Background
Aim of the study
Methods
Data
Dummy variables | Descriptions | Mean | Standard deviation |
---|---|---|---|
Personal average working load dummy variables | 1 = The number of prescriptions/doctor’s advices processed per day is 0, 0 = Otherwise | 0.163 | 0.370 |
1 = The number of prescriptions/doctor’s advices processed per day is between 1 and 100, 0 = Otherwise | 0.247 | 0.432 | |
1 = The number of prescriptions/doctor’s advices processed per day is between 101 and 300, 0 = Otherwise | 0.249 | 0.432 | |
1 = The number of prescriptions/doctor’s advices processed per day is between 301 and 500, 0 = Otherwise | 0.161 | 0.367 | |
1 = The number of prescriptions/doctor’s advices processed per day is more than 500, 0 = Otherwise | 0.180 | 0.385 | |
Personal professional title dummy variables | 1 = Practice pharmacist, 0 = Otherwise | 0.035 | 0.185 |
1 = Assistant pharmacist (junior title), 0 = Otherwise | 0.112 | 0.315 | |
1 = Pharmacist (junior title), 0 = Otherwise | 0.360 | 0.480 | |
1 = Competent pharmacist (intermediate title), 0 = Otherwise | 0.325 | 0.469 | |
1 = Associate senior pharmacist (senior title), 0 = Otherwise | 0.125 | 0.331 | |
1 = Senior pharmacist (senior title), 0 = Otherwise | 0.042 | 0.202 | |
Personal professional position dummy variables | 1 = Drug dispensing position in outpatient pharmacy/emergency pharmacy, 0 = Otherwise | 0.456 | 0.498 |
1 = Drug dispensing position in inpatient pharmacy, 0 = Otherwise | 0.178 | 0.382 | |
1 = Position in drug storehouse, 0 = Otherwise | 0.082 | 0.275 | |
1 = Hospital preparation production position, 0 = Otherwise | 0.042 | 0.201 | |
1 = Position in intravenous compounding center, 0 = Otherwise | 0.058 | 0.235 | |
1 = Clinical pharmacy position, 0 = Otherwise | 0.133 | 0.340 | |
1 = Other position for part-time job, 0 = Otherwise | 0.006 | 0.075 | |
1 = Other position, 0 = Otherwise | 0.044 | 0.206 | |
Hospital level dummy variables | 1 = Sample pharmacist is in Second-Class Hospital at Grade 2, 0 = Otherwise | 0.003 | 0.055 |
1 = Sample pharmacist is in First-Class Hospital at Grade 2, 0 = Otherwise | 0.097 | 0.297 | |
1 = Sample pharmacist is in Second-Class Hospital at Grade 3, 0 = Otherwise | 0.092 | 0.289 | |
1 = Sample pharmacist is in First-Class Hospital at Grade 3, 0 = Otherwise | 0.808 | 0.394 | |
Length of hospital history dummy variables | 1 = Sample pharmacist is in hospital established before the founding of the People’s Republic of China, 0 = Otherwise | 0.429 | 0.495 |
1 = Sample pharmacist is in hospital established after the founding of the People’s Republic of China, 0 = Otherwise | 0.493 | 0.500 | |
Hospital type dummy variables | 1 = Sample pharmacist is in traditional Chinese medicine specialized hospital, 0 = Otherwise | 0.002 | 0.045 |
1 = Sample pharmacist is in western medicine specialized hospital, 0 = Otherwise | 0.078 | 0.268 | |
1 = Sample pharmacist is in traditional Chinese medicine general hospital, 0 = Otherwise | 0.033 | 0.179 | |
1 = Sample pharmacist is in integrated traditional and western medicine general hospital, 0 = Otherwise | 0.022 | 0.146 | |
1 = Sample pharmacist is in western medicine general hospital, 0 = Otherwise | 0.865 | 0.341 |
Regional grouping according to regional economic resources/medical resources
Measures of pharmacist’s drug safety knowledge, drug safety attitude, drug safety environment, and drug safety practice
Regression model
Results
Descriptive statistics
Group 1 (N = 777) | Group 2 (N = 511) | Group 3 (N = 671) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Mean | Mean | Mean | Standard deviation | Min | Max |
Drug safety knowledge | 3.462 | 3.454 | 3.444 | 0.226 | 1 | 5 |
Drug safety attitude | 3.758 | 3.722 | 3.690 | 0.452 | 1 | 5 |
Physical work environment | 3.327 | 3.291 | 3.110 | 0.810 | 1 | 5 |
Self-perceived pressure and fatigue | 3.373 | 3.242 | 3.221 | 0.851 | 1 | 5 |
Hospital management quality | 2.809 | 2.716 | 2.603 | 1.144 | 1 | 5 |
Hospital regulation | 4.014 | 3.965 | 3.951 | 0.462 | 1 | 5 |
Hospital drug safety culture | 3.395 | 3.378 | 3.325 | 0.370 | 1 | 5 |
Supervisor’s work team management | 3.771 | 3.747 | 3.697 | 0.601 | 1 | 5 |
Cooperation atmosphere of work team | 3.693 | 3.674 | 3.619 | 0.501 | 1 | 5 |
Drug safety culture of work team | 3.154 | 3.153 | 3.140 | 0.372 | 1 | 5 |
Drug safety practice | 3.753 | 3.659 | 3.658 | 0.482 | 1 | 5 |
Drug management | 4.110 | 4.084 | 4.059 | 0.467 | 1 | 5 |
Pharmacist’s prescription dispensing behavior | 3.949 | 3.817 | 3.761 | 0.519 | 1 | 5 |
Standardization of physician’s prescription | 3.545 | 3.495 | 3.314 | 0.632 | 1 | 5 |
Medication error recording and reporting | 3.681 | 3.595 | 3.557 | 1.045 | 1 | 5 |
Medication error analysis, sharing and correction | 3.666 | 3.573 | 3.537 | 0.824 | 1 | 5 |
Implementation of drug safety system and measure | 3.659 | 3.603 | 3.581 | 0.544 | 1 | 5 |
Regression results on pharmacist’s drug safety practice
(1) | (2) | (3) | |
---|---|---|---|
Drug safety practice | |||
Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | |
Drug safety knowledge | 0.228*** | 0.223*** | 0.218*** |
(3.62) | (3.01) | (3.10) | |
Drug safety attitude | 0.263*** | 0.126*** | 0.118** |
(7.19) | (2.93) | (2.40) | |
Physical work environment | 0.00614 | 0.0204 | 0.0367 |
(0.32) | (0.70) | (1.52) | |
Self-perceived pressure and fatigue | 0.0788*** | 0.102*** | 0.110*** |
(2.76) | (2.61) | (2.96) | |
Hospital management quality | 0.0408* | 0.0480* | 0.0538* |
(1.91) | (1.79) | (1.81) | |
Hospital regulation | 0.318*** | 0.393*** | 0.432*** |
(9.25) | (8.34) | (10.53) | |
Hospital drug safety culture | 0.134** | 0.111** | 0.0775 |
(2.40) | (2.06) | (1.13) | |
Supervisor’s work team management | 0.0887*** | 0.0453 | 0.0367 |
(2.83) | (1.12) | (0.99) | |
Cooperation atmosphere of work team | 0.258*** | 0.0118 | 0.0488 |
(5.41) | (0.36) | (1.11) | |
Drug safety culture of work team | 0.306*** | 0.258*** | 0.00809 |
(5.16) | (4.48) | (0.20) | |
Personal average working load dummy variables | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Personal professional title dummy variables | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Personal professional position dummy variables | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Hospital level dummy variables | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Length of hospital history dummy variables | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Hospital type dummy variables | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Constant | −0.641 | −0.399 | −0.896** |
(−1.47) | (−1.02) | (−2.48) | |
N | 1959 | 1959 | 1959 |
R2 | 0.614 | 0.688 | 0.638 |
Regression results on detailed aspects of pharmacist’s drug safety practice
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Drug management | Pharmacist’s prescription dispensing behavior | |||||
Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | |
Drug safety knowledge | 0.340*** | 0.268*** | 0.219*** | 0.405*** | 0.364*** | 0.294*** |
(5.09) | (3.40) | (2.79) | (3.84) | (3.76) | (3.27) | |
Drug safety attitude | 0.0590 | 0.0527 | 0.0178 | 0.241*** | 0.213*** | 0.151** |
(0.63) | (1.09) | (0.39) | (4.63) | (3.83) | (2.33) | |
Physical work environment | 0.00729 | 0.0338 | 0.0238 | −0.0265 | −0.0170 | −0.0172 |
(0.36) | (1.18) | (0.93) | (−0.97) | (−0.44) | (−0.55) | |
Self-perceived pressure and fatigue | 0.0173 | 0.0456 | 0.0543 | 0.0697* | 0.0739** | 0.112*** |
(0.45) | (0.88) | (0.78) | (1.77) | (2.44) | (2.76) | |
Hospital management quality | 0.0302* | 0.0509** | 0.0701*** | 0.0371** | 0.0710** | 0.132** |
(1.94) | (2.25) | (2.78) | (2.12) | (2.30) | (2.48) | |
Hospital regulation | 0.563*** | 0.579*** | 0.638*** | 0.236*** | 0.268*** | 0.400*** |
(15.48) | (12.53) | (14.66) | (3.79) | (5.47) | (7.49) | |
Hospital drug safety culture | 0.0454 | 0.0425 | 0.0196 | 0.141*** | −0.0737 | 0.0867 |
(0.80) | (0.63) | (0.33) | (2.64) | (−0.81) | (1.20) | |
Supervisor’s work team management | 0.0465 | 0.0472 | 0.0149 | 0.125* | −0.0249 | −0.00480 |
(1.40) | (1.20) | (0.38) | (1.67) | (−0.56) | (−0.10) | |
Cooperation atmosphere of work team | 0.0289 | 0.0393 | 0.0196 | 0.202*** | 0.0369 | 0.0372 |
(0.84) | (0.91) | (0.47) | (2.64) | (0.64) | (0.72) | |
Drug safety culture of work team | 0.130* | −0.00236 | −0.0513 | 0.294*** | 0.151*** | 0.103 |
(1.90) | (−0.04) | (−0.84) | (3.75) | (2.97) | (1.38) | |
Personal average working load dummy variables | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Personal professional title dummy variables | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Personal professional position dummy variables | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Hospital level dummy variables | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Length of hospital history dummy variables | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Hospital type dummy variables | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Constant | 0.00810 | 0.355 | 0.379 | 1.294** | 0.622 | −0.415 |
(0.02) | (0.93) | (1.03) | (2.08) | (1.20) | (−0.92) | |
N | 777 | 511 | 671 | 777 | 511 | 671 |
R2 | 0.554 | 0.653 | 0.585 | 0.343 | 0.477 | 0.462 |
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Standardization of physician’s prescription | Medication error recording and reporting | |||||
Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | |
Drug safety knowledge | 0.192 | 0.0639 | 0.0465 | 0.218 | 0.217 | 0.128 |
(1.37) | (0.42) | (0.40) | (0.82) | (0.93) | (0.71) | |
Drug safety attitude | 0.111* | 0.0701 | 0.0726 | 0.248* | 0.107 | 0.0862 |
(1.66) | (0.74) | (0.90) | (1.84) | (0.66) | (0.79) | |
Physical work environment | −0.0196 | 0.0677 | −0.0200 | −0.0412 | −0.0714 | 0.00982 |
(−0.56) | (1.21) | (−0.44) | (−0.72) | (−0.74) | (0.13) | |
Self-perceived pressure and fatigue | 0.0821* | 0.166*** | 0.344*** | −0.0880 | 0.113 | 0.0572 |
(1.71) | (3.15) | (4.59) | (−1.02) | (0.88) | (0.49) | |
Hospital management quality | −0.0475 | −0.0170 | −0.0255 | 0.0183 | −0.117 | 0.0746 |
(−1.21) | (−0.48) | (−0.57) | (0.29) | (−1.33) | (1.00) | |
Hospital regulation | 0.116* | 0.144* | 0.171* | 0.476*** | 0.538*** | 0.728*** |
(1.82) | (1.87) | (1.90) | (4.61) | (4.18) | (4.69) | |
Hospital drug safety culture | 0.371*** | 0.230** | −0.0000900 | 0.447** | 0.259*** | 0.205 |
(2.83) | (2.20) | (−0.00) | (2.47) | (2.66) | (1.17) | |
Supervisor’s work team management | 0.0876 | 0.00741 | 0.0131 | 0.289** | 0.157* | 0.0154 |
(1.51) | (0.10) | (0.19) | (2.18) | (1.66) | (0.13) | |
Cooperation atmosphere of work team | −0.0700 | 0.0642 | 0.0971 | 0.362*** | 0.257 | −0.0461 |
(−1.52) | (1.07) | (1.16) | (2.91) | (1.13) | (−0.32) | |
Drug safety culture of work team | −0.0225 | 0.119 | 0.0744 | 0.607*** | 0.490** | 0.0645 |
(−0.26) | (1.05) | (0.69) | (4.21) | (2.51) | (0.40) | |
Personal average working load dummy variables | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Personal professional title dummy variables | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Personal professional position dummy variables | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Hospital level dummy variables | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Length of hospital history dummy variables | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Hospital type dummy variables | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Constant | 0.906 | 1.453* | 0.589 | −3.043** | −1.928 | −1.289 |
(1.12) | (1.94) | (0.90) | (−2.32) | (−1.49) | (−1.18) | |
N | 777 | 511 | 671 | 777 | 511 | 671 |
R2 | 0.236 | 0.308 | 0.258 | 0.293 | 0.251 | 0.229 |
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Medication error analysis, sharing and correction | Implementation of drug safety system and measure | |||||
Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | |
Drug safety knowledge | 0.267* | 0.183 | 0.0165 | 0.129* | 0.0961 | 0.00376 |
(1.66) | (1.32) | (0.09) | (1.87) | (1.12) | (0.04) | |
Drug safety attitude | 0.358*** | 0.350*** | 0.368*** | 0.233*** | 0.167*** | 0.107** |
(4.44) | (3.19) | (3.03) | (5.84) | (3.14) | (2.16) | |
Physical work environment | 0.102** | 0.149** | 0.159*** | −0.0178 | −0.0202 | 0.00407 |
(2.42) | (2.31) | (3.02) | (−0.85) | (−0.64) | (0.15) | |
Self-perceived pressure and fatigue | −0.0410 | −0.0548 | 0.0233 | 0.239*** | 0.242*** | 0.254*** |
(−0.65) | (−0.63) | (0.29) | (7.64) | (5.71) | (5.93) | |
Hospital management quality | −0.0434 | −0.0243 | 0.0110 | 0.0508* | 0.0711*** | 0.0814*** |
(−0.92) | (−0.41) | (0.42) | (1.76) | (2.97) | (3.04) | |
Hospital regulation | 0.433*** | 0.455*** | 0.534*** | 0.102*** | 0.207*** | 0.280*** |
(5.72) | (4.35) | (5.97) | (2.70) | (4.06) | (5.91) | |
Hospital drug safety culture | 0.290** | 0.0894 | 0.0371 | 0.254*** | 0.191*** | −0.0423 |
(2.21) | (1.25) | (0.54) | (5.85) | (4.46) | (−0.66) | |
Supervisor’s work team management | 0.273** | −0.0281 | −0.0919 | 0.174*** | −0.0959 | −0.0986 |
(2.17) | (−0.31) | (−1.14) | (5.07) | (−1.63) | (−1.33) | |
Cooperation atmosphere of work team | 0.395*** | 0.105 | 0.0979 | 0.387*** | 0.0618 | 0.0549 |
(3.33) | (1.08) | (1.13) | (5.81) | (1.31) | (1.20) | |
Drug safety culture of work team | 0.406*** | 0.122*** | 0.171 | 0.416*** | 0.376*** | 0.0593* |
(2.67) | (3.15) | (1.62) | (7.95) | (5.88) | (1.67) | |
Personal average working load dummy variables | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Personal professional title dummy variables | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Personal professional position dummy variables | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Hospital level dummy variables | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Length of hospital history dummy variables | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Hospital type dummy variables | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Constant | −1.928** | −0.971 | −1.857** | 0.101 | −0.309 | −0.987** |
(−2.00) | (−1.12) | (−2.45) | (0.21) | (−0.73) | (−2.46) | |
N | 777 | 511 | 671 | 777 | 511 | 671 |
R2 | 0.390 | 0.433 | 0.396 | 0.596 | 0.751 | 0.638 |