Introduction
Methodology
Study design and period
Study area and population
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Sample size determination
Sampling technique and procedure
Data collection and quality control
Data processing and analysis
Results
Socio-demographic characteristics of the study participants
Variables | Category | Frequency (%) |
---|---|---|
Sex | Male | 457 (57.6) |
Female | 337 (42.4) | |
Age | 18–24 | 249 (31.4) |
25–34 | 312 (39.3) | |
35–44 | 114 (14.4) | |
≥ 45 | 119 (15.0) | |
Residence (Sub city) | Abay Mado | 182 (22.9) |
Belay Zeleke | 222 (28.0) | |
Fasilo | 129 (16.2) | |
Meshenti (satellite kebele) | 25 (3.1) | |
Shum Abo | 163 (20.5) | |
Zenzelima (satellite kebele) | 73 (9.2) | |
Occupation | Government employ | 213 (26.8) |
Merchant | 254 (32.0) | |
Daily laborer | 126 (15.9) | |
Student | 96 (12.1) | |
Farmer/housewife/private | 105 (13.2) | |
Education | No formal education | 165 (20.8) |
1–8 grade | 134 (16.9) | |
9–12 grade | 253 (31.9) | |
Diploma and above | 242 (30.5) | |
Religion | Orthodox Tewahedo | 623 (78.5) |
Muslim | 147 (18.5) | |
Others | 24 (3) | |
Ethnicity | Amhara | 783 (98.6) |
Others | 11 (1.4) | |
Marital status | Married | 408 (51.4) |
Single | 351 (44.2) | |
Widowed/separated | 35 (4.4) | |
Average monthly income | < 1000 EBR | 384 (48.4) |
1001–2000 EBR | 223 (28.1) | |
2001–3000 EBR | 102 (12.8) | |
≥ 3001 EBR | 85 (10.7) |
Prevalence of khat chewing
Reasons for practicing khat chewing
Variables | Category | Khat chewing (%) |
---|---|---|
To get concentration | Yes | 93 (45.6) |
No | 111 (54.4) | |
Relieving emotional problems | Yes | 57 (27.9) |
No | 147 (72.1) | |
Desiring experiment | Yes | 43 (21.1) |
No | 161 (78.9) | |
Easily availability of khat | Yes | 29 (14.2) |
No | 175 (85.8) | |
Fighting depressed mood | Yes | 116 (56.9) |
No | 88 (43.1) | |
Religious purpose | Yes | 78 (38.2) |
No | 126 (61.8) | |
Availability of excess pocket money | Yes | 7 (3.4) |
No | 197 (96.6) | |
Socialization | Yes | 52 (25.5) |
No | 152 (74.5) | |
Getting acceptance by others | Yes | 27 (13.2) |
No | 177 (86.8) | |
Passing time | Yes | 65 (31.9) |
No | 139 (68.1) | |
Getting personal pleasure | Yes | 81 (39.7) |
No | 123 (60.3) | |
Peer pressure | Yes | 69 (33.8) |
No | 135 (66.2) | |
Lack of job | Yes | 27 (13.2) |
No | 177 (86.8) |
Problems encountered on khat chewers
Variables | Category | Khat chewing (%) |
---|---|---|
Accident or injury | Yes | 13 (6.4) |
No | 191 (93.6) | |
Losses money | Yes | 67 (32.8) |
No | 137 (67.2) | |
Damage to objects or clothing | Yes | 13 (6.4) |
No | 191 (93.6) | |
Problem on relation with families | Yes | 45 (22.1) |
No | 159 (77.9) | |
Problem on relation with friends | Yes | 18 (8.8) |
No | 186 (91.2) | |
Problem on relation with others | Yes | 12 (5.9) |
No | 192 (94.1) | |
Poor performance at work | Yes | 19 (9.3) |
No | 185 (90.7) | |
Victim by robbery or theft | Yes | 11 (5.4) |
No | 193 (94.6) | |
Trouble with police | Yes | 11 (5.4) |
No | 193 (94.6) | |
Hospitalized at emergency | Yes | 8 (3.9) |
No | 196 (96.1) | |
Engaged in sex they regretted next day | Yes | 12 (5.9) |
No | 192 (94.1) | |
Engaged in unprotected sex | Yes | 13 (6.4) |
No | 191 (93.6) | |
Blackouts or flashbacks | Yes | 15 (7.4) |
No | 189 (92.6) | |
Other medical problems | Yes | 11 (5.4) |
No | 193 (94.6) | |
Quarrel/fight/scuffle | Yes | 43 (21.1) |
No | 161 (78.9) |
Risky sexual behaviors
Determinant factors associated with the prevalence of khat chewing
Variables | Category | Khat chewing | COR (95%CI) | AOR (95%CI) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
No | Yes | ||||
Sex | Male | 284 (62.1) | 173 (37.9) |
6.0 (4.–9.1)
|
6.2 (4–9.7)
|
