Background
Methods
Ethics statement
Animals and housing
Hepatic ultrasonographic imaging
Parameters for diagnosis of NAFLD
Histological evaluation of fatty liver
Blood chemical tests and cytokines/adipokines measurements
Statistical analysis
Results
Ultrasonic grading of NAFLD and its correlation with histological findings in the rhesus monkeys
Sensitivity | 95% CI | Specificity | 95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|
USS0 | 0.60 | (0.32–0.84) | 0.77 | (0.56–0.90) |
USS1 | 0.44 | (0.20–0.70) | 0.79 | (0.60–0.92) |
USS2 | 0.86 | (0.47–1.00) | 0.95 | (0.82–1.00) |
USS3 | 1.00 | (0.54–1.00) | 0.97 | (0.87–1.00) |
Typical histological changes in NAFLD monkeys
Total | n (%) |
---|---|
45 (100%) | |
Steatosis | |
< 5% | 15 (33.33) |
5%–33% | 16 (35.56) |
33–66% | 8 (17.78) |
≥ 66% | 6 (13.33) |
Inflammation | |
No foci | 18 (40.00) |
≤ 2 foci/20 × field | 17 (37.78) |
2–4 foci/20 × field | 9 (20.00) |
≥ 4 foci/20 × field | 1 (2.22) |
Ballooning | |
None ballooning cells | 39 (86.67) |
Few ballooning cells | 4 (8.89) |
Many ballooning cells | 2 (4.44) |
Fibrosis | |
Perisinusoidal/pericellular fibrosis | 7 (15.56) |
Periportal fibrosis | 4 (8.89) |
Bridging fibrosis | 0 (0) |
Cirrhosis | 0 (0) |
Prevalence of hepatic steatosis in the MetS monkeys
Age | < 8 | 8–14 | ≥ 15 | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|
n | 8 | 8 | 70 | 86 |
Number of USS (2–3) | 0 | 2 | 23 | 25 |
Percentage of NAFLD (%) | 0.00 | 25.00 | 32.86 | 29.07 |
Number of MetS | 0 | 3 | 25 | 28 |
Number of NAFLD in MetS monkeys | 0 | 1 | 13 | 14 |
Prevalence of NAFLD in MetS monkeys (%) | – | 33.33 | 52.00 | 50.00 |
Prevalence of NAFLD in Non-MetS monkeys (%) | – | 20.00 | 22.22 | 18.97 |
Clinical features of monkeys with different values of the USS
Factor | All (n = 86) | USS 2–3 (n = 25) | USS 0–1 (n = 61) | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 18.1 ± 0.6 | 17.8 ± 0.5 | 18.2 ± 0.8 | 0.76 |
SBP (mmHg) | 127.1 ± 2.3 | 134.3 ± 4.3 | 124.1 ± 2.6 | 0.04 |
DBP (mmHg) | 76.4 ± 1.1 | 78.9 ± 1.9 | 75.4 ± 1.4 | 0.17 |
BW (kg) | 12.8 ± 0.5 | 16.7 ± 1.0 | 11.2 ± 0.4 | < 0.001 |
BMI | 17.9 ± 0.7 | 23.5 ± 1.4 | 15.6 ± 0.5 | < 0.001 |
WC (cm) | 45.0 ± 1.5 | 56.6 ± 3.0 | 40.2 ± 1.3 | < 0.001 |
FPG (mmol/L) | 4.6 ± 0.2 | 5.2 ± 0.6 | 4.3 ± 0.1 | 0.03 |
HOMA IR | 6.9 ± 1.6 | 14.3 ± 5.1 | 3.9 ± 0.5 | 0.003 |
Insulin (μU/ml) | 28.0 ± 3.9 | 50.1 ± 11.3 | 19.0 ± 2.1 | < 0.001 |
CRP (mg/dL) | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.26 |
TG (mmol/L) | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 0.6 ± 0.0 | 0.005 |
TC (mmol/L) | 4.1 ± 0.2 | 4.9 ± 0.6 | 3.8 ± 0.2 | 0.03 |
HDL-c (mmol/L) | 1.9 ± 0.1 | 1.6 ± 0.1 | 2.0 ± 0.1 | 0.01 |
LDL-c (mmol/L) | 2.0 ± 0.2 | 2.9 ± 0.6 | 1.7 ± 0.2 | 0.01 |
NEFA (mmol/L) | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 0.10 |
ALT (U/L) | 61.7 ± 4.0 | 65.1 ± 8.2 | 60.3 ± 4.5 | 0.59 |
AST (U/L) | 27.4 ± 0.8 | 26.5 ± 1. | 27.7 ± 0.9 | 0.52 |
Factor | Pearson r | p-value |
---|---|---|
Age | 0.13 | 0.24 |
SBP | 0.19 | 0.08 |
DBP | 0.09 | 0.39 |
BW | 0.61 | < 0.001 |
BMI | 0.61 | < 0.001 |
WC | 0.61 | < 0.001 |
FPG | 0.35 | 0.001 |
HOMA IR | 0.37 | < 0.001 |
Insulin | 0.41 | < 0.001 |
CRP | 0.19 | 0.08 |
TG | 0.38 | < 0.001 |
TC | 0.30 | 0.006 |
HDL-c | -0.28 | 0.009 |
LDL-c | 0.31 | 0.003 |
NEFA | 0.21 | 0.049 |
ALT | 0.08 | 0.49 |
AST | 0.004 | 0.97 |