Skip to main content
Erschienen in:

28.06.2023 | Review

Charting the Next Road Map for CSF Biomarkers in Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias

verfasst von: William T. Hu, Ashima Nayyar, Milota Kaluzova

Erschienen in: Neurotherapeutics | Ausgabe 4/2023

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Clinical prediction of underlying pathologic substrates in people with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) dementia or related dementia syndromes (ADRD) has limited accuracy. Etiologic biomarkers — including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of AD proteins and cerebral amyloid PET imaging — have greatly modernized disease-modifying clinical trials in AD, but their integration into medical practice has been slow. Beyond core CSF AD biomarkers (including beta-amyloid 1–42, total tau, and tau phosphorylated at threonine 181), novel biomarkers have been interrogated in single- and multi-centered studies with uneven rigor. Here, we review early expectations for ideal AD/ADRD biomarkers, assess these goals’ future applicability, and propose study designs and performance thresholds for meeting these ideals with a focus on CSF biomarkers. We further propose three new characteristics: equity (oversampling of diverse populations in the design and testing of biomarkers), access (reasonable availability to 80% of people at risk for disease, along with pre- and post-biomarker processes), and reliability (thorough evaluation of pre-analytical and analytical factors influencing measurements and performance). Finally, we urge biomarker scientists to balance the desire and evidence for a biomarker to reflect its namesake function, indulge data- as well as theory-driven associations, re-visit the subset of rigorously measured CSF biomarkers in large datasets (such as Alzheimer’s disease neuroimaging initiative), and resist the temptation to favor ease over fail-safe in the development phase. This shift from discovery to application, and from suspended disbelief to cogent ingenuity, should allow the AD/ADRD biomarker field to live up to its billing during the next phase of neurodegenerative disease research.
Anhänge
Nur mit Berechtigung zugänglich
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Pardridge WM, Vinters HV, Miller BL, Tourtellotte WW, Eisenberg JB, Yang J. High molecular weight Alzheimer’s disease amyloid peptide immunoreactivity in human serum and CSF is an immunoglobulin G. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1987;145(1):241–8.PubMedCrossRef Pardridge WM, Vinters HV, Miller BL, Tourtellotte WW, Eisenberg JB, Yang J. High molecular weight Alzheimer’s disease amyloid peptide immunoreactivity in human serum and CSF is an immunoglobulin G. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1987;145(1):241–8.PubMedCrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Trunz LM, Gandhi AV, Karambelkar AD, Lange SM, Rao VM, Flanders AE. National trends in lumbar puncture from 2010 to 2018: a shift reversal from the emergency department to the hospital setting for radiologists and advanced practice providers. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2021;42(1):206–10.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Trunz LM, Gandhi AV, Karambelkar AD, Lange SM, Rao VM, Flanders AE. National trends in lumbar puncture from 2010 to 2018: a shift reversal from the emergency department to the hospital setting for radiologists and advanced practice providers. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2021;42(1):206–10.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Biomarkers Definitions Working Group. Biomarkers and surrogate endpoints: preferred definitions and conceptual framework. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2001;69(3):89–95.CrossRef Biomarkers Definitions Working Group. Biomarkers and surrogate endpoints: preferred definitions and conceptual framework. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2001;69(3):89–95.CrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Lowenthal A, Vansande M, Karcher D. The differential diagnosis of neurological diseases by fractionating electrophoretically the CSF gamma-globulins. J Neurochem. 1960;6:51–6.PubMedCrossRef Lowenthal A, Vansande M, Karcher D. The differential diagnosis of neurological diseases by fractionating electrophoretically the CSF gamma-globulins. J Neurochem. 1960;6:51–6.PubMedCrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Ebers GC, Paty DW. CSF electrophoresis in one thousand patients. Can J Neurol Sci. 1980;7(4):275–80.PubMedCrossRef Ebers GC, Paty DW. CSF electrophoresis in one thousand patients. Can J Neurol Sci. 1980;7(4):275–80.PubMedCrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Wybo I, Van Blerk M, Malfait R, Goubert P, Gorus F. Oligoclonal bands in cerebrospinal fluid detected by PhastSystem isoelectric focusing. Clin Chem. 1990;36(1):123–5.PubMedCrossRef Wybo I, Van Blerk M, Malfait R, Goubert P, Gorus F. Oligoclonal bands in cerebrospinal fluid detected by PhastSystem isoelectric focusing. Clin Chem. 1990;36(1):123–5.PubMedCrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Desplat-Jego S, Feuillet L, Pelletier J, Bernard D, Cherif AA, Boucraut J. Quantification of immunoglobulin free light chains in cerebrospinal fluid by nephelometry. J Clin Immunol. 2005;25(4):338–45.PubMedCrossRef Desplat-Jego S, Feuillet L, Pelletier J, Bernard D, Cherif AA, Boucraut J. Quantification of immunoglobulin free light chains in cerebrospinal fluid by nephelometry. J Clin Immunol. 2005;25(4):338–45.PubMedCrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Boudet S, Peyrodie L, Wang Z, Forzy G. Semi-automated image analysis of gel electrophoresis of cerebrospinal fluid for oligoclonal band detection. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2016;2016:744–7.PubMed Boudet S, Peyrodie L, Wang Z, Forzy G. Semi-automated image analysis of gel electrophoresis of cerebrospinal fluid for oligoclonal band detection. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2016;2016:744–7.PubMed
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Puissant-Lubrano B. Evaluation of Cobas 8000(R) for the quantification of albumin and IgG in serum and cerebrospinal fluid. Clin Biochem. 2018;56:105–8.PubMedCrossRef Puissant-Lubrano B. Evaluation of Cobas 8000(R) for the quantification of albumin and IgG in serum and cerebrospinal fluid. Clin Biochem. 2018;56:105–8.PubMedCrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Teunissen CE, Petzold A, Bennett JL, Berven FS, Brundin L, Comabella M, et al. A consensus protocol for the standardization of cerebrospinal fluid collection and biobanking. Neurology. 2009;73(22):1914–22.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Teunissen CE, Petzold A, Bennett JL, Berven FS, Brundin L, Comabella M, et al. A consensus protocol for the standardization of cerebrospinal fluid collection and biobanking. Neurology. 2009;73(22):1914–22.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Liu XN, Chen XJ, Sun XB, Qiu W, Peng LS, Li HF, et al. Establishment and consistency verification of the standard operation procedure for laboratory detection of immunoglobulin G oligoclonal bands in cerebrospinal fluid. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2021;101(31):2465–70.PubMed Liu XN, Chen XJ, Sun XB, Qiu W, Peng LS, Li HF, et al. Establishment and consistency verification of the standard operation procedure for laboratory detection of immunoglobulin G oligoclonal bands in cerebrospinal fluid. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2021;101(31):2465–70.PubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Edwards C, Leira EC, Gonzalez-Alegre P. Residency training: a failed lumbar puncture is more about obesity than lack of ability. Neurology. 2015;84(10):e69–72.PubMedCrossRef Edwards C, Leira EC, Gonzalez-Alegre P. Residency training: a failed lumbar puncture is more about obesity than lack of ability. Neurology. 2015;84(10):e69–72.PubMedCrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Voigt J, Krause C, Rohwader E, Saschenbrecker S, Hahn M, Danckwardt M, et al. Automated indirect immunofluorescence evaluation of antinuclear autoantibodies on HEp-2 cells. Clin Dev Immunol. 2012;2012:651058.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Voigt J, Krause C, Rohwader E, Saschenbrecker S, Hahn M, Danckwardt M, et al. Automated indirect immunofluorescence evaluation of antinuclear autoantibodies on HEp-2 cells. Clin Dev Immunol. 2012;2012:651058.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Grossmann K, Roggenbuck D, Schroder C, Conrad K, Schierack P, Sack U. Multiplex assessment of non-organ-specific autoantibodies with a novel microbead-based immunoassay. Cytometry A. 2011;79(2):118–25.PubMedCrossRef Grossmann K, Roggenbuck D, Schroder C, Conrad K, Schierack P, Sack U. Multiplex assessment of non-organ-specific autoantibodies with a novel microbead-based immunoassay. Cytometry A. 2011;79(2):118–25.PubMedCrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Melegari A, Bonaguri C, Russo A, Luisita B, Trenti T, Lippi G. A comparative study on the reliability of an automated system for the evaluation of cell-based indirect immunofluorescence. Autoimmun Rev. 2012;11(10):713–6.PubMedCrossRef Melegari A, Bonaguri C, Russo A, Luisita B, Trenti T, Lippi G. A comparative study on the reliability of an automated system for the evaluation of cell-based indirect immunofluorescence. Autoimmun Rev. 2012;11(10):713–6.PubMedCrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Kivity S, Gilburd B, Agmon-Levin N, Carrasco MG, Tzafrir Y, Sofer Y, et al. A novel automated indirect immunofluorescence autoantibody evaluation. Clin Rheumatol. 2012;31(3):503–9.PubMedCrossRef Kivity S, Gilburd B, Agmon-Levin N, Carrasco MG, Tzafrir Y, Sofer Y, et al. A novel automated indirect immunofluorescence autoantibody evaluation. Clin Rheumatol. 2012;31(3):503–9.PubMedCrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Bonroy C, Verfaillie C, Smith V, Persijn L, De Witte E, De Keyser F, et al. Automated indirect immunofluorescence antinuclear antibody analysis is a standardized alternative for visual microscope interpretation. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2013;51(9):1771–9.PubMedCrossRef Bonroy C, Verfaillie C, Smith V, Persijn L, De Witte E, De Keyser F, et al. Automated indirect immunofluorescence antinuclear antibody analysis is a standardized alternative for visual microscope interpretation. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2013;51(9):1771–9.PubMedCrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Agmon-Levin N, Damoiseaux J, Kallenberg C, Sack U, Witte T, Herold M, et al. International recommendations for the assessment of autoantibodies to cellular antigens referred to as anti-nuclear antibodies. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73(1):17–23.PubMedCrossRef Agmon-Levin N, Damoiseaux J, Kallenberg C, Sack U, Witte T, Herold M, et al. International recommendations for the assessment of autoantibodies to cellular antigens referred to as anti-nuclear antibodies. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73(1):17–23.PubMedCrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Bizzaro N, Antico A, Platzgummer S, Tonutti E, Bassetti D, Pesente F, et al. Automated antinuclear immunofluorescence antibody screening: a comparative study of six computer-aided diagnostic systems. Autoimmun Rev. 2014;13(3):292–8.PubMedCrossRef Bizzaro N, Antico A, Platzgummer S, Tonutti E, Bassetti D, Pesente F, et al. Automated antinuclear immunofluorescence antibody screening: a comparative study of six computer-aided diagnostic systems. Autoimmun Rev. 2014;13(3):292–8.PubMedCrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Bertin D, Mouhajir Y, Bongrand P, Bardin N. ICARE improves antinuclear antibody detection by overcoming the barriers preventing accreditation. Clin Chim Acta. 2016;454:57–61.PubMedCrossRef Bertin D, Mouhajir Y, Bongrand P, Bardin N. ICARE improves antinuclear antibody detection by overcoming the barriers preventing accreditation. Clin Chim Acta. 2016;454:57–61.PubMedCrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Van den Bremt S, Schouwers S, Van Blerk M, Van Hoovels L. ANA IIF automation: moving towards harmonization? Results of a multicenter study. J Immunol Res. 2017;2017:6038137.PubMedPubMedCentral Van den Bremt S, Schouwers S, Van Blerk M, Van Hoovels L. ANA IIF automation: moving towards harmonization? Results of a multicenter study. J Immunol Res. 2017;2017:6038137.PubMedPubMedCentral
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Ricchiuti V, Adams J, Hardy DJ, Katayev A, Fleming JK. Automated processing and evaluation of anti-nuclear antibody indirect immunofluorescence testing. Front Immunol. 2018;9:927.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Ricchiuti V, Adams J, Hardy DJ, Katayev A, Fleming JK. Automated processing and evaluation of anti-nuclear antibody indirect immunofluorescence testing. Front Immunol. 2018;9:927.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Carbone T, Gilio M, Padula MC, Tramontano G, D’Angelo S, Pafundi V. A step towards standardization: a method for end-point titer determination by fluorescence index of an automated microscope. End-point titer determination by fluorescence index. J Immunol Methods. 2018;456:67–71.PubMedCrossRef Carbone T, Gilio M, Padula MC, Tramontano G, D’Angelo S, Pafundi V. A step towards standardization: a method for end-point titer determination by fluorescence index of an automated microscope. End-point titer determination by fluorescence index. J Immunol Methods. 2018;456:67–71.PubMedCrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Bogaert L, Van den Bremt S, Schouwers S, Bossuyt X, Van Hoovels L. Harmonizing by reducing inter-run variability: performance evaluation of a quality assurance program for antinuclear antibody detection by indirect immunofluorescence. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2019;57(7):990–8.PubMedCrossRef Bogaert L, Van den Bremt S, Schouwers S, Bossuyt X, Van Hoovels L. Harmonizing by reducing inter-run variability: performance evaluation of a quality assurance program for antinuclear antibody detection by indirect immunofluorescence. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2019;57(7):990–8.PubMedCrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Van Hoovels L, Bossuyt X, Manfredi M, Grossi V, Benucci M, Van Den Bremt S, et al. Integrating quality assurance in autoimmunity: the changing face of the automated ANA IIF test. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2021;59(7):1247–55.PubMedCrossRef Van Hoovels L, Bossuyt X, Manfredi M, Grossi V, Benucci M, Van Den Bremt S, et al. Integrating quality assurance in autoimmunity: the changing face of the automated ANA IIF test. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2021;59(7):1247–55.PubMedCrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Yoon S, Moon HW, Kim H, Hur M, Yun YM. Clinical performance of two automated immunoassays, EliA CTD screen and QUANTA flash CTD screen plus, for antinuclear antibody screening. Ann Lab Med. 2022;42(1):63–70.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Yoon S, Moon HW, Kim H, Hur M, Yun YM. Clinical performance of two automated immunoassays, EliA CTD screen and QUANTA flash CTD screen plus, for antinuclear antibody screening. Ann Lab Med. 2022;42(1):63–70.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Miller TM, Johnston SC. Should the Babinski sign be part of the routine neurologic examination? Neurology. 2005;65(8):1165–8.PubMedCrossRef Miller TM, Johnston SC. Should the Babinski sign be part of the routine neurologic examination? Neurology. 