Background
Methods
Study eligibility criteria
Data sources
Each search was conducted separately and then downloaded as a separate file using Endnote X7 [43]. The first author (AU) conducted all electronic searches and removed all duplicates electronically and then manually. In addition to electronic database searches, cross-referencing from retrieved articles was also performed. A list of all search strategies can be found in Additional file 4.“(obesity OR obese OR overweight OR fat OR adipos* OR “body mass index” OR BMI) AND (child* or adolesc*) AND (“blood pressure” OR hypertension OR cholesterol OR lipid OR lipids OR lipoprotein OR lipoproteins OR cardiovascular) AND (observational OR cohort OR longitudinal) AND adult* AND (human OR humans)”.
Study selection
Data abstraction
Risk of bias assessment
Statistical analysis
Calculation of effect sizes (ES) from each study
Pooling of ES’s
Stability and validity of changes in ES’s
Meta-regression
Results
Study characteristics
Study-cohort name | Study start year | Country | Study design | N Baseline | Age exposure assessed | Age outcome assessed | Exposure | Outcome | Adj. adult BMI | Sex |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abraham et al., 1971 (HMS) [64] | 1923 | USA | Prospective Cohort | 1087 | 9–12 | 48 | Relative over weight | SBP, DBP, TC | No | Male |
Barker et al., 2005 (HBCS) [65] | 1934 | Finland | Retrospective longitudinal study | 2003 | 2–11 (age used in our study 2) | 62 | BMI | SBP, TC, TG | Yes (only) | Overall |
Berkey et al., 1998 (LSCHD) [66] | 1929 | USA | Prospective longitudinal study | 67 | 17 | 30 | BMI | SBP | No | Male (this study) Female |
Eisenmann et al., 2005 (ACLS) [67] | 1970 | USA | Longitudinal, prospective epidemiological study | 48 | 16 | 27 | BMI, WC, %BF | SBP, DBP, TC, HDL, TG | No | Overall |
Freedman et al., 2001 (BHS) [4] | 1973 | USA | Cross panel design later longitudinal component | 2617 | 10 | 27 | BMI, Triceps ST | SBP, DBP, TC, LDL, HDL, TG | Yes | Overall |
Graversen et al., 2014 (NFBC 1966) [68] | 1966 | Finland | Population based cohort | 4111 | 2–5 (age used in our study 5) | 31 | BMI | SBP, DBP, HDL, TG | No | Overall |
Gustafsson et al., 2011 (NSC) [69] | 1981 | Sweden | Prospective cohort study | 1083; F = 506 M = 577 | 16 | 21 (this study), 30, 43 | BMI | SBP, DBP | No | Male Female |
Kanade et al., 2011 (CBCI) [71] | 1979 | India | Community base prospective cohort study | 387 | 3, 15 | 24 | BMI | SBP, DBP, TG | No | Male |
Klumbiene et al., 2000 (JHL) [72] | 1977 | Lithuania | Longitudinal cohort | 505 M = 217 F = 288 | 12–13 | 32–33 | BMI, Triceps ST, Sub-scapular ST | SBP, DBP | No | Male Female |
Kneisley et al., 1990 (BPS-TM) [73] | 1959 | USA | Retrospective Cohort Study | 576 M = 271 F = 305 | 7 | 32 | Sub-scapular ST | SBP | No | Male Female |
Koziel et al., 2011 (WGS) [74] | 1961 | Poland | Longitudinal Study | M = 124 F = 139 | 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 | 50 | BMI | SBP | Yes (only) | Male Female |
Holland et al., 1993 (NSHD) [70]a
| 1946 | England, Wales, Scotland | Prospective longitudinal study | 3332 at birth | 4–7, 11–14 | 36 | BMI | SBP, DBP | No | Male Female |
Lauer et al., 1993 (MS) [75]b
| 1971 | USA | Longitudinal Cohort | M = 677 F = 748 M = 492 F = 528 | 7–8, 9–10, 11–12, 13–14, 15–16, 17–18; 13–14, 15–16, 17–18 | 20–25, 26–30 | BMI | SBP, DBP | No | Male Female |
Li et al., 2007 (BBC- 1958) [76] | 1958 | England, Wales and Scotland | Longitudinal, Birth Cohort | 9297 | 7, 11, 16 | 33, 45 (this study) | BMI | SBP, DBP | Yes | Overall |
Liddle et al., 2012 (MUSP) [77] | 1981 | Australia | Longitudinal Birth Cohort study | 1755 | 5 | 21 | BMI, Triceps ST | SBP, DBP | No | Overall |
Lyngdoh et al., 2013 (SCDC) [78] | 1989 | The Republic of Seychelles | Longitudinal cohort | 390 M = 175 F = 215 | 12–15 | 19–20 | BMI | SBP, DBP, LDL, HDL, TG | Yes | Overall Male Female |
Miura et al., 2001 (YAJS) [79] | 1965 | Japan | 20-year FU data using record linkage of a Birth cohort | M = 2198 F = 2428 | 3 | 20 | BMI | SBP, DBP, TC | No | Male Female |
^Pereira et al., 2013 (BBC- 1958) [80] | 1958 | England, Wales and Scotland | Large Population based Birth Cohort | M = 3927 F = 3897 | 7, 11, 16 | 23, 33, 42, 45 | BMI | TC, LDL, HDL, TG, non-HDL | No | Male Female |
Porkka et al., 1994 (YFS) [81] | 1980 | Finland | Longitudinal Cohort | 3596 | 3–9, 12–18 (this study) | 24–30 | BMI, Sub-scapular ST | TC, LDL, HDL, TG | No | Male Female |
Schmidt et al., 2011 (ASHFS-CDAHS) [82] | 1985 | Australia | Prospective cohort study | 2188 | 7–15 | 26–32 | BMI, WC, WHR, weight to height ratio, sum ST | SBP, DBP, HDL, TG | No | Overall |
Skidmore et al., 2007 (NSHD) [83] | 1946 | England, Wales and Scotland | Prospective longitudinal birth cohort study | 5362 births (2311 for the analysis) | 2, 4, 7, 11, 15 | 53 | BMI | TC, LDL, HDL | No | Overall |
Weitz et al., 2014 (LS-Mid-TC) [84] | 1966 | Six Solomon Island | Longitudinal | 540 M = 169 F = 219 | 0–5, 6–11, 12–19 (6–11, 12–19 for this study) | 25 | BMI, Sub-scapular ST | TC, TG | No | Male Female |
Wright et al., 2001 (NTFCS) [85] | 1947 | UK | Prospective birth cohort | 1142 at birth, 2/3rd followed till age 15 | 9, 13 | 50 | SBP, DBP, TC, LDL, HDL, TG | Yes | Male Female |
Participant characteristics
Risk of bias assessment
Primary outcomes
Variable
|
Studies (#)
|
Participants (#)
|
Zr (95% CI)
|
Q (p)
|
I
2
(
%)
|
95% PI
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SBP | 16 | 27,487 |
0.11 (0.07, 0.14)*
| 162.44 (<0.001)**
| 90.77 | −0.03, 0.23 |
SBP (adjusted) | 6 | 15,156 |
−0.13 (−0.18, −0.07)*
| 43.05 (<0.001)**
| 88.39 | −0.31, 0.02 |
DBP | 14 | 27,153 |
0.11 (0.07, 0.14)*
| 135.95 (<0.001)**
| 90.44 | −0.01, 0.23 |
DBP (adjusted) | 5 | 13,356 |
−0.11 (−0.17, −0.04)*
| 51.75 (<0.001)**
| 92.27 | −0.37, 0.06 |
TC | 8 | 10,420 | 0.01 (−0.05, 0.06) | 79.69 (<0.001)**
| 91.22 | −0.16, 0.18 |
TC (adjusted) | 4 | 7272 | −0.06 (−0.12, 0.01) | 21.72 (<0.001)**
| 86.19 | −0.32, 0.19 |
LDL | 5 | 5462 | 0.02 (−0.06, 0.10) | 63.07 (<0.001)**
| 93.66 | −0.25, 0.27 |
LDL (adjusted) | 3 | 3365 |
−0.08 (−0.12, −0.05)*
| 0.31 (0.855) | 0 | −0.29, 0.12 |
HDL | 8 | 7915 |
−0.06 (−0.10, −0.02)*
| 51.65 (<0.001)**
| 86.44 | −0.18, 0.06 |
HDL (adjusted) | 4 | 5854 | 0.04 (−0.08, 0.15) | 50.40 (<0.001)**
| 94.05 | −0.47, 0.47 |
TG | 8 | 5919 |
0.08 (0.03, 0.13)*
| 42.0 (<0.001)**
| 83.33 | −0.05, 0.25 |
TG (adjusted) | 5 | 5854 | −0.08 (−0.19, 0.02) | 76.20 (<0.001)**
| 94.75 | −0.40, 0.31 |
Variable
|
Studies (#)
|
Zr (95% CI)
|
Q (P)
|
I
2
(%)
|
95% PI
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SBP | 14 |
0.10 (0.06, 0.13)*
| 97.56 (<0.001)**
| 86.68 | 0, 0.23 |
DBP | 13 |
0.11 (0.07, 0.14)*
| 100.19 (<0.001)**
| 88.02 | 0, 0.24 |
TC | 7 | 0.01 (−0.05, 0.07) | 54.28 (<0.001)**
| 88.95 | −0.17, 0.16 |
LDL | 5 | 0.02 (−0.06, 0.10) | 63.07 (<0.001)**
| 93.66 | −0.28, 0.28 |
HDL | 8 |
−0.06 (−0.11, −0.01)*
| 39.61 (<0.001)**
| 82.33 | −0.20, 0.09 |
TG | 7 |
0.10 (0.02, 0.17)*
| 42.0 (<0.001)**
| 83.33 | −0.13, 0.34 |