Background
Methods
Participants and setting
Childbirth experience questionnaire (CEQ)
Domain | Items |
---|---|
Own capacity
| Labour and birth went as I had expected |
I felt strong during labour and birth | |
I felt capable during labour and birth | |
I was tired during labour and birth | |
I felt happy during labour and birth | |
I felt that I handled the situation well | |
As a whole, how painful did you feel childbirth was?* | |
As a whole, how much control did you feel you had during childbirth?* | |
Professional support
| My midwife devoted enough time to me |
My midwife devoted enough time to my partner | |
My midwife kept me informed about what was happening during labour and birth | |
My midwife understood my needs | |
I felt very well cared for by my midwife | |
Perceived safety
| I felt scared during labour and birth |
I have many positive memories from childbirth | |
I have many negative memories from childbirth | |
Some of my memories from childbirth make me feel depressed | |
My impression of the team’s medical skills made me feel secure | |
As a whole, how secure did you feel during childbirth?* | |
Participation
| I felt I could have a say whether I could be up and about or lie down |
I felt I could have a say in deciding my birthing position | |
I felt I could have a say in the choice of pain relief |
Care quality commission maternity survey
Statistics and data analysis
Face validity
Internal consistency
Construct validity
Test retest reliability
Criterion validity
Results
Study population | June 2014 NUH statistics | |
---|---|---|
Maternal age, years, mean (SD) | 29 (5.4) | |
Gestational age, weeks, mean (SD) | 39 (1.3) | |
Normal vaginal delivery, number (%) | 100 (49) | 78 (46) |
Operative delivery, number (%) | 106 (51) | 90 (54) |
Instrumental delivery
|
66 (32)
|
52 (31)
|
Caesarean delivery
|
40 (19)
|
38 (23)
|
Onset of labour, number (%) | ||
Spontaneous
| 132 (64) | 105 (62) |
Induced
| 74 (36) | 63 (38) |
Labour duration more than 12 hours,* number (%) | 43 (21) | |
Oxytocin augmentation during labour, number (%) | 107 (52) | |
Neonatal Intensive Care Admission, number (%) | 6 (3) | |
Method used to return questionnaire, number (%) | ||
Postal
|
133 (65)
| |
Email
|
73 (35)
|
Number of missing items | 1st CEQ | Maternity survey | 2nd CEQ |
---|---|---|---|
0 items missing | 202 | 150 | 121 |
1 item missing | 2 | 40 | 8 |
2 items missing | 0 | 14 | 1 |
3 items missing | 1 | 2 | 0 |
6 items | 0 | 0 | 1 |
10 items missing | 1 | 0 | 0 |
16 items missing | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Total participants
|
206
|
204
|
132
|
Face validity
Internal consistency
Domain | Number of items | Cronbach’s alpha | Cronbach’s alpha from original Swedish study |
---|---|---|---|
Own capacity
| 8 | 0.79 | 0.82 |
Professional support
| 5 | 0.94 | 0.88 |
Perceived safety
| 6 | 0.83 | 0.78 |
Participation
| 3 | 0.72 | 0.62 |
Total scale | 22 | 0.90 |
Construct validity
Own capacity
|
Professional support
|
Perceived safety
|
Participation
| Mean CEQ score | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour duration ≤ 12 hours | 2.58 (0.55) | 3.51 (0.68) | 3.00 (0.68) | 3.02 (0.84) | 3.02 (0.52) |
Labour duration > 12 hours | 2.23 (0.51) | 3.55 (0.51) | 2.67 (0.68) | 2.97 (0.57) | 2.86 (0.44) |
Unadjusted p-value | <0.001 | 0.54 | 0.004 | 0.45 | 0.011 |
Effect size | 0.62 | −0.06 | 0.48 | 0.06 | 0.31 |
No oxytocin augmentation | 2.65 (0.56) | 3.49 (0.64) | 3.12 (0.60) | 3.02 (0.83) | 3.07 (0.49) |
Oxytocin augmentation | 2.35 (0.54) | 3.53 (0.68) | 2.74 (0.72) | 2.98 (0.78) | 2.90 (0.51) |
Unadjusted p-value | <0.001 | 0.18 | <0.001 | 0.61 | 0.014 |
Effect size | 0.53 | −0.06 | 0.55 | 0.05 | 0.33 |
Spontaneous vaginal delivery | 2.64 (0.57) | 3.55 (0.63) | 3.10 (0.65) | 3.15 (0.86) | 3.11 (0.52) |
Operative delivery | 2.35 (0.53) | 3.47 (0.69) | 2.76 (0.69) | 2.85 (0.73) | 2.86 (0.47) |
Unadjusted p-value | <0.001 | 0.53 | <0.001 | 0.002 | <0.001 |
Effect size | 0.51 | 0.12 | 0.49 | 0.38 | 0.49 |
Test-retest reliability
CEQ subscale | Observed Agreement | Expected agreement | Weighted kappa | P Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Own capacity
| 90% | 70% | 0.66 | <0.001 |
Professional support
| 90% | 70% | 0.69 | <0.001 |
Perceived safety
| 90% | 73% | 0.64 | <0.001 |
Participation
| 89% | 73% | 0.60 | <0.001 |
Overall CEQ score | 91% | 70% | 0.68 | <0.001 |
Criterion validity
CEQ subscale | Pearson correlation coefficient* |
---|---|
Own capacity
| R = 0.50 |
Professional support
| R = 0.67 |
Perceived safety
| R = 0.61 |
Participation
| R = 0.42 |
Overall mean CEQ score | R = 0.73 |