2005;65(8):1165–8.PubMedCrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Thaller M, Hughes T. Inter-rater agreement of observable and elicitable neurological signs. Clin Med (Lond). 2014;14(3):264–7.PubMedCrossRef Thaller M, Hughes T. Inter-rater agreement of observable and elicitable neurological signs. Clin Med (Lond). 2014;14(3):264–7.PubMedCrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Potnis KC, Ross JS, Aneja S, Gross CP, Richman IB. Artificial intelligence in breast cancer screening: evaluation of FDA device regulation and future recommendations. JAMA Intern Med. 2022;182(12):1306–12.PubMedCrossRef Potnis KC, Ross JS, Aneja S, Gross CP, Richman IB. Artificial intelligence in breast cancer screening: evaluation of FDA device regulation and future recommendations. JAMA Intern Med. 2022;182(12):1306–12.PubMedCrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Hu WT, Chen-Plotkin A, Arnold SE, Grossman M, Clark CM, Shaw LM, et al. Biomarker discovery for Alzheimer’s disease, frontotemporal lobar degeneration, and Parkinson’s disease. Acta Neuropathol. 2010;120(3):385–99.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Hu WT, Chen-Plotkin A, Arnold SE, Grossman M, Clark CM, Shaw LM, et al. Biomarker discovery for Alzheimer’s disease, frontotemporal lobar degeneration, and Parkinson’s disease. Acta Neuropathol. 2010;120(3):385–99.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Mielke MM, Frank RD, Dage JL, Jeromin A, Ashton NJ, Blennow K, et al. Comparison of plasma phosphorylated tau species with amyloid and tau positron emission tomography, neurodegeneration, vascular pathology, and cognitive outcomes. JAMA Neurol. 2021;78(9):1108–17.PubMedCrossRef Mielke MM, Frank RD, Dage JL, Jeromin A, Ashton NJ, Blennow K, et al. Comparison of plasma phosphorylated tau species with amyloid and tau positron emission tomography, neurodegeneration, vascular pathology, and cognitive outcomes. JAMA Neurol. 2021;78(9):1108–17.PubMedCrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Clifford DB, Fagan AM, Holtzman DM, Morris JC, Teshome M, Shah AR, et al. CSF biomarkers of Alzheimer disease in HIV-associated neurologic disease. Neurology. 2009;73(23):1982–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Clifford DB, Fagan AM, Holtzman DM, Morris JC, Teshome M, Shah AR, et al. CSF biomarkers of Alzheimer disease in HIV-associated neurologic disease. Neurology. 2009;73(23):1982–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Ances BM, Benzinger TL, Christensen JJ, Thomas J, Venkat R, Teshome M, et al. 11C-PiB imaging of human immunodeficiency virus-associated neurocognitive disorder. Arch Neurol. 2012;69(1):72–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Ances BM, Benzinger TL, Christensen JJ, Thomas J, Venkat R, Teshome M, et al. 11C-PiB imaging of human immunodeficiency virus-associated neurocognitive disorder. Arch Neurol. 2012;69(1):72–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Ozturk T, Kollhoff A, Anderson AM, Christina Howell J, Loring DW, Waldrop-Valverde D, et al. Linked CSF reduction of phosphorylated tau and IL-8 in HIV associated neurocognitive disorder. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):8733.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Ozturk T, Kollhoff A, Anderson AM, Christina Howell J, Loring DW, Waldrop-Valverde D, et al. Linked CSF reduction of phosphorylated tau and IL-8 in HIV associated neurocognitive disorder. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):8733.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Davis Giardina T, Menon S, Parrish DE, Sittig DF, Singh H. Patient access to medical records and healthcare outcomes: a systematic review. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2014;21(4):737–41.PubMedCrossRef Davis Giardina T, Menon S, Parrish DE, Sittig DF, Singh H. Patient access to medical records and healthcare outcomes: a systematic review. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2014;21(4):737–41.PubMedCrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Steitz BD, Sulieman L, Wright A, Rosenbloom ST. Association of immediate release of test results to patients with implications for clinical workflow. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(10):e2129553.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Steitz BD, Sulieman L, Wright A, Rosenbloom ST. Association of immediate release of test results to patients with implications for clinical workflow. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(10):e2129553.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Ghouneimy A, Mahfouz M. Straightforward, inexpensive and sensitive. Nat Biomed Eng. 2022;6(8):923–4.CrossRef Ghouneimy A, Mahfouz M. Straightforward, inexpensive and sensitive. Nat Biomed Eng. 2022;6(8):923–4.CrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Taghdiri F, Gumus M, Algarni M, Fasano A, Tang-Wai D, Tartaglia MC. Association between cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers and age-related brain changes in patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):9106.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Taghdiri F, Gumus M, Algarni M, Fasano A, Tang-Wai D, Tartaglia MC. Association between cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers and age-related brain changes in patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):9106.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Vanninen A, Nakajima M, Miyajima M, Rauramaa T, Kokki M, Musialowicz T, et al. Elevated CSF LRG and decreased Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. J Clin Med. 2021;10(5). Vanninen A, Nakajima M, Miyajima M, Rauramaa T, Kokki M, Musialowicz T, et al. Elevated CSF LRG and decreased Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. J Clin Med. 2021;10(5).
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Mazzeo S, Emiliani F, Bagnoli S, Padiglioni S, Del Re LM, Giacomucci G, et al. Alzheimer’s disease CSF biomarker profiles in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. J Pers Med. 2022;12(6). Mazzeo S, Emiliani F, Bagnoli S, Padiglioni S, Del Re LM, Giacomucci G, et al. Alzheimer’s disease CSF biomarker profiles in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. J Pers Med. 2022;12(6).
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Wennberg AM, Whitwell JL, Tosakulwong N, Weigand SD, Murray ME, Machulda MM, et al. The influence of tau, amyloid, alpha-synuclein, TDP-43, and vascular pathology in clinically normal elderly individuals. Neurobiol Aging. 2019;77:26–36.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Wennberg AM, Whitwell JL, Tosakulwong N, Weigand SD, Murray ME, Machulda MM, et al. The influence of tau, amyloid, alpha-synuclein, TDP-43, and vascular pathology in clinically normal elderly individuals. Neurobiol Aging. 2019;77:26–36.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Gold BT, Brown CA, Hakun JG, Shaw LM, Trojanowski JQ, Smith CD. Clinically silent Alzheimer’s and vascular pathologies influence brain networks supporting executive function in healthy older adults. Neurobiol Aging. 2017;58:102–11.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Gold BT, Brown CA, Hakun JG, Shaw LM, Trojanowski JQ, Smith CD. Clinically silent Alzheimer’s and vascular pathologies influence brain networks supporting executive function in healthy older adults. Neurobiol Aging. 2017;58:102–11.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Mattsson N, Insel P, Nosheny R, Trojanowski JQ, Shaw LM, Jack CR Jr, et al. Effects of cerebrospinal fluid proteins on brain atrophy rates in cognitively healthy older adults. Neurobiol Aging. 2014;35(3):614–22.PubMedCrossRef Mattsson N, Insel P, Nosheny R, Trojanowski JQ, Shaw LM, Jack CR Jr, et al. Effects of cerebrospinal fluid proteins on brain atrophy rates in cognitively healthy older adults. Neurobiol Aging. 2014;35(3):614–22.PubMedCrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Mattsson N, Insel P, Nosheny R, Zetterberg H, Trojanowski JQ, Shaw LM, et al. CSF protein biomarkers predicting longitudinal reduction of CSF beta-amyloid42 in cognitively healthy elders. Transl Psychiatry. 2013;3(8):e293.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Mattsson N, Insel P, Nosheny R, Zetterberg H, Trojanowski JQ, Shaw LM, et al. CSF protein biomarkers predicting longitudinal reduction of CSF beta-amyloid42 in cognitively healthy elders. Transl Psychiatry. 2013;3(8):e293.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Mitchell TW, Mufson EJ, Schneider JA, Cochran EJ, Nissanov J, Han LY, et al. Parahippocampal tau pathology in healthy aging, mild cognitive impairment, and early Alzheimer’s disease. Ann Neurol. 2002;51(2):182–9.PubMedCrossRef Mitchell TW, Mufson EJ, Schneider JA, Cochran EJ, Nissanov J, Han LY, et al. Parahippocampal tau pathology in healthy aging, mild cognitive impairment, and early Alzheimer’s disease. Ann Neurol. 2002;51(2):182–9.PubMedCrossRef
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Mollenhauer B, Caspell-Garcia CJ, Coffey CS, Taylor P, Shaw LM, Trojanowski JQ, et al. Longitudinal CSF biomarkers in patients with early Parkinson disease and healthy controls. Neurology. 2017;89(19):1959–69.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Mollenhauer B, Caspell-Garcia CJ, Coffey CS, Taylor P, Shaw LM, Trojanowski JQ, et al. Longitudinal CSF biomarkers in patients with early Parkinson disease and healthy controls. Neurology. 2017;89(19):1959–69.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Sperling RA, Aisen PS, Beckett LA, Bennett DA, Craft S, Fagan AM, et al. Toward defining the preclinical stages of Alzheimer’s disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2011;7(3):280–92.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Sperling RA, Aisen PS, Beckett LA, Bennett DA, Craft S, Fagan AM, et al. Toward defining the preclinical stages of Alzheimer’s disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2011;7(3):280–92.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Dubois B, Feldman HH, Jacova C, Hampel H, Molinuevo JL, Blennow K, et al. Advancing research diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer’s disease: the IWG-2 criteria. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13(6):614–29.PubMedCrossRef Dubois B, Feldman HH, Jacova C, Hampel H, Molinuevo JL, Blennow K, et al. Advancing research diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer’s disease: the IWG-2 criteria. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13(6):614–29.PubMedCrossRef
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Shaw LM, Vanderstichele H, Knapik-Czajka M, Clark CM, Aisen PS, Petersen RC, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarker signature in Alzheimer’s disease neuroimaging initiative subjects. Ann Neurol. 2009;65(4):403–13.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Shaw LM, Vanderstichele H, Knapik-Czajka M, Clark CM, Aisen PS, Petersen RC, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarker signature in Alzheimer’s disease neuroimaging initiative subjects. Ann Neurol. 2009;65(4):403–13.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Hu WT, Chen-Plotkin A, Arnold SE, Grossman M, Clark CM, Shaw LM, et al. Novel CSF biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment. Acta Neuropathol. 2010;119(6):669–78.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Hu WT, Chen-Plotkin A, Arnold SE, Grossman M, Clark CM, Shaw LM, et al. Novel CSF biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment. Acta Neuropathol. 2010;119(6):669–78.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Hu WT, Josephs KA, Knopman DS, Boeve BF, Dickson DW, Petersen RC, et al. Temporal lobar predominance of TDP-43 neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions in Alzheimer disease. Acta Neuropathol. 2008;116(2):215–20.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Hu WT, Josephs KA, Knopman DS, Boeve BF, Dickson DW, Petersen RC, et al. Temporal lobar predominance of TDP-43 neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions in Alzheimer disease. Acta Neuropathol. 2008;116(2):215–20.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
55.
Zurück zum Zitat James BD, Wilson RS, Boyle PA, Trojanowski JQ, Bennett DA, Schneider JA. TDP-43 stage, mixed pathologies, and clinical Alzheimer’s-type dementia. Brain. 2016;139(11):2983–93.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef James BD, Wilson RS, Boyle PA, Trojanowski JQ, Bennett DA, Schneider JA. TDP-43 stage, mixed pathologies, and clinical Alzheimer’s-type dementia. Brain. 2016;139(11):2983–93.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
56.
Zurück zum Zitat de Flores R, Wisse LEM, Das SR, Xie L, McMillan CT, Trojanowski JQ, et al. Contribution of mixed pathology to medial temporal lobe atrophy in Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2020;16(6):843–52.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef de Flores R, Wisse LEM, Das SR, Xie L, McMillan CT, Trojanowski JQ, et al. Contribution of mixed pathology to medial temporal lobe atrophy in Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2020;16(6):843–52.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Urwin H, Josephs KA, Rohrer JD, Mackenzie IR, Neumann M, Authier A, et al. FUS pathology defines the majority of tau- and TDP-43-negative frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Acta Neuropathol. 2010;120(1):33–41.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Urwin H, Josephs KA, Rohrer JD, Mackenzie IR, Neumann M, Authier A, et al. FUS pathology defines the majority of tau- and TDP-43-negative frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Acta Neuropathol. 2010;120(1):33–41.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Koga S, Kouri N, Walton RL, Ebbert MTW, Josephs KA, Litvan I, et al. Corticobasal degeneration with TDP-43 pathology presenting with progressive supranuclear palsy syndrome: a distinct clinicopathologic subtype. Acta Neuropathol. 2018;136(3):389–404.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Koga S, Kouri N, Walton RL, Ebbert MTW, Josephs KA, Litvan I, et al. Corticobasal degeneration with TDP-43 pathology presenting with progressive supranuclear palsy syndrome: a distinct clinicopathologic subtype. Acta Neuropathol. 2018;136(3):389–404.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Clark CM, Schneider JA, Bedell BJ, Beach TG, Bilker WB, Mintun MA, et al. Use of florbetapir-PET for imaging beta-amyloid pathology. JAMA. 2011;305(3):275–83.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Clark CM, Schneider JA, Bedell BJ, Beach TG, Bilker WB, Mintun MA, et al. Use of florbetapir-PET for imaging beta-amyloid pathology. JAMA. 2011;305(3):275–83.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Waybright T, Avellino AM, Ellenbogen RG, Hollinger BJ, Veenstra TD, Morrison RS. Characterization of the human ventricular cerebrospinal fluid proteome obtained from hydrocephalic patients. J Proteomics. 2010;73(6):1156–62.PubMedCrossRef Waybright T, Avellino AM, Ellenbogen RG, Hollinger BJ, Veenstra TD, Morrison RS. Characterization of the human ventricular cerebrospinal fluid proteome obtained from hydrocephalic patients. J Proteomics. 2010;73(6):1156–62.PubMedCrossRef
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Rosler N, Wichart I, Jellinger KA. Ex vivo lumbar and post mortem ventricular cerebrospinal fluid substance P-immunoreactivity in Alzheimer’s disease patients. Neurosci Lett. 2001;299(1–2):117–20.PubMedCrossRef Rosler N, Wichart I, Jellinger KA. Ex vivo lumbar and post mortem ventricular cerebrospinal fluid substance P-immunoreactivity in Alzheimer’s disease patients. Neurosci Lett. 2001;299(1–2):117–20.PubMedCrossRef
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Tarnaris A, Toma AK, Chapman MD, Petzold A, Keir G, Kitchen ND, et al. Rostrocaudal dynamics of CSF biomarkers. Neurochem Res. 2011;36(3):528–32.PubMedCrossRef Tarnaris A, Toma AK, Chapman MD, Petzold A, Keir G, Kitchen ND, et al. Rostrocaudal dynamics of CSF biomarkers. Neurochem Res. 2011;36(3):528–32.PubMedCrossRef
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Brandner S, Thaler C, Lewczuk P, Lelental N, Buchfelder M, Kleindienst A. Neuroprotein dynamics in the cerebrospinal fluid: intraindividual concomitant ventricular and lumbar measurements. Eur Neurol. 2013;70(3–4):189–94.PubMedCrossRef Brandner S, Thaler C, Lewczuk P, Lelental N, Buchfelder M, Kleindienst A. Neuroprotein dynamics in the cerebrospinal fluid: intraindividual concomitant ventricular and lumbar measurements. Eur Neurol. 2013;70(3–4):189–94.PubMedCrossRef
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Brandner S, Thaler C, Lelental N, Buchfelder M, Kleindienst A, Maler JM, et al. Ventricular and lumbar cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers in patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus and posttraumatic hydrocephalus. J Alzheimers Dis. 2014;41(4):1057–62.PubMedCrossRef Brandner S, Thaler C, Lelental N, Buchfelder M, Kleindienst A, Maler JM, et al. Ventricular and lumbar cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers in patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus and posttraumatic hydrocephalus. J Alzheimers Dis. 2014;41(4):1057–62.PubMedCrossRef
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Djukic M, Spreer A, Lange P, Bunkowski S, Wiltfang J, Nau R. Small cisterno-lumbar gradient of phosphorylated tau protein in geriatric patients with suspected normal pressure hydrocephalus. Fluids Barriers CNS. 2016;13(1):15.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Djukic M, Spreer A, Lange P, Bunkowski S, Wiltfang J, Nau R. Small cisterno-lumbar gradient of phosphorylated tau protein in geriatric patients with suspected normal pressure hydrocephalus. Fluids Barriers CNS. 2016;13(1):15.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Minta K, Jeppsson A, Brinkmalm G, Portelius E, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, et al. Lumbar and ventricular CSF concentrations of extracellular matrix proteins before and after shunt surgery in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Fluids Barriers CNS. 2021;18(1):23.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Minta K, Jeppsson A, Brinkmalm G, Portelius E, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, et al. Lumbar and ventricular CSF concentrations of extracellular matrix proteins before and after shunt surgery in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Fluids Barriers CNS. 2021;18(1):23.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Bateman RJ, Xiong C, Benzinger TL, Fagan AM, Goate A, Fox NC, et al. Clinical and biomarker changes in dominantly inherited Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(9):795–804.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Bateman RJ, Xiong C, Benzinger TL, Fagan AM, Goate A, Fox NC, et al. Clinical and biomarker changes in dominantly inherited Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(9):795–804.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Gendron TF, Chew J, Stankowski JN, Hayes LR, Zhang YJ, Prudencio M, et al. Poly(GP) proteins are a useful pharmacodynamic marker for C9ORF72-associated amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Sci Transl Med. 2017;9(383). Gendron TF, Chew J, Stankowski JN, Hayes LR, Zhang YJ, Prudencio M, et al. Poly(GP) proteins are a useful pharmacodynamic marker for C9ORF72-associated amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Sci Transl Med. 2017;9(383).
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Gendron TF, C9ORF72 Neurofilament Study Group, Daughrity LM, Heckman MG, Diehl NN, Wuu J, et al. Phosphorylated neurofilament heavy chain: a biomarker of survival for C9ORF72-associated amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 2017;82(1):139–46.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Gendron TF, C9ORF72 Neurofilament Study Group, Daughrity LM, Heckman MG, Diehl NN, Wuu J, et al. Phosphorylated neurofilament heavy chain: a biomarker of survival for C9ORF72-associated amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 2017;82(1):139–46.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Hu WT, Chen-Plotkin A, Grossman M, Arnold SE, Clark CM, Shaw LM, et al. Novel CSF biomarkers for frontotemporal lobar degenerations. Neurology. 2010;75(23):2079–86.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Hu WT, Chen-Plotkin A, Grossman M, Arnold SE, Clark CM, Shaw LM, et al. Novel CSF biomarkers for frontotemporal lobar degenerations. Neurology. 2010;75(23):2079–86.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Hu WT, Watts K, Grossman M, Glass J, Lah JJ, Hales C, et al. Reduced CSF p-Tau181 to tau ratio is a biomarker for FTLD-TDP. Neurology. 2013;81(22):1945–52.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Hu WT, Watts K, Grossman M, Glass J, Lah JJ, Hales C, et al. Reduced CSF p-Tau181 to tau ratio is a biomarker for FTLD-TDP. Neurology. 2013;81(22):1945–52.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Strull WM, Lo B, Charles G. Do patients want to participate in medical decision making? JAMA. 1984;252(21):2990–4.PubMedCrossRef Strull WM, Lo B, Charles G. Do patients want to participate in medical decision making? JAMA. 1984;252(21):2990–4.PubMedCrossRef
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Street RL Jr, Gordon H, Haidet P. Physicians’ communication and perceptions of patients: is it how they look, how they talk, or is it just the doctor? Soc Sci Med. 2007;65(3):586–98.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Street RL Jr, Gordon H, Haidet P. Physicians’ communication and perceptions of patients: is it how they look, how they talk, or is it just the doctor? Soc Sci Med. 2007;65(3):586–98.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Street RL Jr, Haidet P. How well do doctors know their patients? Factors affecting physician understanding of patients’ health beliefs. J Gen Intern Med. 2011;26(1):21–7.PubMedCrossRef Street RL Jr, Haidet P. How well do doctors know their patients? Factors affecting physician understanding of patients’ health beliefs. J Gen Intern Med. 2011;26(1):21–7.PubMedCrossRef
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Menendez-Gonzalez M. Routine lumbar puncture for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. Is it safe? Front Aging Neurosci. 2014;6:65.PubMedPubMedCentral Menendez-Gonzalez M. Routine lumbar puncture for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. Is it safe? Front Aging Neurosci. 2014;6:65.PubMedPubMedCentral
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Jellinger KA, Janetzky B, Attems J, Kienzl E. Biomarkers for early diagnosis of Alzheimer disease: ‘ALZheimer ASsociated gene’–a new blood biomarker? J Cell Mol Med. 2008;12(4):1094–117.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Jellinger KA, Janetzky B, Attems J, Kienzl E. Biomarkers for early diagnosis of Alzheimer disease: ‘ALZheimer ASsociated gene’–a new blood biomarker? J Cell Mol Med. 2008;12(4):1094–117.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Freudenberg JA, Bembas K, Greene MI, Zhang H. Non-invasive, ultra-sensitive, high-throughput assays to quantify rare biomarkers in the blood. Methods. 2008;46(1):33–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Freudenberg JA, Bembas K, Greene MI, Zhang H. Non-invasive, ultra-sensitive, high-throughput assays to quantify rare biomarkers in the blood. Methods. 2008;46(1):33–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Takeda S, Sato N, Uchio-Yamada K, Sawada K, Kunieda T, Takeuchi D, et al. Elevation of plasma beta-amyloid level by glucose loading in Alzheimer mouse models. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2009;385(2):193–7.PubMedCrossRef Takeda S, Sato N, Uchio-Yamada K, Sawada K, Kunieda T, Takeuchi D, et al. Elevation of plasma beta-amyloid level by glucose loading in Alzheimer mouse models. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2009;385(2):193–7.PubMedCrossRef
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Laske C, Leyhe T, Stransky E, Hoffmann N, Fallgatter AJ, Dietzsch J. Identification of a blood-based biomarker panel for classification of Alzheimer’s disease. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2011;14(9):1147–55.PubMedCrossRef Laske C, Leyhe T, Stransky E, Hoffmann N, Fallgatter AJ, Dietzsch J. Identification of a blood-based biomarker panel for classification of Alzheimer’s disease. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2011;14(9):1147–55.PubMedCrossRef
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Meng X, Li T, Wang X, Lv X, Sun Z, Zhang J, et al. Association between increased levels of amyloid-beta oligomers in plasma and episodic memory loss in Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2019;11(1):89.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Meng X, Li T, Wang X, Lv X, Sun Z, Zhang J, et al. Association between increased levels of amyloid-beta oligomers in plasma and episodic memory loss in Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2019;11(1):89.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Cheng S, Banerjee S, Daiello LA, Nakashima A, Jash S, Huang Z, et al. Novel blood test for early biomarkers of preeclampsia and Alzheimer’s disease. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):15934.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Cheng S, Banerjee S, Daiello LA, Nakashima A, Jash S, Huang Z, et al. Novel blood test for early biomarkers of preeclampsia and Alzheimer’s disease. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):15934.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Sadigh G, Applegate KE, Saindane AM. Prevalence of unanticipated events associated with MRI examinations: a benchmark for MRI quality, safety, and patient experience. J Am Coll Radiol. 2017;14(6):765–72.PubMedCrossRef Sadigh G, Applegate KE, Saindane AM. Prevalence of unanticipated events associated with MRI examinations: a benchmark for MRI quality, safety, and patient experience. J Am Coll Radiol. 2017;14(6):765–72.PubMedCrossRef
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Duits FH, Martinez-Lage P, Paquet C, Engelborghs S, Lleo A, Hausner L, et al. Performance and complications of lumbar puncture in memory clinics: results of the multicenter lumbar puncture feasibility study. Alzheimers Dement. 2016;12(2):154–63.PubMedCrossRef Duits FH, Martinez-Lage P, Paquet C, Engelborghs S, Lleo A, Hausner L, et al. Performance and complications of lumbar puncture in memory clinics: results of the multicenter lumbar puncture feasibility study. Alzheimers Dement. 2016;12(2):154–63.PubMedCrossRef
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Prakash N, Caspell-Garcia C, Coffey C, Siderowf A, Tanner CM, Kieburtz K, et al. Feasibility and safety of lumbar puncture in the Parkinson’s disease research participants: Parkinson’s Progression Marker Initiative (PPMI). Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2019;62:201–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Prakash N, Caspell-Garcia C, Coffey C, Siderowf A, Tanner CM, Kieburtz K, et al. Feasibility and safety of lumbar puncture in the Parkinson’s disease research participants: Parkinson’s Progression Marker Initiative (PPMI). Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2019;62:201–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Howell JC, Parker MW, Watts KD, Kollhoff A, Tsvetkova DZ, Hu WT. Research lumbar punctures among African Americans and Caucasians: perception predicts experience. Front Aging Neurosci. 2016;8:296.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Howell JC, Parker MW, Watts KD, Kollhoff A, Tsvetkova DZ, Hu WT. Research lumbar punctures among African Americans and Caucasians: perception predicts experience. Front Aging Neurosci. 2016;8:296.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Peskind ER, Riekse R, Quinn JF, Kaye J, Clark CM, Farlow MR, et al. Safety and acceptability of the research lumbar puncture. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2005;19(4):220–5.PubMedCrossRef Peskind ER, Riekse R, Quinn JF, Kaye J, Clark CM, Farlow MR, et al. Safety and acceptability of the research lumbar puncture. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2005;19(4):220–5.PubMedCrossRef
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Hampel H, Shaw LM, Aisen P, Chen C, Lleo A, Iwatsubo T, et al. State-of-the-art of lumbar puncture and its place in the journey of patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2022;18(1):159–77.PubMedCrossRef Hampel H, Shaw LM, Aisen P, Chen C, Lleo A, Iwatsubo T, et al. State-of-the-art of lumbar puncture and its place in the journey of patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2022;18(1):159–77.PubMedCrossRef
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Russo RJ, Costa HS, Silva PD, Anderson JL, Arshad A, Biederman RW, et al. Assessing the risks associated with MRI in patients with a pacemaker or defibrillator. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(8):755–64.PubMedCrossRef Russo RJ, Costa HS, Silva PD, Anderson JL, Arshad A, Biederman RW, et al. Assessing the risks associated with MRI in patients with a pacemaker or defibrillator. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(8):755–64.PubMedCrossRef
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Padmanabhan D, Kella DK, Mehta R, Kapa S, Deshmukh A, Mulpuru S, et al. Safety of magnetic resonance imaging in patients with legacy pacemakers and defibrillators and abandoned leads. Heart Rhythm. 2018;15(2):228–33.PubMedCrossRef Padmanabhan D, Kella DK, Mehta R, Kapa S, Deshmukh A, Mulpuru S, et al. Safety of magnetic resonance imaging in patients with legacy pacemakers and defibrillators and abandoned leads. Heart Rhythm. 2018;15(2):228–33.PubMedCrossRef
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Fluschnik N, Tahir E, Erley J, Mullerleile K, Metzner A, Wenzel JP, et al. 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices: a single centre experience. Europace. 2022. Fluschnik N, Tahir E, Erley J, Mullerleile K, Metzner A, Wenzel JP, et al. 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices: a single centre experience. Europace. 2022.
91.
Zurück zum Zitat Aissani S, Laistler E, Felblinger J. MR safety assessment of active implantable medical devices. Radiologe. 2019;59(Suppl 1):40–5.PubMedCrossRef Aissani S, Laistler E, Felblinger J. MR safety assessment of active implantable medical devices. Radiologe. 2019;59(Suppl 1):40–5.PubMedCrossRef
92.
Zurück zum Zitat Diehn FE, Wood CP, Watson RE Jr, Mauck WD, Burke MM, Hunt CH. Clinical safety of magnetic resonance imaging in patients with implanted SynchroMed EL infusion pumps. Neuroradiology. 2011;53(2):117–22.PubMedCrossRef Diehn FE, Wood CP, Watson RE Jr, Mauck WD, Burke MM, Hunt CH. Clinical safety of magnetic resonance imaging in patients with implanted SynchroMed EL infusion pumps. Neuroradiology. 2011;53(2):117–22.PubMedCrossRef
93.
Zurück zum Zitat De Andres J, Villanueva V, Palmisani S, Cerda-Olmedo G, Lopez-Alarcon MD, Monsalve V, et al. The safety of magnetic resonance imaging in patients with programmable implanted intrathecal drug delivery systems: a 3-year prospective study. Anesth Analg. 2011;112(5):1124–9.PubMedCrossRef De Andres J, Villanueva V, Palmisani S, Cerda-Olmedo G, Lopez-Alarcon MD, Monsalve V, et al. The safety of magnetic resonance imaging in patients with programmable implanted intrathecal drug delivery systems: a 3-year prospective study. Anesth Analg. 2011;112(5):1124–9.PubMedCrossRef
94.
Zurück zum Zitat Reiss AL, Jo B, Arbelaez AM, Tsalikian E, Buckingham B, Weinzimer SA, et al. A Pilot randomized trial to examine effects of a hybrid closed-loop insulin delivery system on neurodevelopmental and cognitive outcomes in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Nat Commun. 2022;13(1):4940.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Reiss AL, Jo B, Arbelaez AM, Tsalikian E, Buckingham B, Weinzimer SA, et al. A Pilot randomized trial to examine effects of a hybrid closed-loop insulin delivery system on neurodevelopmental and cognitive outcomes in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Nat Commun. 2022;13(1):4940.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
95.
Zurück zum Zitat Wheelock KM, Ross JS, Murugiah K, Lin Z, Krumholz HM, Khera R. Clinician trends in prescribing direct oral anticoagulants for US Medicare beneficiaries. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(12):e2137288.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Wheelock KM, Ross JS, Murugiah K, Lin Z, Krumholz HM, Khera R. Clinician trends in prescribing direct oral anticoagulants for US Medicare beneficiaries. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(12):e2137288.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
96.
Zurück zum Zitat Shiyovich A, Shalev V, Chodick G, Tirosh M, Katz A, Klar MM, et al. Shifting from vitamin K antagonists to non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation: predictors, patterns and temporal trends. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2021;21(1):493.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Shiyovich A, Shalev V, Chodick G, Tirosh M, Katz A, Klar MM, et al. Shifting from vitamin K antagonists to non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation: predictors, patterns and temporal trends. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2021;21(1):493.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
97.
Zurück zum Zitat Span P. A brain scan may predict Alzheimer’s. Should you get one? New York Times; 2019. Span P. A brain scan may predict Alzheimer’s. Should you get one? New York Times; 2019.
98.
Zurück zum Zitat Guo S, Getsios D, Hernandez L, Cho K, Lawler E, Altincatal A, et al. Florbetaben PET in the early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: a discrete event simulation to explore its potential value and key data gaps. Int J Alzheimers Dis. 2012;2012:548157.PubMedPubMedCentral Guo S, Getsios D, Hernandez L, Cho K, Lawler E, Altincatal A, et al. Florbetaben PET in the early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: a discrete event simulation to explore its potential value and key data gaps. Int J Alzheimers Dis. 2012;2012:548157.PubMedPubMedCentral
99.
Zurück zum Zitat Hornberger J, Bae J, Watson I, Johnston J, Happich M. Clinical and cost implications of amyloid beta detection with amyloid beta positron emission tomography imaging in early Alzheimer’s disease - the case of florbetapir. Curr Med Res Opin. 2017;33(4):675–85.PubMedCrossRef Hornberger J, Bae J, Watson I, Johnston J, Happich M. Clinical and cost implications of amyloid beta detection with amyloid beta positron emission tomography imaging in early Alzheimer’s disease - the case of florbetapir. Curr Med Res Opin. 2017;33(4):675–85.PubMedCrossRef
100.
Zurück zum Zitat Hornberger J, Michalopoulos S, Dai M, Andrade P, Dilla T, Happich M. Cost-effectiveness of florbetapir-PET in Alzheimer’s disease: a Spanish societal perspective. J Ment Health Policy Econ. 2015;18(2):63–73.PubMed Hornberger J, Michalopoulos S, Dai M, Andrade P, Dilla T, Happich M. Cost-effectiveness of florbetapir-PET in Alzheimer’s disease: a Spanish societal perspective. J Ment Health Policy Econ. 2015;18(2):63–73.PubMed
101.
Zurück zum Zitat Lee YS, Youn H, Jeong HG, Lee TJ, Han JW, Park JH, et al. Cost-effectiveness of using amyloid positron emission tomography in individuals with mild cognitive impairment. Cost Eff Resour Alloc. 2021;19(1):50.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Lee YS, Youn H, Jeong HG, Lee TJ, Han JW, Park JH, et al. Cost-effectiveness of using amyloid positron emission tomography in individuals with mild cognitive impairment. Cost Eff Resour Alloc. 2021;19(1):50.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
102.
Zurück zum Zitat Albert MS, DeKosky ST, Dickson D, Dubois B, Feldman HH, Fox NC, et al. The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer’s disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2011;7(3):270–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Albert MS, DeKosky ST, Dickson D, Dubois B, Feldman HH, Fox NC, et al. The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer’s disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2011;7(3):270–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
103.
Zurück zum Zitat McKhann GM, Knopman DS, Chertkow H, Hyman BT, Jack CR Jr, Kawas CH, et al. The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2011;7(3):263–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef McKhann GM, Knopman DS, Chertkow H, Hyman BT, Jack CR Jr, Kawas CH, et al. The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2011;7(3):263–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
104.
Zurück zum Zitat Howell JC, Watts KD, Parker MW, Wu J, Kollhoff A, Wingo TS, et al. Race modifies the relationship between cognition and Alzheimer’s disease cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2017;9(1):88.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Howell JC, Watts KD, Parker MW, Wu J, Kollhoff A, Wingo TS, et al. Race modifies the relationship between cognition and Alzheimer’s disease cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2017;9(1):88.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
105.
Zurück zum Zitat Morris JC, Schindler SE, McCue LM, Moulder KL, Benzinger TLS, Cruchaga C, et al. Assessment of racial disparities in biomarkers for Alzheimer disease. JAMA Neurol. 2019;76(3):264–73.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Morris JC, Schindler SE, McCue LM, Moulder KL, Benzinger TLS, Cruchaga C, et al. Assessment of racial disparities in biomarkers for Alzheimer disease. JAMA Neurol. 2019;76(3):264–73.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
106.
Zurück zum Zitat Wharton W, Kollhoff AL, Gangishetti U, Verble DD, Upadhya S, Zetterberg H, et al. Interleukin 9 alterations linked to alzheimer disease in african americans. Ann Neurol. 2019;86(3):407–18.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Wharton W, Kollhoff AL, Gangishetti U, Verble DD, Upadhya S, Zetterberg H, et al. Interleukin 9 alterations linked to alzheimer disease in african americans. Ann Neurol. 2019;86(3):407–18.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
107.
Zurück zum Zitat Misiura MB, Howell JC, Wu J, Qiu D, Parker MW, Turner JA, et al. Race modifies default mode connectivity in Alzheimer’s disease. Transl Neurodegener. 2020;9:8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Misiura MB, Howell JC, Wu J, Qiu D, Parker MW, Turner JA, et al. Race modifies default mode connectivity in Alzheimer’s disease. Transl Neurodegener. 2020;9:8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
108.
Zurück zum Zitat McGregor J. Racial, ethnic, and tribal classifications in biomedical research with biological and group harm. Am J Bioeth. 2010;10(9):23–4.PubMedCrossRef McGregor J. Racial, ethnic, and tribal classifications in biomedical research with biological and group harm. Am J Bioeth. 2010;10(9):23–4.PubMedCrossRef
109.
Zurück zum Zitat Fullerton SM, Lee SS. Secondary uses and the governance of de-identified data: lessons from the human genome diversity panel. BMC Med Ethics. 2011;12:16.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Fullerton SM, Lee SS. Secondary uses and the governance of de-identified data: lessons from the human genome diversity panel. BMC Med Ethics. 2011;12:16.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
110.
Zurück zum Zitat ASHG denounces attempts to link genetics and racial supremacy. Am J Hum Genet. 2018;103(5):636. ASHG denounces attempts to link genetics and racial supremacy. Am J Hum Genet. 2018;103(5):636.
111.
Zurück zum Zitat Hu H, Meng L, Bi YL, Zhang W, Xu W, Shen XN, et al. Tau pathologies mediate the association of blood pressure with cognitive impairment in adults without dementia: the CABLE study. Alzheimers Dement. 2022;18(1):53–64.PubMedCrossRef Hu H, Meng L, Bi YL, Zhang W, Xu W, Shen XN, et al. Tau pathologies mediate the association of blood pressure with cognitive impairment in adults without dementia: the CABLE study. Alzheimers Dement. 2022;18(1):53–64.PubMedCrossRef
112.
Zurück zum Zitat Hou XH, Xu W, Bi YL, Shen XN, Ma YH, Dong Q, et al. Associations of healthy lifestyles with cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease pathology in cognitively intact older adults: the CABLE study. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2021;13(1):81.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Hou XH, Xu W, Bi YL, Shen XN, Ma YH, Dong Q, et al. Associations of healthy lifestyles with cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease pathology in cognitively intact older adults: the CABLE study. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2021;13(1):81.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
113.
Zurück zum Zitat Babapour Mofrad R, Tijms BM, Scheltens P, Barkhof F, van der Flier WM, Sikkes SAM, et al. Sex differences in CSF biomarkers vary by Alzheimer disease stage and APOE epsilon4 genotype. Neurology. 2020;95(17):e2378–88.PubMedCrossRef Babapour Mofrad R, Tijms BM, Scheltens P, Barkhof F, van der Flier WM, Sikkes SAM, et al. Sex differences in CSF biomarkers vary by Alzheimer disease stage and APOE epsilon4 genotype. Neurology. 2020;95(17):e2378–88.PubMedCrossRef
114.
Zurück zum Zitat Saunders TS, Jenkins N, Blennow K, Ritchie C, Muniz-Terrera G. Interactions between apolipoprotein E, sex, and amyloid-beta on cerebrospinal fluid p-tau levels in the European prevention of Alzheimer’s dementia longitudinal cohort study (EPAD LCS). EBioMedicine. 2022;83:104241.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Saunders TS, Jenkins N, Blennow K, Ritchie C, Muniz-Terrera G. Interactions between apolipoprotein E, sex, and amyloid-beta on cerebrospinal fluid p-tau levels in the European prevention of Alzheimer’s dementia longitudinal cohort study (EPAD LCS). EBioMedicine. 2022;83:104241.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
116.
Zurück zum Zitat Sankar PL, Parker LS. The Precision Medicine Initiative’s All of Us Research Program: an agenda for research on its ethical, legal, and social issues. Genet Med. 2017;19(7):743–50.PubMedCrossRef Sankar PL, Parker LS. The Precision Medicine Initiative’s All of Us Research Program: an agenda for research on its ethical, legal, and social issues. Genet Med. 2017;19(7):743–50.PubMedCrossRef
118.
Zurück zum Zitat Gulliford M, Figueroa-Munoz J, Morgan M, Hughes D, Gibson B, Beech R, et al. What does ‘access to health care’ mean? J Health Serv Res Policy. 2002;7(3):186–8.PubMedCrossRef Gulliford M, Figueroa-Munoz J, Morgan M, Hughes D, Gibson B, Beech R, et al. What does ‘access to health care’ mean? J Health Serv Res Policy. 2002;7(3):186–8.PubMedCrossRef
120.
Zurück zum Zitat Mattke S, Hanson M. Expected wait times for access to a disease-modifying Alzheimer’s treatment in the United States. Alzheimers Dement. 2022;18(5):1071–4.PubMedCrossRef Mattke S, Hanson M. Expected wait times for access to a disease-modifying Alzheimer’s treatment in the United States. Alzheimers Dement. 2022;18(5):1071–4.PubMedCrossRef
121.
Zurück zum Zitat Knopman DS, DeKosky ST, Cummings JL, Chui H, Corey-Bloom J, Relkin N, et al. Practice parameter: diagnosis of dementia (an evidence-based review). Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2001;56(9):1143–53.PubMedCrossRef Knopman DS, DeKosky ST, Cummings JL, Chui H, Corey-Bloom J, Relkin N, et al. Practice parameter: diagnosis of dementia (an evidence-based review). Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2001;56(9):1143–53.PubMedCrossRef
122.
Zurück zum Zitat Liu CC, Liu CH, Sun Y, Lee HJ, Tang LY, Chiu MJ. Rural-urban disparities in the prevalence of mild cognitive impairment and dementia in Taiwan: a door-to-door nationwide study. J Epidemiol. 2022;32(11):502–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Liu CC, Liu CH, Sun Y, Lee HJ, Tang LY, Chiu MJ. Rural-urban disparities in the prevalence of mild cognitive impairment and dementia in Taiwan: a door-to-door nationwide study. J Epidemiol. 2022;32(11):502–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
123.
Zurück zum Zitat Lopez Ricardo Y, Reyes Zamora MC, Perodin Hernandez J, Rodriguez MC. Prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease in rural and urban areas in Cuba and factors influencing on its occurrence: epidemiological cross-sectional protocol. BMJ Open. 2022;12(11):e052704.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Lopez Ricardo Y, Reyes Zamora MC, Perodin Hernandez J, Rodriguez MC. Prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease in rural and urban areas in Cuba and factors influencing on its occurrence: epidemiological cross-sectional protocol. BMJ Open. 2022;12(11):e052704.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
124.
Zurück zum Zitat Rahman M, White EM, Mills C, Thomas KS, Jutkowitz E. Rural-urban differences in diagnostic incidence and prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias. Alzheimers Dement. 2021;17(7):1213–30.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Rahman M, White EM, Mills C, Thomas KS, Jutkowitz E. Rural-urban differences in diagnostic incidence and prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias. Alzheimers Dement. 2021;17(7):1213–30.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
125.
Zurück zum Zitat Abner EL, Jicha GA, Christian WJ, Schreurs BG. Rural-urban differences in Alzheimer’s disease and related disorders diagnostic prevalence in Kentucky and West Virginia. J Rural Health. 2016;32(3):314–20.PubMedCrossRef Abner EL, Jicha GA, Christian WJ, Schreurs BG. Rural-urban differences in Alzheimer’s disease and related disorders diagnostic prevalence in Kentucky and West Virginia. J Rural Health. 2016;32(3):314–20.PubMedCrossRef
126.
127.
Zurück zum Zitat Rhew SH, Jacklin K, Bright P, McCarty C, Henning-Smith C, Warry W. Rural health disparities in health care utilization for dementia in Minnesota. J Rural Health. 2022. Rhew SH, Jacklin K, Bright P, McCarty C, Henning-Smith C, Warry W. Rural health disparities in health care utilization for dementia in Minnesota. J Rural Health. 2022.
128.
Zurück zum Zitat O’Hanlon CE, Kranz AM, DeYoreo M, Mahmud A, Damberg CL, Timbie J. Access, quality, and financial performance of rural hospitals following health system affiliation. Health Aff (Millwood). 2019;38(12):2095–104.PubMedCrossRef O’Hanlon CE, Kranz AM, DeYoreo M, Mahmud A, Damberg CL, Timbie J. Access, quality, and financial performance of rural hospitals following health system affiliation. Health Aff (Millwood). 2019;38(12):2095–104.PubMedCrossRef
129.
Zurück zum Zitat Khaliq AA, Nsiah E, Bilal NH, Hughes DR, Duszak R Jr. The scope and distribution of imaging services at critical access hospitals. J Am Coll Radiol. 2014;11(9):857–62.PubMedCrossRef Khaliq AA, Nsiah E, Bilal NH, Hughes DR, Duszak R Jr. The scope and distribution of imaging services at critical access hospitals. J Am Coll Radiol. 2014;11(9):857–62.PubMedCrossRef
130.
Zurück zum Zitat Mukendi D, Kalo JL, Kayembe T, Lutumba P, Barbe B, Gillet P, et al. Where there is no brain imaging: safety and diagnostic value of lumbar puncture in patients with neurological disorders in a rural hospital of Central Africa. J Neurol Sci. 2018;393:72–9.PubMedCrossRef Mukendi D, Kalo JL, Kayembe T, Lutumba P, Barbe B, Gillet P, et al. Where there is no brain imaging: safety and diagnostic value of lumbar puncture in patients with neurological disorders in a rural hospital of Central Africa. J Neurol Sci. 2018;393:72–9.PubMedCrossRef
131.
Zurück zum Zitat Vecchio AC, Williams DW, Xu Y, Yu D, Saylor D, Lofgren S, et al. Sex-specific associations between cerebrospinal fluid inflammatory marker levels and cognitive function in antiretroviral treated people living with HIV in rural Uganda. Brain Behav Immun. 2021;93:111–8.PubMedCrossRef Vecchio AC, Williams DW, Xu Y, Yu D, Saylor D, Lofgren S, et al. Sex-specific associations between cerebrospinal fluid inflammatory marker levels and cognitive function in antiretroviral treated people living with HIV in rural Uganda. Brain Behav Immun. 2021;93:111–8.PubMedCrossRef
132.
Zurück zum Zitat Joshi R, Mishra PK, Joshi D, Santhosh SR, Parida MM, Desikan P, et al. Clinical presentation, etiology, and survival in adult acute encephalitis syndrome in rural Central India. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2013;115(9):1753–61.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Joshi R, Mishra PK, Joshi D, Santhosh SR, Parida MM, Desikan P, et al. Clinical presentation, etiology, and survival in adult acute encephalitis syndrome in rural Central India. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2013;115(9):1753–61.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
133.
Zurück zum Zitat Sall O, Thulin Hedberg S, Neander M, Tiwari S, Dornon L, Bom R, et al. Etiology of central nervous system infections in a rural area of Nepal using molecular approaches. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2019;101(1):253–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Sall O, Thulin Hedberg S, Neander M, Tiwari S, Dornon L, Bom R, et al. Etiology of central nervous system infections in a rural area of Nepal using molecular approaches. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2019;101(1):253–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
134.
Zurück zum Zitat Waymack JR, Markwell S, Milbrandt JC, Clark TR. Comparison of rates of emergency department procedures and critical diagnoses in metropolitan and rural hospitals. Rural Remote Health. 2015;15(4):3298.PubMed Waymack JR, Markwell S, Milbrandt JC, Clark TR. Comparison of rates of emergency department procedures and critical diagnoses in metropolitan and rural hospitals. Rural Remote Health. 2015;15(4):3298.PubMed
135.
Zurück zum Zitat Wu X, Kalra VB, Forman HP, Malhotra A. Cost-effectiveness analysis of CTA and LP for evaluation of suspected SAH after negative non-contrast CT. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2016;142:104–11.PubMedCrossRef Wu X, Kalra VB, Forman HP, Malhotra A. Cost-effectiveness analysis of CTA and LP for evaluation of suspected SAH after negative non-contrast CT. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2016;142:104–11.PubMedCrossRef
136.
Zurück zum Zitat Kozikowski BA, Burt TM, Tirey DA, Williams LE, Kuzmak BR, Stanton DT, et al. The effect of freeze/thaw cycles on the stability of compounds in DMSO. J Biomol Screen. 2003;8(2):210–5.PubMedCrossRef Kozikowski BA, Burt TM, Tirey DA, Williams LE, Kuzmak BR, Stanton DT, et al. The effect of freeze/thaw cycles on the stability of compounds in DMSO. J Biomol Screen. 2003;8(2):210–5.PubMedCrossRef
137.
Zurück zum Zitat Francis CA, Hector MP, Proctor GB. Precipitation of specific proteins by freeze-thawing of human saliva. Arch Oral Biol. 2000;45(7):601–6.PubMedCrossRef Francis CA, Hector MP, Proctor GB. Precipitation of specific proteins by freeze-thawing of human saliva. Arch Oral Biol. 2000;45(7):601–6.PubMedCrossRef
138.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen F, Ye J, Chio C, Liu W, Shi J, Qin W. A simplified quick microbial genomic DNA extraction via freeze-thawing cycles. Mol Biol Rep. 2020;47(1):703–9.PubMedCrossRef Chen F, Ye J, Chio C, Liu W, Shi J, Qin W. A simplified quick microbial genomic DNA extraction via freeze-thawing cycles. Mol Biol Rep. 2020;47(1):703–9.PubMedCrossRef
139.
Zurück zum Zitat Falk RT, Rossi SC, Fears TR, Sepkovic DW, Migella A, Adlercreutz H, et al. A new ELISA kit for measuring urinary 2-hydroxyestrone, 16alpha-hydroxyestrone, and their ratio: reproducibility, validity, and assay performance after freeze-thaw cycling and preservation by boric acid. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2000;9(1):81–7.PubMed Falk RT, Rossi SC, Fears TR, Sepkovic DW, Migella A, Adlercreutz H, et al. A new ELISA kit for measuring urinary 2-hydroxyestrone, 16alpha-hydroxyestrone, and their ratio: reproducibility, validity, and assay performance after freeze-thaw cycling and preservation by boric acid. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2000;9(1):81–7.PubMed
140.
Zurück zum Zitat Ellington AA, Kullo IJ, Bailey KR, Klee GG. Measurement and quality control issues in multiplex protein assays: a case study. Clin Chem. 2009;55(6):1092–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Ellington AA, Kullo IJ, Bailey KR, Klee GG. Measurement and quality control issues in multiplex protein assays: a case study. Clin Chem. 2009;55(6):1092–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
141.
Zurück zum Zitat Schoonenboom NS, Mulder C, Vanderstichele H, Van Elk EJ, Kok A, Van Kamp GJ, et al. Effects of processing and storage conditions on amyloid beta (1–42) and tau concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid: implications for use in clinical practice. Clin Chem. 2005;51(1):189–95.PubMedCrossRef Schoonenboom NS, Mulder C, Vanderstichele H, Van Elk EJ, Kok A, Van Kamp GJ, et al. Effects of processing and storage conditions on amyloid beta (1–42) and tau concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid: implications for use in clinical practice. Clin Chem. 2005;51(1):189–95.PubMedCrossRef
142.
Zurück zum Zitat Piguet O, Petersen A, Yin Ka Lam B, Gabery S, Murphy K, Hodges JR, et al. Eating and hypothalamus changes in behavioral-variant frontotemporal dementia. Ann Neurol. 2011;69(2):312–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Piguet O, Petersen A, Yin Ka Lam B, Gabery S, Murphy K, Hodges JR, et al. Eating and hypothalamus changes in behavioral-variant frontotemporal dementia. Ann Neurol. 2011;69(2):312–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
143.
Zurück zum Zitat Hu WT, Howell JC, Ozturk T, Gangishetti U, Kollhoff AL, Hatcher-Martin JM, et al. CSF cytokines in aging, multiple sclerosis, and dementia. Front Immunol. 2019;10:480.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Hu WT, Howell JC, Ozturk T, Gangishetti U, Kollhoff AL, Hatcher-Martin JM, et al. CSF cytokines in aging, multiple sclerosis, and dementia. Front Immunol. 2019;10:480.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
144.
Zurück zum Zitat Hu WT, Ozturk T, Kollhoff A, Wharton W, Christina Howell J. Alzheimer’s disease neuroimaging I. Higher CSF sTNFR1-related proteins associate with better prognosis in very early Alzheimer’s disease. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):4001.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Hu WT, Ozturk T, Kollhoff A, Wharton W, Christina Howell J. Alzheimer’s disease neuroimaging I. Higher CSF sTNFR1-related proteins associate with better prognosis in very early Alzheimer’s disease. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):4001.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
145.
Zurück zum Zitat Niedzwiecki MM, Walker DI, Howell JC, Watts KD, Jones DP, Miller GW, et al. High-resolution metabolomic profiling of Alzheimer’s disease in plasma. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2020;7(1):36–45.PubMedCrossRef Niedzwiecki MM, Walker DI, Howell JC, Watts KD, Jones DP, Miller GW, et al. High-resolution metabolomic profiling of Alzheimer’s disease in plasma. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2020;7(1):36–45.PubMedCrossRef
146.
Zurück zum Zitat Klener J, Hofbauerova K, Bartos A, Ricny J, Ripova D, Kopecky V. Instability of cerebrospinal fluid after delayed storage and repeated freezing: a holistic study by drop coating deposition Raman spectroscopy. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2014;52(5):657–64.PubMedCrossRef Klener J, Hofbauerova K, Bartos A, Ricny J, Ripova D, Kopecky V. Instability of cerebrospinal fluid after delayed storage and repeated freezing: a holistic study by drop coating deposition Raman spectroscopy. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2014;52(5):657–64.PubMedCrossRef
147.
Zurück zum Zitat Fraser S, Fleener C, Ogborne K, Soderstrom C. When close is not close enough: a comparison of endogenous and recombinant biomarker stability samples. Bioanalysis. 2015;7(11). Fraser S, Fleener C, Ogborne K, Soderstrom C. When close is not close enough: a comparison of endogenous and recombinant biomarker stability samples. Bioanalysis. 2015;7(11).
148.
Zurück zum Zitat Verberk IMW, Misdorp EO, Koelewijn J, Ball AJ, Blennow K, Dage JL, et al. Characterization of pre-analytical sample handling effects on a panel of Alzheimer’s disease-related blood-based biomarkers: results from the Standardization of Alzheimer’s Blood Biomarkers (SABB) working group. Alzheimers Dement. 2022;18(8):1484–97.PubMedCrossRef Verberk IMW, Misdorp EO, Koelewijn J, Ball AJ, Blennow K, Dage JL, et al. Characterization of pre-analytical sample handling effects on a panel of Alzheimer’s disease-related blood-based biomarkers: results from the Standardization of Alzheimer’s Blood Biomarkers (SABB) working group. Alzheimers Dement. 2022;18(8):1484–97.PubMedCrossRef
149.
Zurück zum Zitat Gervaise-Henry C, Watfa G, Albuisson E, Kolodziej A, Dousset B, Olivier JL, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid Abeta42/Abeta40 as a means to limiting tube- and storage-dependent pre-analytical variability in clinical setting. J Alzheimers Dis. 2017;57(2):437–45.PubMedCrossRef Gervaise-Henry C, Watfa G, Albuisson E, Kolodziej A, Dousset B, Olivier JL, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid Abeta42/Abeta40 as a means to limiting tube- and storage-dependent pre-analytical variability in clinical setting. J Alzheimers Dis. 2017;57(2):437–45.PubMedCrossRef
150.
Zurück zum Zitat Liu HC, Chiu MJ, Lin CH, Yang SY. Stability of plasma amyloid-beta 1–40, amyloid-beta 1–42, and total tau protein over repeated freeze/thaw cycles. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra. 2020;10(1):46–55.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Liu HC, Chiu MJ, Lin CH, Yang SY. Stability of plasma amyloid-beta 1–40, amyloid-beta 1–42, and total tau protein over repeated freeze/thaw cycles. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra. 2020;10(1):46–55.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
151.
Zurück zum Zitat Ashton NJ, Suarez-Calvet M, Karikari TK, Lantero-Rodriguez J, Snellman A, Sauer M, et al. Effects of pre-analytical procedures on blood biomarkers for Alzheimer’s pathophysiology, glial activation, and neurodegeneration. Alzheimers Dement (Amst). 2021;13(1):e12168.PubMedCrossRef Ashton NJ, Suarez-Calvet M, Karikari TK, Lantero-Rodriguez J, Snellman A, Sauer M, et al. Effects of pre-analytical procedures on blood biomarkers for Alzheimer’s pathophysiology, glial activation, and neurodegeneration. Alzheimers Dement (Amst). 2021;13(1):e12168.PubMedCrossRef
152.
Zurück zum Zitat Keshavan A, Heslegrave A, Zetterberg H, Schott JM. Stability of blood-based biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease over multiple freeze-thaw cycles. Alzheimers Dement (Amst). 2018;10:448–51.PubMedCrossRef Keshavan A, Heslegrave A, Zetterberg H, Schott JM. Stability of blood-based biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease over multiple freeze-thaw cycles. Alzheimers Dement (Amst). 2018;10:448–51.PubMedCrossRef
153.
Zurück zum Zitat Diaz-Ortiz ME, Seo Y, Posavi M, Carceles Cordon M, Clark E, Jain N, et al. GPNMB confers risk for Parkinson’s disease through interaction with alpha-synuclein. Science. 2022;377(6608):eabk0637.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Diaz-Ortiz ME, Seo Y, Posavi M, Carceles Cordon M, Clark E, Jain N, et al. GPNMB confers risk for Parkinson’s disease through interaction with alpha-synuclein. Science. 2022;377(6608):eabk0637.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
154.
Zurück zum Zitat Abdi IY, Majbour NK, Willemse EAJ, van de Berg WDJ, Mollenhauer B, Teunissen CE, et al. Preanalytical stability of CSF total and oligomeric alpha-synuclein. Front Aging Neurosci. 2021;13:638718.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Abdi IY, Majbour NK, Willemse EAJ, van de Berg WDJ, Mollenhauer B, Teunissen CE, et al. Preanalytical stability of CSF total and oligomeric alpha-synuclein. Front Aging Neurosci. 2021;13:638718.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
155.
Zurück zum Zitat Numis AL, Fox CH, Lowenstein DJ, Norris PJ, Di Germanio C. Comparison of multiplex cytokine assays in a pediatric cohort with epilepsy. Heliyon. 2021;7(3):e06445.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Numis AL, Fox CH, Lowenstein DJ, Norris PJ, Di Germanio C. Comparison of multiplex cytokine assays in a pediatric cohort with epilepsy. Heliyon. 2021;7(3):e06445.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
156.
Zurück zum Zitat Ishigami J, Karger AB, Lutsey PL, Coresh J, Matsushita K. Stability of serum bone-mineral, kidney, and cardiac biomarkers after a freeze-thaw cycle: the ARIC study. Am J Epidemiol. 2022;191(3):534–7.PubMedCrossRef Ishigami J, Karger AB, Lutsey PL, Coresh J, Matsushita K. Stability of serum bone-mineral, kidney, and cardiac biomarkers after a freeze-thaw cycle: the ARIC study. Am J Epidemiol. 2022;191(3):534–7.PubMedCrossRef
157.
Zurück zum Zitat Haijes HA, Willemse EAJ, Gerrits J, van der Flier WM, Teunissen CE, Verhoeven-Duif NM, et al. Assessing the pre-analytical stability of small-molecule metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid using direct-infusion metabolomics. Metabolites. 2019;9(10). Haijes HA, Willemse EAJ, Gerrits J, van der Flier WM, Teunissen CE, Verhoeven-Duif NM, et al. Assessing the pre-analytical stability of small-molecule metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid using direct-infusion metabolomics. Metabolites. 2019;9(10).
158.
Zurück zum Zitat Schwieler L, Trepci A, Krzyzanowski S, Hermansson S, Granqvist M, Piehl F, et al. A novel, robust method for quantification of multiple kynurenine pathway metabolites in the cerebrospinal fluid. Bioanalysis. 2020;12(6):379–92.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Schwieler L, Trepci A, Krzyzanowski S, Hermansson S, Granqvist M, Piehl F, et al. A novel, robust method for quantification of multiple kynurenine pathway metabolites in the cerebrospinal fluid. Bioanalysis. 2020;12(6):379–92.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
159.
Zurück zum Zitat Hu WT, Watts KD, Shaw LM, Howell JC, Trojanowski JQ, Basra S, et al. CSF beta-amyloid 1–42 - what are we measuring in Alzheimer’s disease? Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2015;2(2):131–9.PubMedCrossRef Hu WT, Watts KD, Shaw LM, Howell JC, Trojanowski JQ, Basra S, et al. CSF beta-amyloid 1–42 - what are we measuring in Alzheimer’s disease? Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2015;2(2):131–9.PubMedCrossRef
160.
Zurück zum Zitat Gejl AK, Enevold C, Bugge A, Andersen MS, Nielsen CH, Andersen LB. Associations between serum and plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor and influence of storage time and centrifugation strategy. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):9655.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Gejl AK, Enevold C, Bugge A, Andersen MS, Nielsen CH, Andersen LB. Associations between serum and plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor and influence of storage time and centrifugation strategy. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):9655.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
161.
Zurück zum Zitat Wessels JM, Agarwal RK, Somani A, Verschoor CP, Agarwal SK, Foster WG. Factors affecting stability of plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):20232.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Wessels JM, Agarwal RK, Somani A, Verschoor CP, Agarwal SK, Foster WG. Factors affecting stability of plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):20232.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
162.
Zurück zum Zitat Mohamed M, Skolasky RL, Zhou Y, Ye W, Brasic JR, Brown A, et al. Beta-amyloid (Abeta) uptake by PET imaging in older HIV+ and HIV- individuals. J Neurovirol. 2020;26(3):382–90.PubMedCrossRef Mohamed M, Skolasky RL, Zhou Y, Ye W, Brasic JR, Brown A, et al. Beta-amyloid (Abeta) uptake by PET imaging in older HIV+ and HIV- individuals. J Neurovirol. 2020;26(3):382–90.PubMedCrossRef
163.
Zurück zum Zitat Stroffolini G, Guastamacchia G, Audagnotto S, Atzori C, Trunfio M, Nigra M, et al. Low cerebrospinal fluid amyloid-betaeta 1–42 in patients with tuberculous meningitis. BMC Neurol. 2021;21(1):449.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Stroffolini G, Guastamacchia G, Audagnotto S, Atzori C, Trunfio M, Nigra M, et al. Low cerebrospinal fluid amyloid-betaeta 1–42 in patients with tuberculous meningitis. BMC Neurol. 2021;21(1):449.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
164.
Zurück zum Zitat Verma S, Perry K, Razdan R, Howell JC, Dawson AL, Hu WT. CSF IL-8 associated with response to gene therapy in a case series of spinal muscular atrophy. Neurotherapeutics. 2022;1–9. Verma S, Perry K, Razdan R, Howell JC, Dawson AL, Hu WT. CSF IL-8 associated with response to gene therapy in a case series of spinal muscular atrophy. Neurotherapeutics. 2022;1–9.
165.
Zurück zum Zitat Campbell MC, Jackson JJ, Koller JM, Snyder AZ, Kotzbauer PT, Perlmutter JS. Proteinopathy and longitudinal changes in functional connectivity networks in Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2020;94(7):e718–28.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Campbell MC, Jackson JJ, Koller JM, Snyder AZ, Kotzbauer PT, Perlmutter JS. Proteinopathy and longitudinal changes in functional connectivity networks in Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2020;94(7):e718–28.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
166.
Zurück zum Zitat Campbell MC, Koller JM, Snyder AZ, Buddhala C, Kotzbauer PT, Perlmutter JS. CSF proteins and resting-state functional connectivity in Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2015;84(24):2413–21.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Campbell MC, Koller JM, Snyder AZ, Buddhala C, Kotzbauer PT, Perlmutter JS. CSF proteins and resting-state functional connectivity in Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2015;84(24):2413–21.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
167.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhou J, Greicius MD, Gennatas ED, Growdon ME, Jang JY, Rabinovici GD, et al. Divergent network connectivity changes in behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Brain. 2010;133(Pt 5):1352–67.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Zhou J, Greicius MD, Gennatas ED, Growdon ME, Jang JY, Rabinovici GD, et al. Divergent network connectivity changes in behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Brain. 2010;133(Pt 5):1352–67.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
168.
Zurück zum Zitat Greenberg BD, Pettigrew C, Soldan A, Wang J, Wang MC, Darrow JA, et al. CSF Alzheimer disease biomarkers: time-varying relationships with MCI symptom onset and associations with age, sex, and ApoE4. Neurology. 2022;99(15):e1640–50.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Greenberg BD, Pettigrew C, Soldan A, Wang J, Wang MC, Darrow JA, et al. CSF Alzheimer disease biomarkers: time-varying relationships with MCI symptom onset and associations with age, sex, and ApoE4. Neurology. 2022;99(15):e1640–50.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
169.
Zurück zum Zitat Blomberg M, Jensen M, Basun H, Lannfelt L, Wahlund LO. Cerebrospinal fluid tau levels increase with age in healthy individuals. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2001;12(2):127–32.PubMedCrossRef Blomberg M, Jensen M, Basun H, Lannfelt L, Wahlund LO. Cerebrospinal fluid tau levels increase with age in healthy individuals. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2001;12(2):127–32.PubMedCrossRef
170.
Zurück zum Zitat Lleo A, Alcolea D, Martinez-Lage P, Scheltens P, Parnetti L, Poirier J, et al. Longitudinal cerebrospinal fluid biomarker trajectories along the Alzheimer’s disease continuum in the BIOMARKAPD study. Alzheimers Dement. 2019;15(6):742–53.PubMedCrossRef Lleo A, Alcolea D, Martinez-Lage P, Scheltens P, Parnetti L, Poirier J, et al. Longitudinal cerebrospinal fluid biomarker trajectories along the Alzheimer’s disease continuum in the BIOMARKAPD study. Alzheimers Dement. 2019;15(6):742–53.PubMedCrossRef
171.
Zurück zum Zitat de Leon MJ, Pirraglia E, Osorio RS, Glodzik L, Saint-Louis L, Kim HJ, et al. The nonlinear relationship between cerebrospinal fluid Abeta42 and tau in preclinical Alzheimer’s disease. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(2):e0191240.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef de Leon MJ, Pirraglia E, Osorio RS, Glodzik L, Saint-Louis L, Kim HJ, et al. The nonlinear relationship between cerebrospinal fluid Abeta42 and tau in preclinical Alzheimer’s disease. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(2):e0191240.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
172.
Zurück zum Zitat Kunkle BW, Grenier-Boley B, Sims R, Bis JC, Damotte V, Naj AC, et al. Genetic meta-analysis of diagnosed Alzheimer’s disease identifies new risk loci and implicates Abeta, tau, immunity and lipid processing. Nat Genet. 2019;51(3):414–30.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kunkle BW, Grenier-Boley B, Sims R, Bis JC, Damotte V, Naj AC, et al. Genetic meta-analysis of diagnosed Alzheimer’s disease identifies new risk loci and implicates Abeta, tau, immunity and lipid processing. Nat Genet. 2019;51(3):414–30.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
173.
Zurück zum Zitat de Rojas I, Moreno-Grau S, Tesi N, Grenier-Boley B, Andrade V, Jansen IE, et al. Common variants in Alzheimer’s disease and risk stratification by polygenic risk scores. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):3417.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef de Rojas I, Moreno-Grau S, Tesi N, Grenier-Boley B, Andrade V, Jansen IE, et al. Common variants in Alzheimer’s disease and risk stratification by polygenic risk scores. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):3417.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
174.
Zurück zum Zitat Sariya S, Felsky D, Reyes-Dumeyer D, Lali R, Lantigua RA, Vardarajan B, et al. Polygenic risk score for Alzheimer’s disease in Caribbean Hispanics. Ann Neurol. 2021;90(3):366–76.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Sariya S, Felsky D, Reyes-Dumeyer D, Lali R, Lantigua RA, Vardarajan B, et al. Polygenic risk score for Alzheimer’s disease in Caribbean Hispanics. Ann Neurol. 2021;90(3):366–76.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
175.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhou X, Chen Y, Ip FCF, Lai NCH, Li YYT, Jiang Y, et al. Genetic and polygenic risk score analysis for Alzheimer’s disease in the Chinese population. Alzheimers Dement (Amst). 2020;12(1):e12074.PubMed Zhou X, Chen Y, Ip FCF, Lai NCH, Li YYT, Jiang Y, et al. Genetic and polygenic risk score analysis for Alzheimer’s disease in the Chinese population. Alzheimers Dement (Amst). 2020;12(1):e12074.PubMed
176.
Zurück zum Zitat Lachno DR, Evert BA, Vanderstichele H, Robertson M, Demattos RB, Konrad RJ, et al. Validation of assays for measurement of amyloid-beta peptides in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma specimens from patients with Alzheimer’s disease treated with solanezumab. J Alzheimers Dis. 2013;34(4):897–910.PubMedCrossRef Lachno DR, Evert BA, Vanderstichele H, Robertson M, Demattos RB, Konrad RJ, et al. Validation of assays for measurement of amyloid-beta peptides in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma specimens from patients with Alzheimer’s disease treated with solanezumab. J Alzheimers Dis. 2013;34(4):897–910.PubMedCrossRef
177.
Zurück zum Zitat Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Rinne JO, Salloway S, Wei J, Black R, et al. Effect of immunotherapy with bapineuzumab on cerebrospinal fluid biomarker levels in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol. 2012;69(8):1002–10.PubMedCrossRef Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Rinne JO, Salloway S, Wei J, Black R, et al. Effect of immunotherapy with bapineuzumab on cerebrospinal fluid biomarker levels in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol. 2012;69(8):1002–10.PubMedCrossRef
178.
Zurück zum Zitat Farlow M, Arnold SE, van Dyck CH, Aisen PS, Snider BJ, Porsteinsson AP, et al. Safety and biomarker effects of solanezumab in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2012;8(4):261–71.PubMedCrossRef Farlow M, Arnold SE, van Dyck CH, Aisen PS, Snider BJ, Porsteinsson AP, et al. Safety and biomarker effects of solanezumab in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2012;8(4):261–71.PubMedCrossRef
179.
Zurück zum Zitat Kennedy ME, Stamford AW, Chen X, Cox K, Cumming JN, Dockendorf MF, et al. The BACE1 inhibitor verubecestat (MK-8931) reduces CNS beta-amyloid in animal models and in Alzheimer’s disease patients. Sci Transl Med. 2016;8(363):363ra150.PubMedCrossRef Kennedy ME, Stamford AW, Chen X, Cox K, Cumming JN, Dockendorf MF, et al. The BACE1 inhibitor verubecestat (MK-8931) reduces CNS beta-amyloid in animal models and in Alzheimer’s disease patients. Sci Transl Med. 2016;8(363):363ra150.PubMedCrossRef
180.
Zurück zum Zitat Egan MF, Kost J, Tariot PN, Aisen PS, Cummings JL, Vellas B, et al. Randomized trial of verubecestat for mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(18):1691–703.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Egan MF, Kost J, Tariot PN, Aisen PS, Cummings JL, Vellas B, et al. Randomized trial of verubecestat for mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(18):1691–703.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
181.
Zurück zum Zitat Budd Haeberlein S, Aisen PS, Barkhof F, Chalkias S, Chen T, Cohen S, et al. Two randomized phase 3 studies of aducanumab in early Alzheimer’s disease. J Prev Alzheimers Dis. 2022;9(2):197–210.PubMed Budd Haeberlein S, Aisen PS, Barkhof F, Chalkias S, Chen T, Cohen S, et al. Two randomized phase 3 studies of aducanumab in early Alzheimer’s disease. J Prev Alzheimers Dis. 2022;9(2):197–210.PubMed
182.
Zurück zum Zitat Swanson CJ, Zhang Y, Dhadda S, Wang J, Kaplow J, Lai RYK, et al. A randomized, double-blind, phase 2b proof-of-concept clinical trial in early Alzheimer’s disease with lecanemab, an anti-Abeta protofibril antibody. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2021;13(1):80.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Swanson CJ, Zhang Y, Dhadda S, Wang J, Kaplow J, Lai RYK, et al. A randomized, double-blind, phase 2b proof-of-concept clinical trial in early Alzheimer’s disease with lecanemab, an anti-Abeta protofibril antibody. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2021;13(1):80.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
183.
Zurück zum Zitat van Dyck CH, Swanson CJ, Aisen P, Bateman RJ, Chen C, Gee M, et al. Lecanemab in early Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2022. van Dyck CH, Swanson CJ, Aisen P, Bateman RJ, Chen C, Gee M, et al. Lecanemab in early Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2022.
184.
Zurück zum Zitat Hu WT, Watts KD, Tailor P, Nguyen TP, Howell JC, Lee RC, et al. CSF complement 3 and factor H are staging biomarkers in Alzheimer’s disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2016;4:14.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Hu WT, Watts KD, Tailor P, Nguyen TP, Howell JC, Lee RC, et al. CSF complement 3 and factor H are staging biomarkers in Alzheimer’s disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2016;4:14.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
185.
Zurück zum Zitat Pillai JA, Khrestian M, Bena J, Leverenz JB, Bekris LM. Temporal ordering of inflammatory analytes sTNFR2 and sTREM2 in relation to Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers and clinical outcomes. Front Aging Neurosci. 2021;13:676744.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Pillai JA, Khrestian M, Bena J, Leverenz JB, Bekris LM. Temporal ordering of inflammatory analytes sTNFR2 and sTREM2 in relation to Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers and clinical outcomes. Front Aging Neurosci. 2021;13:676744.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
186.
Zurück zum Zitat Morenas-Rodriguez E, Li Y, Nuscher B, Franzmeier N, Xiong C, Suarez-Calvet M, et al. Soluble TREM2 in CSF and its association with other biomarkers and cognition in autosomal-dominant Alzheimer’s disease: a longitudinal observational study. Lancet Neurol. 2022;21(4):329–41.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Morenas-Rodriguez E, Li Y, Nuscher B, Franzmeier N, Xiong C, Suarez-Calvet M, et al. Soluble TREM2 in CSF and its association with other biomarkers and cognition in autosomal-dominant Alzheimer’s disease: a longitudinal observational study. Lancet Neurol. 2022;21(4):329–41.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
187.
Zurück zum Zitat Ewers M, Franzmeier N, Suarez-Calvet M, Morenas-Rodriguez E, Caballero MAA, Kleinberger G, et al. Increased soluble TREM2 in cerebrospinal fluid is associated with reduced cognitive and clinical decline in Alzheimer’s disease. Sci Transl Med. 2019;11(507). Ewers M, Franzmeier N, Suarez-Calvet M, Morenas-Rodriguez E, Caballero MAA, Kleinberger G, et al. Increased soluble TREM2 in cerebrospinal fluid is associated with reduced cognitive and clinical decline in Alzheimer’s disease. Sci Transl Med. 2019;11(507).
188.
Zurück zum Zitat Suarez-Calvet M, Capell A, Araque Caballero MA, Morenas-Rodriguez E, Fellerer K, Franzmeier N, et al. CSF progranulin increases in the course of Alzheimer’s disease and is associated with sTREM2, neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. EMBO Mol Med. 2018;10(12). Suarez-Calvet M, Capell A, Araque Caballero MA, Morenas-Rodriguez E, Fellerer K, Franzmeier N, et al. CSF progranulin increases in the course of Alzheimer’s disease and is associated with sTREM2, neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. EMBO Mol Med. 2018;10(12).
189.
Zurück zum Zitat Hu WT, Holtzman DM, Fagan AM, Shaw LM, Perrin R, Arnold SE, et al. Plasma multianalyte profiling in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 2012;79(9):897–905.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Hu WT, Holtzman DM, Fagan AM, Shaw LM, Perrin R, Arnold SE, et al. Plasma multianalyte profiling in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 2012;79(9):897–905.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
190.
Zurück zum Zitat Leung YY, Toledo JB, Nefedov A, Polikar R, Raghavan N, Xie SX, et al. Identifying amyloid pathology-related cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease in a multicohort study. Alzheimers Dement (Amst). 2015;1(3):339–48.PubMedCrossRef Leung YY, Toledo JB, Nefedov A, Polikar R, Raghavan N, Xie SX, et al. Identifying amyloid pathology-related cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease in a multicohort study. Alzheimers Dement (Amst). 2015;1(3):339–48.PubMedCrossRef
191.
Zurück zum Zitat Harari O, Cruchaga C, Kauwe JS, Ainscough BJ, Bales K, Pickering EH, et al. Phosphorylated tau-Abeta42 ratio as a continuous trait for biomarker discovery for early-stage Alzheimer’s disease in multiplex immunoassay panels of cerebrospinal fluid. Biol Psychiatry. 2014;75(9):723–31.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Harari O, Cruchaga C, Kauwe JS, Ainscough BJ, Bales K, Pickering EH, et al. Phosphorylated tau-Abeta42 ratio as a continuous trait for biomarker discovery for early-stage Alzheimer’s disease in multiplex immunoassay panels of cerebrospinal fluid. Biol Psychiatry. 2014;75(9):723–31.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
192.
Zurück zum Zitat Visser PJ, Reus LM, Gobom J, Jansen I, Dicks E, van der Lee SJ, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid tau levels are associated with abnormal neuronal plasticity markers in Alzheimer’s disease. Mol Neurodegener. 2022;17(1):27.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Visser PJ, Reus LM, Gobom J, Jansen I, Dicks E, van der Lee SJ, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid tau levels are associated with abnormal neuronal plasticity markers in Alzheimer’s disease. Mol Neurodegener. 2022;17(1):27.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
193.
Zurück zum Zitat Fardo DW, Katsumata Y, Kauwe JSK, Deming Y, Harari O, Cruchaga C, et al. CSF protein changes associated with hippocampal sclerosis risk gene variants highlight impact of GRN/PGRN. Exp Gerontol. 2017;90:83–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Fardo DW, Katsumata Y, Kauwe JSK, Deming Y, Harari O, Cruchaga C, et al. CSF protein changes associated with hippocampal sclerosis risk gene variants highlight impact of GRN/PGRN. Exp Gerontol. 2017;90:83–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
194.
Zurück zum Zitat Pillai JA, Maxwell S, Bena J, Bekris LM, Rao SM, Chance M, et al. Key inflammatory pathway activations in the MCI stage of Alzheimer’s disease. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2019;6(7):1248–62.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Pillai JA, Maxwell S, Bena J, Bekris LM, Rao SM, Chance M, et al. Key inflammatory pathway activations in the MCI stage of Alzheimer’s disease. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2019;6(7):1248–62.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
195.
Zurück zum Zitat Guo LH, Alexopoulos P, Perneczky R. Heart-type fatty acid binding protein and vascular endothelial growth factor: cerebrospinal fluid biomarker candidates for Alzheimer’s disease. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2013;263(7):553–60.PubMedCrossRef Guo LH, Alexopoulos P, Perneczky R. Heart-type fatty acid binding protein and vascular endothelial growth factor: cerebrospinal fluid biomarker candidates for Alzheimer’s disease. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2013;263(7):553–60.PubMedCrossRef
196.
Zurück zum Zitat Khan W, Aguilar C, Kiddle SJ, Doyle O, Thambisetty M, Muehlboeck S, et al. A subset of cerebrospinal fluid proteins from a multi-analyte panel associated with brain atrophy, disease classification and prediction in Alzheimer’s disease. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(8):e0134368.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Khan W, Aguilar C, Kiddle SJ, Doyle O, Thambisetty M, Muehlboeck S, et al. A subset of cerebrospinal fluid proteins from a multi-analyte panel associated with brain atrophy, disease classification and prediction in Alzheimer’s disease. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(8):e0134368.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
197.
Zurück zum Zitat Paterson RW, Bartlett JW, Blennow K, Fox NC, Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, Shaw LM, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid markers including trefoil factor 3 are associated with neurodegeneration in amyloid-positive individuals. Transl Psychiatry. 2014;4(7):e419.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Paterson RW, Bartlett JW, Blennow K, Fox NC, Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, Shaw LM, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid markers including trefoil factor 3 are associated with neurodegeneration in amyloid-positive individuals. Transl Psychiatry. 2014;4(7):e419.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
198.
Zurück zum Zitat Tijms BM, Gobom J, Reus L, Jansen I, Hong S, Dobricic V, et al. Pathophysiological subtypes of Alzheimer’s disease based on cerebrospinal fluid proteomics. Brain. 2020;143(12):3776–92.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Tijms BM, Gobom J, Reus L, Jansen I, Hong S, Dobricic V, et al. Pathophysiological subtypes of Alzheimer’s disease based on cerebrospinal fluid proteomics. Brain. 2020;143(12):3776–92.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
199.
Zurück zum Zitat Meyer PF, Savard M, Poirier J, Labonte A, Rosa-Neto P, Weitz TM, et al. Bi-directional association of cerebrospinal fluid immune markers with stage of Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis. J Alzheimers Dis. 2018;63(2):577–90.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Meyer PF, Savard M, Poirier J, Labonte A, Rosa-Neto P, Weitz TM, et al. Bi-directional association of cerebrospinal fluid immune markers with stage of Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis. J Alzheimers Dis. 2018;63(2):577–90.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
200.
Zurück zum Zitat Kauwe JS, Bailey MH, Ridge PG, Perry R, Wadsworth ME, Hoyt KL, et al. Genome-wide association study of CSF levels of 59 Alzheimer’s disease candidate proteins: significant associations with proteins involved in amyloid processing and inflammation. PLoS Genet. 2014;10(10):e1004758.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kauwe JS, Bailey MH, Ridge PG, Perry R, Wadsworth ME, Hoyt KL, et al. Genome-wide association study of CSF levels of 59 Alzheimer’s disease candidate proteins: significant associations with proteins involved in amyloid processing and inflammation. PLoS Genet. 2014;10(10):e1004758.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
201.
Zurück zum Zitat Cruchaga C, Kauwe JS, Nowotny P, Bales K, Pickering EH, Mayo K, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid APOE levels: an endophenotype for genetic studies for Alzheimer’s disease. Hum Mol Genet. 2012;21(20):4558–71.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Cruchaga C, Kauwe JS, Nowotny P, Bales K, Pickering EH, Mayo K, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid APOE levels: an endophenotype for genetic studies for Alzheimer’s disease. Hum Mol Genet. 2012;21(20):4558–71.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
202.
Zurück zum Zitat Liu X, Khodeiry MM, Lin D, Sun Y, Zhang Q, Wang J, et al. The association of cerebrospinal fluid pressure with optic nerve head and macular vessel density. Sci China Life Sci. 2022;65(6):1171–80.PubMedCrossRef Liu X, Khodeiry MM, Lin D, Sun Y, Zhang Q, Wang J, et al. The association of cerebrospinal fluid pressure with optic nerve head and macular vessel density. Sci China Life Sci. 2022;65(6):1171–80.PubMedCrossRef
203.
Zurück zum Zitat Deming Y, Xia J, Cai Y, Lord J, Holmans P, Bertelsen S, et al. A potential endophenotype for Alzheimer’s disease: cerebrospinal fluid clusterin. Neurobiol Aging. 2016;37(208):e1–9. Deming Y, Xia J, Cai Y, Lord J, Holmans P, Bertelsen S, et al. A potential endophenotype for Alzheimer’s disease: cerebrospinal fluid clusterin. Neurobiol Aging. 2016;37(208):e1–9.
204.
Zurück zum Zitat Ayton S, Faux NG, Bush AI, Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Ferritin levels in the cerebrospinal fluid predict Alzheimer’s disease outcomes and are regulated by APOE. Nat Commun. 2015;6:6760.PubMedCrossRef Ayton S, Faux NG, Bush AI, Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Ferritin levels in the cerebrospinal fluid predict Alzheimer’s disease outcomes and are regulated by APOE. Nat Commun. 2015;6:6760.PubMedCrossRef
205.
Zurück zum Zitat Diouf I, Fazlollahi A, Bush AI, Ayton S, Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Cerebrospinal fluid ferritin levels predict brain hypometabolism in people with underlying beta-amyloid pathology. Neurobiol Dis. 2019;124:335–9.PubMedCrossRef Diouf I, Fazlollahi A, Bush AI, Ayton S, Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Cerebrospinal fluid ferritin levels predict brain hypometabolism in people with underlying beta-amyloid pathology. Neurobiol Dis. 2019;124:335–9.PubMedCrossRef
206.
Zurück zum Zitat Pan R, Luo S, Huang Q, Li W, Cai T, Lai K, et al. The associations of cerebrospinal fluid ferritin with neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation along the Alzheimer’s disease continuum. J Alzheimers Dis. 2022;88(3):1115–25.PubMedCrossRef Pan R, Luo S, Huang Q, Li W, Cai T, Lai K, et al. The associations of cerebrospinal fluid ferritin with neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation along the Alzheimer’s disease continuum. J Alzheimers Dis. 2022;88(3):1115–25.PubMedCrossRef
207.
Zurück zum Zitat Varma VR, Varma S, An Y, Hohman TJ, Seddighi S, Casanova R, et al. Alpha-2 macroglobulin in Alzheimer’s disease: a marker of neuronal injury through the RCAN1 pathway. Mol Psychiatry. 2017;22(1):13–23.PubMedCrossRef Varma VR, Varma S, An Y, Hohman TJ, Seddighi S, Casanova R, et al. Alpha-2 macroglobulin in Alzheimer’s disease: a marker of neuronal injury through the RCAN1 pathway. Mol Psychiatry. 2017;22(1):13–23.PubMedCrossRef
208.
Zurück zum Zitat Pillai JA, Bebek G, Khrestian M, Bena J, Bergmann CC, Bush WS, et al. TNFRSF1B gene variants and related soluble TNFR2 levels impact resilience in Alzheimer’s disease. Front Aging Neurosci. 2021;13:638922.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Pillai JA, Bebek G, Khrestian M, Bena J, Bergmann CC, Bush WS, et al. TNFRSF1B gene variants and related soluble TNFR2 levels impact resilience in Alzheimer’s disease. Front Aging Neurosci. 2021;13:638922.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
209.
Zurück zum Zitat Zou S, Zhang J, for Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, Chen W. Subtypes based on six apolipoproteins in non-demented elderly are associated with cognitive decline and subsequent tau accumulation in cerebrospinal fluid. J Alzheimers Dis. 2019;72(2):413–23.PubMedCrossRef Zou S, Zhang J, for Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, Chen W. Subtypes based on six apolipoproteins in non-demented elderly are associated with cognitive decline and subsequent tau accumulation in cerebrospinal fluid. J Alzheimers Dis. 2019;72(2):413–23.PubMedCrossRef
210.
Zurück zum Zitat Dabiri S, Ramirez Ruiz MI, Jean-Louis G, Ntekim OE, Obisesan TO, Campbell AL, et al. The mediating role of inflammation in the relationship between alpha-synuclein and cognitive functioning. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2022. Dabiri S, Ramirez Ruiz MI, Jean-Louis G, Ntekim OE, Obisesan TO, Campbell AL, et al. The mediating role of inflammation in the relationship between alpha-synuclein and cognitive functioning. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2022.
211.
Zurück zum Zitat Tubi MA, Kothapalli D, Hapenney M, Feingold FW, Mack WJ, King KS, et al. Regional relationships between CSF VEGF levels and Alzheimer’s disease brain biomarkers and cognition. Neurobiol Aging. 2021;105:241–51.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Tubi MA, Kothapalli D, Hapenney M, Feingold FW, Mack WJ, King KS, et al. Regional relationships between CSF VEGF levels and Alzheimer’s disease brain biomarkers and cognition. Neurobiol Aging. 2021;105:241–51.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
212.
Zurück zum Zitat Cadamuro J, Lippi G, von Meyer A, Ibarz M, van Dongen E, Lases, et al. European survey on preanalytical sample handling - part 2: practices of European laboratories on monitoring and processing haemolytic, icteric and lipemic samples. On behalf of the European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (EFLM) Working Group for the Preanalytical Phase (WG-PRE). Biochem Med (Zagreb). 2019;29(2):20705. Cadamuro J, Lippi G, von Meyer A, Ibarz M, van Dongen E, Lases, et al. European survey on preanalytical sample handling - part 2: practices of European laboratories on monitoring and processing haemolytic, icteric and lipemic samples. On behalf of the European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (EFLM) Working Group for the Preanalytical Phase (WG-PRE). Biochem Med (Zagreb). 2019;29(2):20705.
213.
Zurück zum Zitat Piva E, Tosato F, Plebani M. Pre-analytical phase: the automated ProTube device supports quality assurance in the phlebotomy process. Clin Chim Acta. 2015;451(Pt B):287–91.PubMedCrossRef Piva E, Tosato F, Plebani M. Pre-analytical phase: the automated ProTube device supports quality assurance in the phlebotomy process. Clin Chim Acta. 2015;451(Pt B):287–91.PubMedCrossRef
214.
Zurück zum Zitat Kollhoff AL, Howell JC, Hu WT. Automation vs. experience: measuring Alzheimer’s beta-amyloid 1–42 peptide in the CSF. Front Aging Neurosci. 2018;10:253.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kollhoff AL, Howell JC, Hu WT. Automation vs. experience: measuring Alzheimer’s beta-amyloid 1–42 peptide in the CSF. Front Aging Neurosci. 2018;10:253.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
215.
Zurück zum Zitat Hu WT, Shaw LM, Trojanowski JQ. Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers: walk with deliberate haste, don’t run blithely on? Acta Neuropathol. 2013;126(5):625–9.PubMedCrossRef Hu WT, Shaw LM, Trojanowski JQ. Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers: walk with deliberate haste, don’t run blithely on? Acta Neuropathol. 2013;126(5):625–9.PubMedCrossRef
216.
Zurück zum Zitat Pillai JA, Bena J, Bebek G, Bekris LM, Bonner-Jackson A, Kou L, et al. Inflammatory pathway analytes predicting rapid cognitive decline in MCI stage of Alzheimer’s disease. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2020;7(7):1225–39.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Pillai JA, Bena J, Bebek G, Bekris LM, Bonner-Jackson A, Kou L, et al. Inflammatory pathway analytes predicting rapid cognitive decline in MCI stage of Alzheimer’s disease. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2020;7(7):1225–39.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
217.
Zurück zum Zitat Tijms BM, Gobom J, Teunissen C, Dobricic V, Tsolaki M, Verhey F, et al. CSF proteomic Alzheimer’s disease-predictive subtypes in cognitively intact amyloid negative individuals. Proteomes. 2021;9(3):36.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Tijms BM, Gobom J, Teunissen C, Dobricic V, Tsolaki M, Verhey F, et al. CSF proteomic Alzheimer’s disease-predictive subtypes in cognitively intact amyloid negative individuals. Proteomes. 2021;9(3):36.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Charting the Next Road Map for CSF Biomarkers in Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias
verfasst von
William T. Hu
Ashima Nayyar
Milota Kaluzova
Publikationsdatum
28.06.2023
Verlag
Springer International Publishing
Erschienen in
Neurotherapeutics / Ausgabe 4/2023
Print ISSN: 1933-7213
Elektronische ISSN: 1878-7479
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-023-01370-8

Kompaktes Leitlinien-Wissen Neurologie (Link öffnet in neuem Fenster)

Mit medbee Pocketcards schnell und sicher entscheiden.
Leitlinien-Wissen kostenlos und immer griffbereit auf ihrem Desktop, Handy oder Tablet.

Neu im Fachgebiet Neurologie

Kaliumhaltiges Kochsalz schützt vor Schlaganfallrezidiven

Erhalten Menschen nach einem Schlaganfall statt normalem Kochsalz eine kaliumhaltige Alternative, reduziert dies sowohl das Risiko für erneute ischämische und hämorrhagische Insulte als auch die Gesamtmortalität. Dafür sprechen Ergebnisse einer großen randomisierten Studie.

Der Mann mit der Alzheimermutation, der keine Demenz bekommt

Nur sehr selten werden Menschen mit einer Alzheimermutation von einer familiären Demenz verschont, was meist an protektiven Genvarianten liegt. Ein über 70-jähriger Mann stellt die Forschung jedoch vor ein Rätsel. Vielleicht hat ihm die Arbeit in großer Hitze geholfen.

Auch nach TIA kommt es zu kognitivem Abbau

Trotz raschem und vollständigem Verschwinden der Symptome bergen auch transitorische ischämische Attacken das Risiko langfristigen kognitiven Abbaus, wie eine Studie zeigt. Die Größenordnung gleicht jener nach einem Schlaganfall.

Schlaganfall oder Schlaganfall-Imitator?

Ein breites Spektrum von Erkrankungen kann einen Schlaganfall vortäuschen. Bei der notwendigen schnellen Unterscheidung zwischen solchen „stroke mimics“ und echten Schlaganfällen können einige klinische Faktoren und Symptome unterstützend herangezogen werden. 

Update Neurologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.