Background
Methods
Subjects
Clinical and anthropometric measurements
Laboratory measurements
Statistical analysis
Results
Findings in the cross-sectional study
Variables | Non-MS at baseline | MS at baseline |
P
|
---|---|---|---|
N | 3022 | 423 | – |
Gender (male %) | 49.3 | 61.3 |
< 0.001
|
Age (years) | 11.8 ± 3.1 | 12.3 ± 2.9 |
0.001
|
Puberty (stage 1/2/3/4/5%) | 32.2/14.4/17.0/ 25.4/11.0 | 29.5/14.1/18.9/ 24.2/13.4 | 0.484 |
Exercise ≥ 3 times/week (%) | 56.9 | 51.4 |
0.035
|
Dietary score | 27.8 ± 4.2 | 27.1 ± 4.6 |
0.001
|
Adjusted for baseline age, gender, pubertal stage, physical activity and dietary score | |||
BMI (kg/m2) | 21.2 ± 4.5 | 27.7 ± 4.1 |
< 0.001
|
WC (cm) | 70.5 ± 11.8 | 87.5 ± 11 |
< 0.001
|
Body fat percentage (%) | 23.5 ± 8.2 | 31.8 ± 6.9 |
< 0.001
|
SBP (mmHg) | 106 ± 13 | 121 ± 12 |
< 0.001
|
DBP (mmHg) | 67 ± 10 | 76 ± 8 |
< 0.001
|
TG (mmol/L) | 0.94 ± 0.46 | 1.67 ± 0.80 |
< 0.001
|
TC (mmol/L) | 4.08 ± 0.79 | 4.21 ± 0.84 |
< 0.001
|
HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.44 ± 0.31 | 1.11 ± 0.23 |
< 0.001
|
LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.52 ± 0.72 | 2.77 ± 0.73 |
< 0.001
|
Glucose (mmol/L) | 5.05 ± 0.47 | 5.41 ± 0.89 |
< 0.001
|
Insulin (mU/L)a | 7.69 (4.81–11.66) | 15.09 (10.52–22.43) |
< 0.001
|
HOMA-IRa | 1.74 (1.05–2.67) | 3.56 (2.46–5.49) |
< 0.001
|
Adiponectin (μg/L)a | 5.93 (3.98–8.48) | 3.88 (2.85–5.47) |
< 0.001
|
Leptin (ng/mL)a | 5.00 (1.72–11.73) | 15.2 (8.77–26.84) |
< 0.001
|
RBP4 (μg/mL) | 33.47 ± 11.19 | 38.54 ± 12.43 |
< 0.001
|
Relationship of RBP4 with IR, MS and its components in the prospective study
Coefficients |
P
a
| |
---|---|---|
BMI (kg/m) | 0.125 |
0.027
|
WC (cm) | 0.132 |
0.020
|
Fat-mass percentage (%) | 0.065 | 0.248 |
SBP (mmHg) | 0.267 | < 0.001 |
DBP (mmHg) | 0.197 | < 0.001 |
TG (mmol/L) | 0.231 | < 0.001 |
TC (mmol/L) | 0.121 |
0.033
|
HDL-C (mmol/L) | − 0.114 |
0.044
|
LDL-C (mmol/L) | 0.156 |
0.006
|
Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 0.082 | 0.150 |
OGTT 2 h glucose (mmol/L) | 0.085 | 0.143 |
HbA1c (%) | 0.071 | 0.200 |
Insulin (mU/L)b | 0.119 |
0.036
|
HOMA-IRb | 0.124 |
0.028
|
ISIMb | − 0.137 |
0.019
|
Adiponectin (μg/L)b | − 0.060 | 0.296 |
Leptin (ng/mL)b | 0.121 |
0.032
|
RBP4 (μg/mL) | 0.152 |
0.007
|
The incidence of MSa | The persistence of MSb | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR/unit (95% CI) |
P
| OR/unit (95% CI) |
P
| |
Model 1 | 1.77 (1.29–2.43) |
< 0.001
| 2.19 (1.14–4.20) |
0.018
|
Model 2 | 1.68 (1.22–2.34) |
0.002
| 2.32 (1.18–4.45) |
0.015
|
Model 3 | 1.43 (1.01–2.04) |
0.049
| 3.85 (1.51–9.84) |
0.005
|
Model 4 | 1.66 (1.19–2.30) |
0.003
| 2.28 (1.06–4.93) |
0.036
|
Number of cases/total number of subjects | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR/unit (95% CI) |
P
| OR/unit (95% CI) |
P
| OR/unit (95% CI) |
P
| OR/unit (95% CI) |
P
| ||
IR (HOMA-IR ≥ 3.0) | 73/352 | 1.42 (1.08–1.86) |
0.011
| 1.44 (1.07-1.92) |
0.015
| 1.36 (1.02–1.81) |
0.039
| 1.35 (1.01–1.81) |
0.049
|
Central obesity | 152/352 | 1.20 (0.95–1.50) | 0.125 | 1.25 (0.99-1.57) | 0.065 | 1.00 (0.74–1.35) | 0.979 | 1.00 (0.74–1.34) | 0.974 |
Elevated blood pressure | 75/352 | 1.38 (1.07–1.76) |
0.012
| 1.46 (1.08-1.99) |
0.015
| 1.38 (1.01–1.91) |
0.049
| 1.33 (1.01–1.76) |
0.046
|
Reduced HDL-C | 58/352 | 1.08 (0.80–1.47) | 0.612 | 1.05 (0.77-1.45) | 0.756 | 1.09 (0.78–1.52) | 0.609 | 1.04 (0.75–1.43) | 0.830 |
Elevated TG | 61/352 | 1.83 (1.40–2.41) |
< 0.001
| 1.76 (1.33-2.33) |
< 0.001
| 1.54 (1.14–2.07) |
0.004
| 1.70 (1.28–2.26) | < 0.001 |
Hyperglycemia | 44/352 | 1.49 (1.11–1.99) |
0.008
| 1.48 (1.10-1.98) |
0.009
| 1.55 (1.14–2.09) |
0.005
| 1.51 (1.12–2.03) |
0.007
|