Female | 306 (90.8) | 31 (9.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Age | 18–24 | 196 (78.7) | 53 (21.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
25–34 | 215 (68.9) | 97 (31.1) |
1.7 (1.1–2.5)
|
2.1 (1.3–3.5)
| |
35–44 | 90 (78.9) | 24 (21.1) | 1.0 (0.6–1.7) | 1.7 (0.8–3.4) | |
≥ 45 | 89 (74.8) | 30 (25.2) | 1.3 (0.8–2.1) |
2.0 (1.0–4.3)
| |
Marital status | Married | 313 (76.7) | 95 (23.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Single | 247 (70.4) | 104 (29.6) |
1.4 (1.0–1.9)
|
1.7 (1.1–2.7)
| |
Widowed/separated | 30 (85.7) | 5 (14.3) | 0.6 (0.2–1.5) | 1.0 (0.3–2.9) | |
Education | No formal education | 132 (80.0) | 33 (20) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
1–8 grade | 90 (67.2) | 44 (32.8) |
2.0 (1.2–3.3)
|
1.8 (1.0–3.4)
| |
9–12 grade | 180 (71.1) | 73 (28.9) |
1.6 (1.0–2.6)
| 1.3 (0.7–2.5) | |
Diploma and above | 188 (77.7) | 54 (22.3) | 1.2 (0.7–1.9) | 1.0 (0.5–2.1) | |
Occupation | Government employ | 177 (83.1) | 36 (16.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Merchant | 162 (63.8) | 92 (36.2) |
2.8 (1.8–4.3)
|
3.3 (1.9–5.9)
| |
Daily laborer | 101 (80.2) | 25 (19.8) | 1.2 (0.7–2.1) | 1.9 (0.9–4.1) | |
Student | 74 (77.1) | 22 (22.9) | 1.5 (0.8–2.7) |
3.3 (1.4–7.5)
| |
Farmer/housewife/private | 76 (72.4) | 29 (27.6) |
1.9 (1.1–3.3)
|
4.3 (2.0–9.1)
| |
Average monthly income | ≤ 1000 EBR | 308 (80.2) | 76 (19.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
1001–2000 EBR | 160 (71.7) | 63 (28.3) |
1.6 (1.1–2.3)
|
1.8 (1.1–2.9)
| |
2001–3000 EBR | 68 (66.7) | 34 (33.3) |
2.0 (1.3–3.3)
|
2.3 (1.3–4.3)
| |
≥ 3001 EBR | 54 (63.5) | 31 (36.5) |
2.3 (1.4–3.9)
|
2.2 (1.2–4.3)
|
Risky sexual behaviors and their relation to khat chewing practice
Variables | Category | Having extra sexual partner (married) | ever had sexual intercourse (single) | Having sexual intercourse within last 12 months (single) | sexual partners | No condom use | Inconsistent condom use | Pornographic film watching | Self-reported STIs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | Male |
2.0 (1.0–3.8)
| 0.8 (0.5–1.3) | 1.5 (0.7–3.1) |
2.1 (1.2–3.8)
| 0.6 (0.3–1.2) | 0.25** |
2.8 (1.6–5.1)
| |
Female | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Age | 18–24 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.37** | 1.00 |
25–34 | 1.0 (0.4–2.5) |
3.2 (2.0–5.1)
| 1.6 (0.8–3.5) | 1.1 (0.6–2.0) | 0.8 (0.4–1.6) | 1.1 (0.6–2.3) | 1.7 (0.9–3.1) | ||
>35 | 0.8 (0.3–2.1) |
4.4 (1.7–11.5)
| 1.2 (0.4–3.8) |
4.1 (1.5–11.2)
| 0.6 (0.2–1.4) | 0.6 (0.2–2.0) | 1.4 (0.7–2.7) | ||
Chewing khat | Yes |
2.2 (1.1–4.2)
|
2.0 (1.2–3.2)
| 1.5 (0.7–3.1) | 1.2 (0.7–2.0) | 0.9 (0.5–1.6) | 1.1 (0.6–2.2) |
3.9 (1.3–12.3)
|
8.1 (4.7–14.0)
|
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Alcohol use | Yes |
2.1 (1.1–3.9)
|
3.0 (1.9–4.6)
| 1.5 (0.8–3.0) | 1.2 (0.7–2.0) | 1.7 (0.9–3.0) | 1.1 (0.5–2.1) |
4.4 (1.2–15.5)
|
2.2 (1.3–3.7)
|
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Sex* | Male |
1.4 (0.7–2.9)
| 0.4 (0.2–0.7) | NA |
2.4 (1.2–4.8)
| 1.6 (0.8–3.0) | NA | NA | 1.2 (0.6–2.3) |
Female | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Age* | 18–24 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
25–34 | 0.7 (0.3–2.0) |
3.1 (1.9–5.0)
| NA | 1.0 (0.6–1.9) | 0.8 (0.4–1.5) | NA | NA | 1.2 (0.6–2.4) | |
>35 | 0.7 (0.3–1.9) |
3.4 (1.3–9.3)
|
4.0 (1.4–11.2)
| 0.5 (0.2–1.3) | 1.5 (0.7–3.1) | ||||
Chewing khat* | Yes |
2.2 (1.1–4.6)
|
2.5 (1.4–4.3)
| NA | 0.8 (0.4–1.6) | NA | NA |
4.0 (1.3–12.8)
|
8.3 (4.6–15.1)
|
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Alcohol use* | Yes |
2.1 (1.1–4.2)
|
3.2 (2.0–5.3)
| NA | 0.9 (0.5–1.7) | 1.5 (0.8–2.9) | NA |
4.5 (1.2–16.1)
|
2.6 (1.4–4.5)
|
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |