) | 0.486 | 0.636 | − 0.019 (− 0.036, − 0.002) | 0.027 | − 0.016 (− 0.162, 0.13) | 0.829 | 0.996 |
IL-1β | − 0.026 (− 0.054, 0.002) | 0.07 | − 0.046 (− 0.235, 0.144) | 0.636 | 0.658 | − 0.02 (− 0.037, − 0.003) | 0.022 | 0.004 (− 0.124, 0.132) | 0.956 | 0.954 |
G-CSF | − 0.002 (− 0.009, 0.004) | 0.419 | − 0.046 (− 0.091, 0) | 0.05 | 0.058 | − 0.002 (− 0.006, 0.002) | 0.359 | − 0.026 (− 0.062, 0.009) | 0.146 | 0.155 |
IL-10 | − 0.009 (− 0.035, 0.017) | 0.511 | − 0.098 (− 0.29, 0.094) | 0.315 | 0.331 | 0.001 (− 0.017, 0.02) | 0.886 | − 0.122 (− 0.272, 0.029) | 0.112 | 0.086 |
IL-13 | − 0.017 (− 0.02, − 0.007) | 0.001* | − 0.029 (− 0.108, 0.05) | 0.473 | 0.75 | − 0.012 (− 0.019, − 0.004) | 0.002* | 0.002 (− 0.06, 0.063) | 0.954 | 0.707 |
IL-6 | − 0.024 (− 0.071, 0.024) | 0.335 | 0.014 (− 0.235, 0.262) | 0.914 | 0.984 | − 0.033 (− 0.067, 0.001) | 0.055 | − 0.015 (− 0.22, 0.19) | 0.888 | 0.837 |
IL-12 | − 0.007 (− 0.012, − 0.002) | 0.004* | − 0.045 (− 0.083, − 0.008) | 0.018 | 0.042 | − 0.003 (− 0.007, 0) | 0.06 | − 0.01 (− 0.041, 0.021) | 0.531 | 0.639 |
RANTES | 0.005 (0.001, 0.01) | 0.014 | 0.015 (− 0.016, 0.047) | 0.338 | 0.501 | 0.002 (− 0.001, 0.005) | 0.124 | − 0.004 (− 0.029, 0.021) | 0.769 | 0.689 |
Eotaxin | − 0.011 (− 0.026, 0.004) | 0.141 | − 0.103 (− 0.216, 0.01) | 0.075 | 0.106 | − 0.005 (− 0.015, 0.006) | 0.385 | − 0.037 (− 0.126, 0.052) | 0.414 | 0.458 |
IL-17 | − 0.019 (− 0.058, 0.02) | 0.331 | 0.043 (− 0.258, 0.344) | 0.778 | 0.687 | 0.004 (− 0.024, 0.033) | 0.778 | − 0.135 (− 0.37, 0.099) | 0.256 | 0.229 |
MIP-1α | 0.005 (− 0.014, 0.025) | 0.591 | − 0.027 (− 0.13, 0.076) | 0.611 | 0.427 | − 0.008 (− 0.021, 0.006) | 0.269 | − 0.058 (− 0.141, 0.024) | 0.166 | 0.122 |
GM-CSF | − 0.021 (− 0.083, 0.041) | 0.5 | − 0.616 (− 1.092, − 0.141) | 0.011 | 0.013 | − 0.017 (− 0.062, 0.028) | 0.451 | − 0.336 (− 0.747, 0.075) | 0.109 | 0.113 |
MIP-1β | − 0.003 (− 0.021, 0.015) | 0.76 | − 0.03 (− 0.111, 0.051) | 0.463 | 0.365 | − 0.013 (− 0.026, − 0.001) | 0.039 | − 0.027 (− 0.092, 0.037) | 0.409 | 0.385 |
MCP-1 | − 0.00 (− 0.01, 0.005) | 0.504 | − 0.061 (− 0.11, − 0.012) | 0.015 | 0.014 | − 0.007 (− 0.012, − 0.001) | 0.017 | − 0.062 (− 0.1, − 0.024) | 0.001* | 0.002* |
IL-15 | − 0.004 (− 0.018, 0.011) | 0.626 | 0.064 (− 0.051, 0.18) | 0.272 | 0.245 | 0.003 (− 0.007, 0.013) | 0.531 | 0.033 (− 0.058, 0.125) | 0.475 | 0.518 |
EGF | − 0.01 (− 0.027, 0.008) | 0.27 | − 0.009 (− 0.141, 0.123) | 0.889 | 0.959 | − 0.006 (− 0.017, 0.005) | 0.289 | 0.008 (− 0.087, 0.103) | 0.871 | 0.852 |
IL-5 | − 0.036 (− 0.081, 0.009) | 0.121 | − 0.11 (− 0.46, 0.241) | 0.539 | 0.685 | − 0.008 (− 0.041, 0.024) | 0.613 | − 0.285 (− 0.557, − 0.013) | 0.04 | 0.048 |
HGF | − 0.005 (− 0.013, 0.002) | 0.16 | − 0.045 (− 0.099, 0.009) | 0.101 | 0.129 | − 0.001 (− 0.006, 0.004) | 0.632 | − 0.025 (− 0.067, 0.017) | 0.237 | 0.212 |
VEGF | − 0.027 (− 0.049, − 0.005) | 0.018 | 0.242 (0.111, 0.373) | <0.001* | <0.001* | − 0.022 (− 0.037, − 0.006) | 0.006* | 0.096 (− 0.011, 0.203) | 0.078 | 0.055 |
IFN-γ | 0.002 (− 0.009, 0.013) | 0.747 | − 0.014 (− 0.098, 0.069) | 0.735 | 0.7 | 0.004 (− 0.004, 0.012) | 0.31 | − 0.033 (− 0.1, 0.034) | 0.33 | 0.272 |
IFN-α | − 0.005 (− 0.012, 0.002) | 0.194 | − 0.09 (− 0.139, − 0.04) | <0.001* | 0.001* | − 0.005 (− 0.009, 0) | 0.067 | − 0.068 (− 0.106, − 0.03) | 0.001* | 0.001* |
IL-1RA | − 0.01 (− 0.018, − 0.003) | 0.007* | 0.025 (− 0.018, 0.068) | 0.261 | 0.145 | − 0.008 (− 0.013, − 0.002) | 0.004* | 0.034 (− 0.001, 0.07) | 0.055 | 0.036 |
TNF | 0.001 (− 0.029, 0.03) | 0.953 | − 0.056 (− 0.264, 0.151) | 0.592 | 0.527 | − 0.013 (− 0.034, 0.009) | 0.242 | − 0.089 (− 0.255, 0.077) | 0.292 | 0.287 |
IL-2 | 0.006 (− 0.03, 0.042) | 0.736 | − 0.006 (− 0.29, 0.279) | 0.968 | 0.936 | 0.018 (− 0.008, 0.043) | 0.178 | 0.005 (− 0.221, 0.23) | 0.969 | 0.907 |
IL-7 | − 0.009 (− 0.024, 0.006) | 0.249 | − 0.027 (− 0.155, 0.102) | 0.68 | 0.781 | − 0.002 (− 0.014, 0.009) | 0.678 | 0.082 (− 0.023, 0.186) | 0.126 | 0.114 |
IP-10 | − 0.037 (− 0.054, − 0.021) | <0.001* | − 0.087 (− 0.205, 0.032) | 0.152 | 0.377 | − 0.02 (− 0.031, − 0.008) | 0.001* | − 0.07 (− 0.163, 0.024) | 0.146 | 0.248 |
IL-2R | − 0.016 (− 0.024, − 0.009) | <0.001* | − 0.019 − 0.079, 0.04) | 0.52 | 0.909 | − 0.008 (− 0.013, − 0.002) | 0.005* | 0.008 (− 0.04, 0.055) | 0.751 | 0.53 |
MIG | − 0.01 (− 0.021, 0.001) | 0.079 | − 0.086 (− 0.171, − 0.002) | 0.046 | 0.072 | − 0.003 (− 0.011, 0.005) | 0.49 | − 0.038 (− 0.106, 0.03) | 0.275 | 0.293 |
IL-4 | − 0.014 (− 0.031, 0.002) | 0.085 | − 0.118 (− 0.239, 0.003) | 0.056 | 0.081 | − 0.007 (− 0.019, 0.004) | 0.201 | − 0.08 (− 0.173, 0.013) | 0.092 | 0.104 |
IL-8 | 0.006 (− 0.02, 0.031) | 0.657 | 0.052 (− 0.073, 0.177) | 0.413 | 0.595 | − 0.016 (− 0.034, 0.003) | 0.091 | − 0.019 (− 0.118, 0.081) | 0.712 | 0.644 |
Year-dependent effects of age, sex and neighbourhood on analyte concentrations
Effect of age
Effect of sex
Effect of neighbourhood
Effect of parasitaemia on analyte concentrations
Analyte | Parasite density by qPCR | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coefficient (CI) | p-value | p-value BH | p-value interaction | p-value interaction BH | |
IL-1β | − 0.076 (− 0.186, 0.034) | 0.176 | 0.377 | 0.296 | 0.902 |
IL-1RA | 0.002 (− 0.053, 0.057) | 0.945 | 0.945 | 0.143 | 0.860 |
TNF | − 0.072 (− 0.149, 0.006) | 0.069 | 0.207 | 0.764 | 0.916 |
IL-6 | 0.017 (− 0.122, 0.157) | 0.805 | 0.894 | 0.274 | 0.902 |
IFN-α | − 0.015 (− 0.041, 0.011) | 0.252 | 0.472 | 0.883 | 0.916 |
IFN-γ | − 0.025 (− 0.049, − 0.001) | 0.045 | 0.151 | 0.470 | 0.916 |
IL-12 | 0.03 (0.007, 0.053) | 0.010 | 0.076 | 0.894 | 0.916 |
IL-17 | − 0.046 (− 0.1, 0.008) | 0.097 | 0.266 | 0.409 | 0.916 |
IL-10 | 0.157 (0.098, 0.216) | < 0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.002 |
IL-13 | − 0.057 (− 0.095, − 0.018) | 0.004 | 0.040 | 0.772 | 0.916 |
IL-4 | − 0.029 (− 0.074, 0.016) | 0.207 | 0.414 | 0.912 | 0.916 |
IL-5 | − 0.07 (− 0.126, − 0.014) | 0.015 | 0.090 | 0.515 | 0.916 |
IL-2 | − 0.022 (− 0.066, 0.023) | 0.338 | 0.590 | 0.753 | 0.916 |
IL-2R | 0.053 (0.021, 0.085) | 0.001 | 0.018 | 0.898 | 0.916 |
IL-15 | − 0.016 (− 0.063, 0.031) | 0.506 | 0.732 | 0.819 | 0.916 |
IL-7 | − 0.193 (− 0.354, − 0.032) | 0.019 | 0.094 | 0.785 | 0.916 |
Eotaxin | − 0.04 (− 0.079, − 0.002) | 0.040 | 0.148 | 0.179 | 0.896 |
IL-8 | − 0.053 (− 0.18, 0.075) | 0.414 | 0.653 | 0.301 | 0.902 |
IP-10 | 0.024 (− 0.027, 0.074) | 0.354 | 0.590 | 0.799 | 0.916 |
MCP1 | 0.041 (0.002, 0.081) | 0.039 | 0.148 | 0.443 | 0.916 |
MIG | 0.035 (− 0.011, 0.081) | 0.134 | 0.334 | 0.276 | 0.902 |
MIP-1α | − 0.027 (− 0.128, 0.074) | 0.594 | 0.742 | 0.500 | 0.916 |
MIP-1β | − 0.004 (− 0.107, 0.098) | 0.933 | 0.945 | 0.093 | 0.697 |
RANTES | − 0.01 (− 0.044, 0.024) | 0.561 | 0.732 | 0.896 | 0.916 |
EGF | − 0.015 (− 0.089, 0.059) | 0.683 | 0.820 | 0.916 | 0.916 |
FGF | − 0.007 (− 0.125, 0.112) | 0.911 | 0.945 | 0.734 | 0.916 |
G-CSF | − 0.009 (− 0.035, 0.018) | 0.522 | 0.732 | 0.366 | 0.916 |
GM-CSF | − 0.05 (− 0.117, 0.018) | 0.147 | 0.339 | 0.028 | 0.424 |
HGF | 0.007 (− 0.035, 0.049) | 0.733 | 0.846 | 0.712 | 0.916 |
VEGF | 0.023 (− 0.055, 0.101) | 0.560 | 0.732 | 0.076 | 0.697 |
Adjusted effect of year on cytokine, chemokine and growth factor concentrations
Analytes | Coefficient (CI) | p-value | p-value BH | Coefficient (CI) adjusted | p-value adjusted* | p-value BH adjusted* |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Infected | ||||||
IL-1β | − 1.248 (− 1.463, − 1.034) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | − 1.311 (− 1.543, − 1.079) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
IL-1RA | − 0.638 (− 0.743, − 0.534) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | − 0.67 (− 0.781, − 0.559) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
TNF | − 0.666 (− 0.842, − 0.49) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | − 0.678 (− 0.867, − 0.489) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
IL-6 | − 1.945 (− 2.144, − 1.746) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | − 2.023 (− 2.239, − 1.807) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
IFN-α | − 0.025 (− 0.093, 0.043) | 0.470 | 0.486 | − 0.026 (− 0.097, 0.046) | 0.481 | 0.505 |
IFN-γ | − 0.036 (− 0.099, 0.028) | 0.268 | 0.321 | − 0.039 (− 0.103, 0.026) | 0.235 | 0.293 |
IL-12 | − 0.035 (− 0.096, 0.027) | 0.265 | 0.321 | − 0.029 (− 0.092, 0.033) | 0.358 | 0.410 |
IL-17 | − 0.147 (− 0.288, − 0.006) | 0.041 | 0.057 | − 0.149 (− 0.295, − 0.002) | 0.047 | 0.064 |
IL-10 | − 0.227 (− 0.391, − 0.063) | 0.007 | 0.010 | − 0.235 (− 0.407, − 0.063) | 0.008 | 0.012 |
IL-13 | − 0.119 (− 0.22, − 0.017) | 0.022 | 0.031 | − 0.149 (− 0.252, − 0.046) | 0.005 | 0.009 |
IL-4 | − 0.076 (− 0.193, 0.042) | 0.205 | 0.267 | − 0.073 (− 0.196, 0.051) | 0.245 | 0.295 |
IL-5 | − 0.018 (− 0.167, 0.132) | 0.815 | 0.815 | − 0.033 (− 0.187, 0.121) | 0.673 | 0.673 |
IL-2 | − 0.064 (− 0.181, 0.052) | 0.278 | 0.321 | − 0.056 (− 0.177, 0.066) | 0.369 | 0.410 |
IL-2R | − 0.126 (− 0.21, − 0.042) | 0.003 | 0.006 | − 0.123 (− 0.202, − 0.043) | 0.003 | 0.005 |
IL-15 | − 0.182 (− 0.302, − 0.063) | 0.003 | 0.006 | − 0.168 (− 0.294, − 0.043) | 0.009 | 0.013 |
IL-7 | − 0.819 (− 1.228, − 0.411) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | − 0.858 (− 1.279, − 0.436) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Eotaxin | − 0.043 (− 0.145, 0.058) | 0.401 | 0.430 | − 0.066 (− 0.173, 0.04) | 0.221 | 0.288 |
IL-8 | − 1.769 (− 1.956, − 1.582) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | − 1.868 (− 2.067, − 1.669) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
IP-10 | − 0.242 (− 0.369, − 0.116) | < 0.001 | 0.001 | − 0.227 (− 0.36, − 0.094) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
MCP1 | − 0.29 (− 0.384, − 0.196) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | − 0.284 (− 0.385, − 0.182) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
MIG | − 0.061 (− 0.181, 0.059) | 0.313 | 0.348 | − 0.044 (− 0.169, 0.081) | 0.488 | 0.505 |
MIP-1α | − 1.14 (− 1.335, − 0.946) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | − 1.2 (− 1.41, − 0.991) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
MIP-1β | − 1.413 (− 1.565, − 1.26) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | − 1.454 (− 1.622, − 1.287) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
RANTES | 0.143 (0.056, 0.23) | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.109 (0.018, 0.201) | 0.019 | 0.027 |
EGF | − 0.61 (− 0.778, − 0.442) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | − 0.684 (− 0.858, − 0.511) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
FGF | − 0.754 (− 1.04, − 0.467) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | − 0.935 (− 1.222, − 0.648) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
G-CSF | − 0.1 (− 0.169, − 0.032) | 0.004 | 0.006 | − 0.096 (− 0.167, − 0.026) | 0.008 | 0.012 |
GM-CSF | − 0.291 (− 0.462, − 0.12) | 0.001 | 0.002 | − 0.345 (− 0.524, − 0.167) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
HGF | − 0.16 (− 0.268, − 0.053) | 0.004 | 0.006 | − 0.154 (− 0.261, − 0.046) | 0.005 | 0.009 |
VEGF | − 0.913 (− 1.057, − 0.769) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | − 0.967 (− 1.118, − 0.816) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Uninfected | ||||||
IL-1β | − 2.586 (− 2.949, − 2.223) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | − 2.551 (− 2.961, − 2.14) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
IL-1RA | − 0.501 (− 0.597, − 0.406) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | − 0.523 (− 0.628, − 0.418) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
TNF | − 0.684 (− 0.877, − 0.49) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | − 0.699 (− 0.917, − 0.48) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
IL-6 | − 2.876 (− 3.129, − 2.623) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | − 2.878 (− 3.162, − 2.595) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
IFN-α | − 0.291 (− 0.344, − 0.239) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | − 0.288 (− 0.347, − 0.23) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
IFN-γ | 0.002 (− 0.076, 0.08) | 0.960 | 0.960 | − 0.001 (− 0.087, 0.085) | 0.975 | 0.975 |
IL-12 | − 0.129 (− 0.19, − 0.068) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | − 0.158 (− 0.217, − 0.098) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
IL-17 | 0.072 (− 0.085, 0.228) | 0.369 | 0.410 | 0.054 (− 0.121, 0.229) | 0.544 | 0.628 |
IL-10 | − 0.391 (− 0.53, − 0.251) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | − 0.376 (− 0.532, − 0.221) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
IL-13 | − 0.264 (− 0.404, − 0.123) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | − 0.272 (− 0.432, − 0.112) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
IL-4 | − 0.245 (− 0.342, − 0.148) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | − 0.233 (− 0.34, − 0.125) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
IL-5 | 0.046 (− 0.086, 0.178) | 0.493 | 0.510 | 0.066 (− 0.083, 0.215) | 0.386 | 0.464 |
IL-2 | 0.076 (− 0.13, 0.282) | 0.467 | 0.501 | 0.012 (− 0.201, 0.224) | 0.914 | 0.946 |
IL-2R | − 0.12 (− 0.247, 0.007) | 0.064 | 0.087 | − 0.195 (− 0.319, − 0.072) | 0.002 | 0.003 |
IL-15 | − 0.22 (− 0.546, 0.106) | 0.184 | 0.224 | − 0.356 (− 0.711, − 0.001) | 0.050 | 0.062 |
IL-7 | − 0.868 (− 1.188, − 0.549) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | − 0.917 (− 1.264, − 0.579) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Eotaxin | − 0.081 (− 0.177, 0.015) | 0.099 | 0.129 | 0.011 (− 0.089, 0.112) | 0.824 | 0.883 |
IL-8 | − 2.096 (− 2.287, − 1.904) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | − 2.127 (− 2.339, − 1.916) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
IP-10 | − 0.343 (− 0.436, − 0.25) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | − 0.337 (− 0.441, − 0.233) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
MCP1 | − 0.527 (− 0.615, − 0.44) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | − 0.515 (− 0.614, − 0.416) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
MIG | − 0.076 (− 0.215, 0.062) | 0.279 | 0.322 | − 0.033 (− 0.186, 0.12) | 0.673 | 0.748 |
MIP-1α | − 1.267 (− 1.442, − 1.093) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | − 1.299 (− 1.497, − 1.101) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
MIP-1β | − 1.484 (− 1.629, − 1.349 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | − 1.478 (− 1.638, − 1.319) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
RANTES | 0.129 (0.05, 0.209) | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.164 (0.087, 0.241) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
EGF | − 1.555 (− 1.855, − 1.255) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | − 1.682 (− 2.004, − 1.359) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
FGF | − 0.201 (− 0.499, 0.098) | 0.187 | 0.224 | − 0.336 (− 0.662,− 0.011) | 0.043 | 0.056 |
G-CSF | − 0.211 (− 0.307, − 0.114) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | − 0.236 (− 0.341, − 0.131) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
GM-CSF | − 0.195 (− 0.354, − 0.036) | 0.017 | 0.024 | − 0.195 (0.374, − 0.016) | 0.033 | 0.045 |
HGF | − 0.29 (− 0.364, − 0.215) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | − 0.305 (− 0.386, − 0.225) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
VEGF | − 1.887 (− 2.159, − 1.614) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | − 1.938 (− 2.235, − 1.641) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |