Background
Methods
Subjects
Prerace performance
Body composition analysis
Mobile whole body MRI
Image post-processing
Abbreviation | Description, Definition |
---|---|
Tissue mapping in specific compartments
| |
ABM | Adipose bone marrow |
TV | Total volume of the body (from ankle to wrist), without INF |
TVV | Total visceral volume: includes intrathoracic and intraabdominal volume. |
TSV | Total somatic volume (TV without TVV). |
TLT | Total lean tissue |
VLT | Visceral lean tissue: includes lean tissue of intrathoracic and intraabdominal organs. |
SLT | Somatic lean tissue: mostly muscles |
TAT | Total adipose tissue (without INF) |
SAT | Somatic adipose tissue (TAT without VAT) |
TAST | Total adipose soft tissue (TAT without ABM) |
SAST | Somatic adipose soft tissue (TAT without ABM and VAT) |
SCAT | Subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAST without IMAT) |
IMAT | Intermuscular adipose tissue (SAST without SCAT) |
VAT | Visceral adipose tissue (IAAT + MAT without INF) |
IAAT | Intraabdominal adipose tissue: retroperitoneal and intraperitoneal (mesenteric, omental) fat depots (without INF) |
MAT | Intrathoracic, mainly mediastinal adipose tissue |
INF | (Undigested) intraluminal nutrition fat in the gastrointestinal tract |
Tissue mapping of body segments
| |
TV-LE | Total volume of lower extremities (apex trochanter major to ankle joint) |
TV-TR | Total volume of trunk (acromion to apex of trochanter major) |
TV-UE | Total volume of upper extremities (wrist to acromion level) |
LT-LE | Lean tissue volume of lower extremities (apex trochanter major to ankle joint) |
LT-TR | Lean soft tissue volume of trunk (acromion to apex of trochanter major) |
LT-UE | Lean soft tissue volume of upper extremities (wrist to acromion level) |
SAST-LE | Adipose soft tissue volume of lower extremities (apex trochanter major to ankle joint) |
SAST-TR | Adipose soft tissue volume of trunk (acromion to apex of trochanter major) |
SAST-UE | Adipose soft tissue volume of upper extremities (wrist to acromion level) |
Statistical analysis
Analyses on volume changes during TEFR09
Analyses of difference
Analysis of relationships
Results
Case presentation
Total body volume versus body mass/body mass index
Abbreviation | t0: start | t1: 317 to 789 km | t2: 1,003 to 1,635 km | t3: 2,516 to 2,738 km | t4: 3,234 to 3,669 km | t5: 4,037 to 4,440 km |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tissue mapping in specific compartments
| ||||||
TV
| 57.70 | 56.63 | 54.75 | 53.39 | 54.16 | 52.65 |
TVV
| 8.74 | 8.34 | 7.93 | 7.64 | 7.65 | 7.58 |
TSV
| 48.97 | 48.29 | 46.82 | 45.74 | 46.51 | 45.08 |
TLT
| 44.34 | 44.61 | 45.07 | 45.38 | 46.20 | 45.52 |
VLT
| 7.02 | 7.04 | 7.01 | 7.10 | 7.14 | 7.12 |
SLT
| 37.32 | 37.56 | 38.06 | 38.28 | 39.06 | 38.40 |
TAT
| 13.36 | 12.02 | 9.68 | 8.00 | 7.96 | 7.14 |
SAT
| 11.65 | 10.73 | 8.76 | 7.46 | 7.45 | 6.68 |
TAST
| 11.52 | 10.19 | 7.76 | 6.05 | 6.01 | 5.19 |
SAST
| 9.81 | 8.89 | 6.84 | 5.51 | 5.50 | 4.73 |
VAT
| 1.71 | 1.30 | 0.92 | 0.54 | 0.51 | 0.45 |
IAAT
| 1.55 | 1.15 | 0.77 | 0.39 | 0.36 | 0.33 |
MAT
| 0.17 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.13 |
INF
| 0.05 | 0.21 | 0.36 | 0.57 | 0.70 | 0.86 |
ABM
| 1.98 | 1.93 | 1.92 | 1.95 | 1.95 | 1.95 |
Tissue mapping of body segments
| ||||||
TV-LE
| 23.51 | 22.49 | 21.46 | 21.65 | 22.02 | 20.60 |
TV-TR
| 28.83 | 28.63 | 27.86 | 26.57 | 27.03 | 27.00 |
TV-UE
| 5.79 | 5.89 | 5.75 | 5.73 | 5.64 | 5.60 |
TLT-LE
| 17.51 | 16.97 | 16.82 | 17.45 | 17.83 | 16.97 |
TLT-TR
| 23.22 | 23.12 | 23.46 | 23.02 | 23.39 | 23.39 |
TLT-UE
| 4.79 | 4.62 | 4.70 | 4.81 | 4.74 | 4.77 |
SAST-LE
| 4.84 | 4.36 | 3.43 | 2.96 | 2.96 | 2.40 |
SAST-TR
| 4.31 | 3.47 | 2.12 | 1.02 | 0.99 | 0.81 |
SAST-UE
| 0.98 | 0.95 | 0.72 | 0.57 | 0.54 | 0.48 |
Number | Distance run (km) | BM (kg) | BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
all | F | NF | all | F | NF | all | F | NF | |||||||
mean | mean | SD | mean | SD | mean | SD | mean | SD | mean | SD | mean | SD | |||
22 | 12 | 10 | 0.00 | 71.75 | 11.13 | 72.07 | 11.23 | 71.38 | 11.60 | 23.58 | 2.55 | 23.36 | 2.58 | 23.84 | 2.62 |
15 | 10 | 5 | 116.1 | 72.43 | 10.82 | 71.38 | 12.48 | 74.54 | 7.14 | 23.33 | 2.47 | 22.98 | 2.75 | 24.02 | 1.87 |
20 | 11 | 9 | 354.2 | 70.53 | 11.67 | 72.20 | 11.63 | 68.49 | 12.07 | 23.18 | 2.68 | 23.26 | 2.58 | 23.08 | 2.95 |
21 | 12 | 9 | 618.5 | 70.20 | 11.20 | 70.51 | 11.04 | 68.08 | 12.22 | 22.98 | 2.59 | 22.84 | 2.35 | 22.95 | 3.07 |
20 | 12 | 8 | 893.8 | 68.73 | 10.96 | 70.04 | 10.60 | 66.76 | 11.92 | 22.68 | 2.51 | 22.70 | 2.23 | 22.67 | 3.05 |
17 | 12 | 5 | 1,168.2 | 69.52 | 10.65 | 69.83 | 10.78 | 68.76 | 11.56 | 22.72 | 2.31 | 22.62 | 2.23 | 22.96 | 2.77 |
16 | 12 | 4 | 1,456.9 | 68.18 | 10.72 | 68.93 | 10.70 | 65.93 | 12.09 | 22.20 | 2.21 | 22.33 | 2.25 | 21.80 | 2.35 |
15 | 12 | 3 | 1,754.0 | 68.39 | 10.61 | 68.65 | 10.45 | 67.37 | 13.59 | 22.26 | 2.08 | 22.24 | 2.12 | 22.38 | 2.34 |
15 | 12 | 3 | 2,026.1 | 67.64 | 10.93 | 67.94 | 10.57 | 66.43 | 14.78 | 22.01 | 2.18 | 22.01 | 2.19 | 22.02 | 2.65 |
14 | 11 | 3 | 2,294.2 | 68.01 | 10.81 | 68.19 | 10.75 | 67.37 | 13.47 | 22.11 | 2.13 | 22.03 | 2.18 | 22.39 | 2.35 |
14 | 12 | 2 | 2,594.5 | 67.05 | 10.83 | 67.44 | 10.30 | 64.70 | 18.53 | 21.73 | 2.05 | 21.85 | 2.18 | 20.98 | 0.81 |
14 | 12 | 2 | 2,852.0 | 68.88 | 9.85 | 67.66 | 10.14 | 76.20 | 2.12 | 22.17 | 2.19 | 21.92 | 2.09 | 23.69 | 3.06 |
13 | 12 | 1 | 3,134.2 | 68.45 | 9.95 | 67.73 | 10.04 | 77.00 | 21.90 | 1.95 | 21.95 | 2.03 | 21.33 | ||
13 | 12 | 1 | 3,401.7 | 68.58 | 10.07 | 67.78 | 10.06 | 78.30 | 21.93 | 1.91 | 21.95 | 1.99 | 21.69 | ||
12 | 12 | 3,724.8 | 67.35 | 10.16 | 67.35 | 10.16 | 21.82 | 2.15 | 21.82 | 2.15 | |||||
12 | 12 | 4,010.8 | 67.48 | 9.91 | 67.48 | 9.91 | 21.87 | 2.06 | 21.87 | 2.06 | |||||
12 | 12 | 4,307.3 | 66.83 | 10.50 | 66.83 | 10.50 | 21.64 | 2.12 | 21.64 | 2.12 |
Mauchly-Test | Univariate ANOVAb
| Multivariate ANOVAc
| |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(vol.%)
|
P
-value
|
F value
|
P
value
|
test power
|
F value
|
P
value
|
test power
|
TSV
| 0.322 | 2.565 |
0.058
| 0.640 | - | - | - |
TVV
| 0.322 | 2.565 |
0.058
| 0.640 | - | - | - |
TLT
a
| 0.000 | 44.605 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 51.592 |
0.000
| 1.000 |
SLT
a
| 0.000 | 43.573 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 19.556 |
0.001
| 1.000 |
VLT
a
| 0.005 | 22.980 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 6.699 |
0.013
| 0.884 |
TAT
a
| 0.000 | 44.655 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 52.762 |
0.000
| 1.000 |
SAST
a
| 0.000 | 44.721 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 57.109 |
0.000
| 1.000 |
VAT
a
| 0.000 | 23.718 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 8.598 |
0.007
| 0.950 |
Percentage body composition
Total volumes
Mauchly-Test | Univariate ANOVAb
| Multivariate ANOVAc
| |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(l)
|
P
value
|
F value
|
P
value
|
test power
|
F value
|
P
value
|
test power
|
TV
a
| 0.000 | 20.162 | 0.000 | 0.999 | 5.758 |
0.020
| 0.828 |
TSV
a
| 0.001 | 18.607 | 0.000 | 0.999 | 4.937 |
0.030
| 0.762 |
TVV
a
| 0.000 | 21.516 | 0.000 | 0.999 | 8.678 |
0.007
| 0.952 |
TLT
| 0.516 | 1.209 |
0.322
| 0.307 | - | - | - |
SLT
| 0.516 | 1.209 |
0.322
| 0.307 | - | - | - |
TAT
a
| 0.000 | 32.274 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 18.577 |
0.001
| 1.000 |
SAST
a
| 0.000 | 32.692 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 15.624 |
0.001
| 0.998 |
VAT
a
| 0.000 | 21.607 | 0.000 | 0.999 | 8.594 |
0.007
| 0.950 |
Total volume
Total somatic volume
Total visceral volume
Adipose tissue
Total adipose tissue
Somatic adipose soft tissue
Visceral adipose tissue
Lean tissue
Total lean tissue, somatic lean tissue, visceral lean tissue
Segmental volume analysis
Mauchly-Test | Univariate ANOVAb
| Multivariate ANOVAc
| |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(l)
|
P
value
|
F-value
|
P
value
|
test power
|
F-value
|
P
value
|
test power
|
TV_LE
| 0.003 | 7.763 | 0.002 | 0.946 | 2.341 |
0.149
| 0.423 |
TV_TR
a
| 0.133 | 6.349 |
0.003
| 0.918 | - | - | - |
TV_UE
a
| 0.001 | 27.504 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 13.942 |
0.002
| 0.996 |
SLT_LE
| 0.003 | 6.411 | 0.20 | 0.733 | 14.587 |
0.095
| 0.597 |
SLT_TR
| 0.252 | 3.534 |
0.21
| 0.769 | - | - | - |
SLT_UE
| 0.700 | 3.128 |
0.29
| 0.734 | - | - | - |
SAST_LE
a
| 0.000 | 63.294 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 20.644 |
0.000
| 1.000 |
SAST_TR
a
| 0.000 | 17.388 | 0.000 | 0.996 | 13.387 |
0.002
| 0.995 |
SAST_UE
a
| 0.000 | 16.151 | 0.000 | 0.987 | 3.389 |
0.041
| 0.584 |
TV_LE
a
| 0.001 | 27.504 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 13.942 |
0.002
| 0.996 |
TV_TR
a
| 0.133 | 6.349 |
0.003
| 0.918 | - | - | - |
TV_UE
| 0.003 | 7.763 | 0.002 | 0.946 | 2.341 |
0.149
| 0.423 |
Finisher/non-finisher
t0: nF= 12, nNF= 10 | t1: nF= 12, nNF= 8 | t2: nF= 12, nNF= 6 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean difference of percentage volume (vol.%) |
P value (ITT) | Mean difference of percentage volume (vol.%) |
P value (ITT) | Mean difference of percentage volume (vol.%) |
P value (ITT) | |
TSV
| 1.52 |
0.005
a
| 1.35 |
0.036
a
| 1.07 | 0.182 |
TVV
| −1.52 |
0.005
a
| 1.35 |
0.036
a
| 1.07 | 0.182 |
TLT
| 4.04 |
0.031
a
| 6.39 |
0.015
a
| 5.05 | 0.088 |
SLT
| 4.16 |
0.014
a
| 6.18 |
0.010
a
| 4.65 | 0.058 |
VLT
| 0.032 | 0.953 | 0.21 | 0.707 | 0.39 | 0.604 |
TAT
| −5.47 |
0.031
a
| −6.39 |
0.015
a
| −5.04 | 0.088 |
SAST
| −4.21 | 0.080 | −5.27 |
0.032
a
| −3.64 | 0.184 |
VAT
| −1.60 |
0.006
a
| −1.56 |
0.021
a
| −1.46 | 0.060 |
t1 versus t0: nF= 11, nNF= 9 | t2 versus t0: nF= 11, nNF= 7 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean diff. of relative changes (%) |
P value (ITT) | Mean diff. of relative changes (%) |
P value (ITT) | |
TV
| 0.47 | 0.608 | −1.49 | 0.306 |
TSV
| 0.41 | 0.690 | −2.06 | 0.190 |
TVV
| 0.69 | 0.640 | 1.35 | 0.410 |
TLT
| 1.09 | 0332 | −0.18 | 0.913 |
SLT
| 1.34 | 0.319 | −0.21 | 0.917 |
VLT
| 0.07 | 0.923 | −0.24 | 0.545 |
TAT
| −4.86 | 0.086 | −9.52 | 0.078 |
SAST
| −6.93 |
0.031
a
| −14.27 |
0.046
a
|
VAT
| −8.92 | 0.191 | −8.88 | 0.276 |
Prerace performance
Mean | SD | 95%-percentile | Range | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Years of regular endurance running | 17.4 | 7.6 | 6.3 to 31.8 | 6 to 32 |
M finished (number) | 123,1 | 218,2 | 2 to 297.8 | 2 to 988 |
UM finished (number) | 90,8 | 68 | 11.3 to 248.9 | 11 to 255 |
MSUM finished (number]) | 6,3 | 2,9 | 1.3 to 13.6 | 1 to 14 |
Endurance training extent 2008 (one year before TEFR)
| ||||
Annual running distance (km/year) | 5,468 | 1,720 | 3,000 to 9,000 | 2,580 to 9,152 |
PRT08 volume (km/week) | 105.1 | 32.4 | 50.8 to 175.4 | 50 to 176 |
PRT08 time (hours/week) | 12.5 | 3.1 | 7.1 to 19.6 | 7 to 20 |
PRT08 intensity (km/hour) | 8.3 | 1.5 | 6.5 to 10.9 | 7 to 11 |
Endurance training extent last two months before TEFR
| ||||
Total running distance ([km) | 898 | 267 | 500 to 1260 | 500 to 1,500 |
PRT09 volume (km/week) | 110.5 | 33.8 | 60.5 to 186 | 60 to 190 |
PRT09 time (hours/week) | 13.2 | 3.5 | 8 to 21.6 | 8 to 22 |
Values | Mean (SD) | Test on normal distribution Shapiro-Wilk [29] | Test on difference F/NF | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Valid | Missing | ||||||||
n
|
n
|
(%)
|
F
|
NF
|
statistic
|
P
|
test type
a
|
P
b
| |
PRY (years) | 21 | 1 | 4.5 | 16.5 | 18.7 | 0.936 | 0.185c
| ITT | 0.530 |
nF M (n) | 19 | 3 | 13.6 | 81.5 | 194.3 | 0.481 | 0.000 | MWU | 0.211 |
nF UM (n) | 22 | 0 | 0 | 94.8 | 86.0 | 0.858 | 0.005 | MWU | 0.895 |
nF MSUM (n) | 22 | 0 | 0 | 7.0 | 5.4 | 0.936 | 0.165c
| ITT | 0.146 |
PRTVol08 (km/week) | 21 | 1 | 4.5 |
117.9 (34.3) |
88.0 (20.8) | 0.959 | 0.505c
| ITT |
0.032
d
|
PRTTime08 (hour/week) | 21 | 1 | 4.5 | 13.0 | 11.9 | 0.971 | 0.761c
| ITT | 0.427 |
PRTInt08 (km/hour) | 22 | 0 | 0 |
9.0 (1.47) |
7.5 (0.93) | 0.909 | 0.044 | MWU |
0.040
d
|
PRTVol09 (km/week) | 21 | 1 | 4.5 |
126.1 (35.2) |
89.7 (17.4) | 0.956 | 0.435c
| ITT |
0.010
d
|
PRTTime09 (hours/week) | 21 | 1 | 4.5 | 14.2 | 12.0 | 0.947 | 0.303c
| ITT | 0.159 |
PRRM (hours) | 15 | 7 | 31.8 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 0.851 | 0.018 | MWU | 0.676 |
PRR50km (hours) | 9 | 13 | 59.1 |
4.3 (0.57) |
5.1 (0.26) | 0.914 | 0.343c
| ITT |
0.026
d
|
PRR100km (hours) | 17 | 5 | 22.7 | 9.5 | 10.4 | 0.933 | 0.248c
| ITT | 0.241 |
PRR6hr (km) | 13 | 9 | 40.9 | 67.9 | 59.7 | 0.918 | 0.238c
| ITT | 0.218 |
PRR12hr (km) | 10 | 12 | 54.5 | 99.9 | 87.3 | 0.940 | 0.548c
| ITT | 0.558 |
PRR24hr (km) | 16 | 6 | 27.3 |
199.8 (22.5) |
168.5 (26.0) | 0.961 | 0.672c
| ITT |
0.036
d
|